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UC-NRLF $B 291 358 Maharana Sāngā.

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Maharana Sāngā.

To. Vincent A. Smith, Esquire, M.A., I.C.S. &c. 116 Banbury Road, Oxford, With Har Bilas Sarda's compliments. Ajmer, India, 27 May 1918.

Maharana Sāngā, The Hindupat The Last Great Leader of the Rajput Race. BY HAR BILAS SARDA, F.R.S.L., Member of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland; Fellow of the Royal Statistical Society of London; Fellow of the Statistical Society of Boston, United States, America, &c.; and Author of Ajmer: Historical and Descriptive; Maharana Kumbha, and Other Works. AJMER: Scottish Mission Industries Company, Limited, 1918. (All Rights Reserved).

DS461 .9 S4S3 Frontispiece. Kindly supplied by Rao Bahadur Pandit Sukhdeva Prasada, C.I.E., K.H., Prime Minister, Mewar. Carpentier

Dedicated to L. W. Reynolds, Esquire, C.I.E., M.C., I.C.S., Commissioner, Ajmer-Merwara. 446883

CONTENTS. PAGE. BIBLIOGRAPHY ... ... ... ... ... ... ... v ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS... ... ... ... ... vi FOREWORD ... ... ... ... ... ... ... vii MAHARANA SĀNGĀ ... ... ... ... ... ... 1 MAHARANA RAI MAL ... ... ... ... ... ... 4 SĀNGĀ AND HIS BROTHERS ... ... ... ... ... 12 KANWAR PRITHVIRAJ ... ... ... ... ... ... 20 EARLY YEARS OF SĀNGĀ’S REIGN ... ... ... ... 45 WAR WITH SULTAN IBRAHIM LODI ... ... ... ... 56 CAPTURE OF MALWA AND SULTAN MAHMUD KHILJI II... 63 INVASION AND CONQUEST OF GUJARĀT ... ... ... 78 GUJARĀT PRINCES TAKE SHELTER WITH THE MAHARANA ... 89 BĀBUR ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 98 SĀNGĀ AND BĀBUR ... ... ... ... ... ... 118 WAR WITH BĀBUR : BATTLE OF KHĀNUĀ ... ... ... 126 “ LAST DAYS OF SĀNGĀ ” ... ... ... ... ... 153 INDEX ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 159

BIBLIOGRAPHY. Colonel James Tod's Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan, Volumes I and II. W. Erskine's Memoirs of Bābur. Bhavanagar Inscriptions by Peter Peterson (English and Sanskrit). Epigraphia Indica (Sanskrit and English). W. Erskine's History of India, Volumes I and II. Major Luard's Bibliography of Literature dealing with the Central India Agency, &c. Sir E. C. Bayley's History of Gujarāt (Local Muhammadan Dynasties, Gujarāt). M. Elphinstone's History of India. A. K. Forbes' Rās Mālā. J. Brigg's Tarikhi Ferishta. C. Mabel Duff's Chronology of India. Sir H. Elliot's History of India (Muhammadan Period). Stanley Lane Poole's Bābur. Tabqati Akbari by Nizamuddin Ahmad (Persian). Maharana Yash Prakash by T. Bhur Singh of Malsisar (Hindi). Chaturkula Charitra by T. Chatur Singh of Rupāheli, Mewar (Hindi). Mirati Sikandari (Persian). Muntakbabul Tawarikh by Badāuni (Persian). Rai Mal Rāsā (a Sanskrit Manuscript). Barwa Devidan's Geneological Record (Hindi Manuscript). Mehta Nanisi's Chronicles (Marwadi Manuscript). R. B. P. Gauri Shanker Ojha's History of Sirohi (Hindi). Kaviraj Shyamaldas' Vir Vinod (a most valuable History of Mewar in Hindi). Tarīkh-i-Salatīn-i-Afghana (Persian). Tarīkh-i-Daudi (Persian). Marwar Khyāt (Hindi Manuscript).

