ब्राह्मस्फुटसिद्धान्त (ब्रह्मगुप्त - शून्य, कुट्टक, बीजगणित एवं सम्पूर्ण २१ अध्याय सान्वय सटीक)

UNITS OF TIME 293 We shall have the same type of conjunction of grahocca, mandocca śīghrocca and pāta after a complete cycle of kalpa as we had in the beginning of creation. This is a natural observable cycle which is recognised in Indian astronomy and in no other foreign system; and hence only the Indian system recognises the time measure of kalpa. Ucca or apex is of two kinds : mandocca (apex of the slowest motion) and śīghrocca (apex of the fastest motion). The mandocca is that point of a planet's orbit which is at the remotest distance and where the motion of the planet is slowest. In the case of the Sun and the Moon, it is the apogee; and in the case of other planets, it is the apogee or aphelion, the geocentric longi- tude of the apogee being equal to the helio-centric longitude of the aphelion. The śīghrocca of a superior planet (Mars, Jupiter and Saturn) is defined as the mean Sun; that of an inferior planet Mercury or Venus) śīghrocca is an imaginary body which is supposed to move in such a way that its direction from the earth is always approximately the same as that of the actual planet from the Sun. The bhagaṇas or the revolution numbers of a planet have been given by Āryabhaṭa and Brahmagupta¹ both; they mean the number of revolutions that a planet performs in a certain period, say a kalpa of 4,320,000,000 years. The bhagaṇas of planets are given as follows :

1. कल्पेऽर्कबुधसितानां भगणाः शून्यानि सप्त रदवेदाः । प्राग्ब्रजता कुजगुरुशनि शीघ्रोच्चानां स्वकक्षासु ॥ पञ्चाम्बराणि गुण-गुण पञ्चमुनि स्वरैर्मिताः शशिनः । भौमस्य द्वियमशराष्टपञ्चवसूरसनवद्वियमाः ॥ कृतवसुखवाष्टनन्द-नवषट्‌त्रि नवागेन्द्वो ज्ञशीघ्रस्य । जीवस्य शरेष्वद्रि षट्पञ्चद्वि कृतरसरामाः ॥ सितशीघ्रस्य यमलगोवेदनवाष्टाग्निपञ्चयमखनगाः । अष्टनवपञ्च मुनि रसशररस मनवोऽर्कपुत्रस्य ॥ खाष्टाब्धयो वसुशरवसुपञ्चखचन्द्रक्सुवसुसमुद्राः । द्विनवयमा द्वित्रिगुणाः शरेषु वसवस्त्रि पञ्चरसाः ॥ शशिवेदा मन्दानामर्कादीनां विलोमपातानाम् । वसूरसरुद्रेन्दुगुणा द्वित्रियमाः सप्तरसपञ्चाः ॥ शशियमाशरा गुणरसास्त्रिनन्दवसवः समुद्रवसु विषयाः । चन्द्रादीनां पश्चात् व्रजतोऽश्विन्यादि भगणस्य ॥ BrSpSi. I. 15-21