प्राचीन भारत में शिक्षा (डॉ. ए.एस. अल्तेकर - गुरुकुल एवं बौद्ध विहार शिक्षण इतिहास)

58 EDUCATION IN ANCIENT INDIA [Ch. patwari, who collected the village revenue or the amin, who settled village disputes on behalf of Zemindar.¹ Probably the same was the case during the ancient Indian period. This income however was not in the form of a fixed salary, but had to be collected in the form of voluntary and irregular subscriptions from the villagers and guardians. Duties of Students : Let us now survey the duties of students towards their teachers. The student was to hold his teacher in deep reverence and honour him like the king, parents and god.² His outward behavi- our must be in conformity with the rules of decorum and good manners, he ought to get up and salute his tea- cher in the proper way, he ought not to occupy a higher seat or wear a gaudier dress. Reviling and backbiting are severely condemned. It however did not follow that the student was to connive blindly at his teacher's mis- conduct. Both the Buddha³ and Āpastamba,⁴ who enjoin high reverence for the teacher, lay down that the student should draw his teacher's attention in private to his failings, and dissuade him from wrong views if he happened to be inclined towards them; the duty of obedi- ence comes to an end if the teacher transgresses the limits of Dharma.⁵ His commands were to be regarded as

1 Stark, Vernacular Education in Bengal, pp. 28—48. 2 I Manu, II, 200 ff. Cf. also Charaka Saṁhitā, Vimāna-sthāna, VIII, 4, :- तमग्निवच्च देववच्च राजवच्च पितृवच्च भर्तृवच्चाप्रमत्तः परिचरेत् । 3 MV., 1. 25. 10. 20. 4 प्रमादानाचार्यस्य बुद्धिपूर्वकं वानियमातिक्रमं रहसि बोधयेत् । 1. 2. 6, 13 5 आचार्याधीनो भवति अन्यत्राधर्माचरणात् । G. D. S. III, 1.15 गुरोरप्यवलिप्तस्य कार्याकार्यमजानतः । उत्पथप्रतिपन्नस्य न्याय्यं भवति शासनम् ॥ Mbh., I. 140. 54