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. Page 1.—Bābur is generally written Babar. Mr. Vincent Smith in his admirable work, “Akbar, the Great Mogul,” p. 9, gives the correct spelling as Bābur. Pages 4 and 31.—For Gujrat read Gujarāt. Pages 50, 56, 60, 62, 65, 66, 67.—For Sikander read Sikandar. Page 62, footnote.—For prefidiously read perfidiously. Page 67, line 9.—For Bhojat read Bohjat. Pages 70, 71, 93 and 144.—For Gagrone read Gagroon. Page 78, line 5.—For Husein read Husain. Page 96, line 3.—For Mewar read Marwar. Page 99, line 12.—For Sultan Mahmud Mirza read Sultan Muhammad Mirza. Pages 103, 109 and 110.—For Tambal read Tambol. Page 109, line 15.—For Jehangir read Jahangir. Pages 129, 137 and 145.—For Silhiddi read Silhidi.

FOREWORD. MAHARANA SANGA, the Hindupat (Chief of the Hindus), flourished at one of the most critical periods in Indian history. Towards the end of the twelfth century A.D., the Afghans usurped supreme power in Upper India and Hindu supremacy came to an end. With the rise, however, of Mewar and the rapid expansion of the Rāthors in Western Rajputana, the Rajputs gathered strength and the Afghan power gradually declined, and the political horizon of India showed unmistake- able signs that the time was not distant when the Rajputs would recover their lost supremacy in the country. At this juncture, Sāngā appeared on the scene to lead them to their patrimony. He was at once recognised as the leader of the Hindus. His patriot- ism and a high sense of duty, his generosity and high-mindedness, his heroism and his position as the head of the most powerful kingdom in Hindustan marked him out as the person best fitted to hold the exalted position to which he was called by universal consent. Sāngā was the last of the Indian sovereigns under whom all the Rajput tribes combined to repel the foreign invader. Though leaders arose in later times and heroes performed deeds of unsurpassed valour, waged great wars, and defied the might of the mightiest empire of those times, yet never again did a Rajput arise who commanded the willing homage of the entire Rajput race and led the chivalry of Rajputana, composed of all

viii FOREWORD. the various Rajput tribes, to contest the crown of India with the invaders from Central Asia, whose kindred had overrun the whole of Southern Europe. The times in which Sāngā lived were no piping times of peace or of peaceful development. They were troublous times of strife and hostility, of perpetual warfare, of heroic deeds and valourous feats, and above all, of strenuous endeavours for the maintenance of national life. Noble ideals inspired men to activity, duty and achievement. High character was held in greater esteem than cleverness or high position; honour was prized above money or advancement. Weakness, cowardice, servility were despised and spurned. Courage, manliness, valour were demanded by the times and were encouraged and appreciated. Sturdy manhood was the order of the day. Men like Prithviraj, Ajjaji, Chonda, Kanh Singh and Bida Jaitmalot flourished and beautified life. A study of those times and of the men that flourished in those days will undoubtedly enrich life in the present and help us to understand and appreciate the domestic, social and political institutions and usages of the country in the past. This volume is the second of the series of the mono- graphs on the great men of Rajputana who have made their mark on the History of India. H. B. Sarda.

CHAPTER I. ————— Maharana Sāngā. Maharana Sangram Singh, popularly called Rana Sanga, was one of the greatest of the Maharanas of Mewar. It was during his reign that Mewar reached the zenith of its power and pros- perity. Sanga "was the kallas (pinnacle) of Mewar's glory." He was the acknowledged leader of the Hindu kings and chiefs of Western India. He is styled Hindupat, or the "Chief of the Hindus." Bābur, the founder of the Turk power in India, says in his Memoirs that Rana Sāngā was the most powerful sovereign in Hindustan when he invaded it, and that "he attained his present high eminence by his own valour and sword."¹ Eighty thousand horse, 7 Rajas of the highest rank, 9 Raos and ¹ Erskine's Memoirs of Bābur, page 312. 1

