ब्राह्मस्फुटसिद्धान्त (ब्रह्मगुप्त - शून्य, कुट्टक, बीजगणित एवं सम्पूर्ण २१ अध्याय सान्वय सटीक)

DIVISIONS OF ĀRYABHAṬĪYAM 65 day should begin from the month Caitra, Śukla Pratipadā (the first day of the brighter half of the month Caitra) (11); man- docca (apex of slowest motion) and śīghrocca (apex of fastest motion) (17—24). (iv) The Gola Pāda with 50 verses. In Verse 1, there is a reference to a point in the Sun's path, the commencement of meṣa (meṣādi); this must have been vasanta-equinox. The ascen- ding nodes (pāta) of planets and the shadow of the Earth move on the path of the Sun (arka-apamaṇḍala) (2-3); the angular difference in relation to the Sun at the appearance of Moon (12 degree or aṁśa), of the Venus (9 degrees or 9 vināḍika); of the Jupiter (2 more than the Venus, i.e. 11 vināḍikas); the Mercury or Budha (13 vināḍikas), of the Saturn or Śani (15 vināḍikas); and of Mars or kuja (17 vināḍikas). The half of the Earth, Moon, planets and stars is dark, since those parts happen to be under their own shadow; the other half is bright as it faces the Sun (this is not true with respect to stars—author) (5). The Earth is surrounded with an atmos- phere of air and water (6, 7). In the Brahma-Divasa (Brahma's day), the sphere of the Earth is increased by one yojana and decreased by this amount during the Brahmā's night (8). Just as a person sitting on a moving boat sees the stationary trees etc. on the bank of a river moving in the opposite direction, similarly the stationary stars are seen moving from Laṅkā (or equator) moving towards the West(9). On account of pravahavāyu (air) the nakṣatra system and planets rise and set receding towards the West (10). The dimensions of Sumeru Parvata (North pole) is given to be one yojana, and it shines like a jewel (11) and in the next verse is given the position of Sumeru and the Bāḍa- vamukha (South pole) (12). The four cities situated at a diffe- rence of 90° each on the equator are given (13). The distance of Ujjayinī from Laṅkā (thus giving the latitude of Ujjayinī) is given (14). On account of the thickness of the Earth-sphere, the Khagola (celestial sphere) is seen less than the hemisphere (15). The next verse describes how moving appears the Khagola on the North and South poles (16). Then is given the measure of day and night of devas (gods), pitar (fathers), asura (demons) and manuja (men) (17). Then are given a few technical definitions