Maharana Sāngā. 104 chieftains bearing the titles of Rawal and Rawat, with 500 war elephants, followed him into the field. The princes of Marwar and Amber (Jodhpur and Jaipur) did him homage, and the Raos of Gwalior, Ajmer, Sikri, Raisen, Kalpi, Chanderi, Boondi, Gagroon, Rampura and Abu served him as tributaries or held of him in chief.”¹ Maharana Sāngā was a worthy grandson of the celebrated Maharana Kumbha. He not only fully upheld the great traditions of the royal house of Mewar, as illustrated by the work and achievements of Bappa, Jaitra Singh, Hammir and Kumbha, but added fresh lustre to them and carried them to a pinnacle of greatness and glory never associated with any Rajput family since the passing of the Chauhān family of Ajmer. Next to the immortal Pratap, he is the most famous of the Maharanas of Chitor. In personal heroism, chival- rous character and greatness of soul, he ranks as one of the greatest kings who have ever ruled in India. His ¹ Tod’s Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan, Vol. I, p. 299. 2

Maharana Sāngā. valour, high character and political fore- sight, commensurate with the necessities of the troublous times in which he was born, raised him to the highest position in Rajputana; and if he failed to drive out of India the Turk invaders from the North-west, bring the whole of Hindustan "under one umbrella," and re-establish Hindu supremacy in India, it was due not to want of ability in him, but to the deterioration of Hindu national character, to the spirit of disunion and exclusiveness then, as now, rampant in Hindu society. 3

CHAPTER II. MAHARANA RAI MAL. MAHARANA SĀNGĀ was the third son of Maharana Rai Mal, whose father, Maharana Kumbha, had humbled the pride of Malwa and Gujrat, the two greatest monarchies of the time in India, and raised Mewar to a position of great power and prosperity. Kumbha's assassination in A.D. 1468 by his son Udai Singh, known as Uda the Hatiaro (parricide), gave a terrible shock to the chieftains and people of Mewar which reverberated throughout Rajputana. Though the parricide ascended the throne at Kum- bhalgarh, uneasy lay his head, and he lived in constant fear of losing the throne. Not meeting with support amongst his own vassals in Mewar, he began to squander the resources of the country to purchase the 4

Maharana Sāngā. support of the neighbouring chiefs. He gave Abu to the Deora chief of Sirohi to win him to his side, and bribed Rao Jodha of Marwar with the celebrated fortress of Taragarh (Ajmer) to abstain from molesting him. The deference thus shown by Uda to the Deoras and the Rāthors, however, failed to win their regard or support. Rao Jodha's son Duda, who had established himself at Merta in Baisakh of S. 1519 (A.D. 1462), took possession of the prosperous town of Sambhar, driving out the Maharana's gar- rison from the place. The chiefs and the people of Mewar declined to have such a blood-stained monster as their king, and he was driven from the throne¹ by the people who recalled Udai Singh's younger brother Rai Mal from Idar, ² and by common ¹ The following couplet is current in Mewar :— उदा बाप न मारजे * लिखियो लाभे राज । देश बसायो रायमल * सया न एको काज ॥ Uda, you should not have killed your father. Sovereignty comes if it is one's destiny. Rai Mal populated the country; you gained absolutely nothing. ² Rai Mal, since his banishment by his father Maharana Kumbha, had been living with his father- in-law, the Raja of Idar. 5

Maharana Sāngā. consent crowned him as Maharana of Mewar in A.D. 1473 at Chitor. Uda, with his two sons, Suraj Mal and Sahas Mal, wandered about the country for a while, but found no support anywhere. At last he betook himself to the hereditary enemy of his family, the Khilji Sultan of Mandu, for help to regain the throne of Mewar, and went so far as to agree to give his daughter in marriage to the Sultan. Sultan Ghiyasuddin promised assist- ance, but the gods decreed otherwise. Just as Udai Singh was leaving the Sultan’s palace to return to his residence Indra’s bolt smote him, and the parricide lay lifeless on the ground.¹ The Sultan, however, started with a large army to assist Suraj Mal and Sahas Mal to the throne of Mewar and arrived near Chitor. Rai Mal issued from the fort and attacked the Sultan, who, being utterly defeated, fled to Mandu. He felt the disgrace of the defeat ¹ Mehta Nainsi, however, says that he resided for a time at Sojat, where he married the daughter of Prince Bagha, the son of Rao Suja of Marwar and eventually went away to Bikaner, where he died. 6