प्राचीन भारत में शिक्षा (डॉ. ए.एस. अल्तेकर - गुरुकुल एवं बौद्ध विहार शिक्षण इतिहास)

60 EDUCATION IN ANCIENT INDIA [Ch. who used to pay their teachers honorarium in advance used to stay in their houses like eldest sons, doing no household work and spending all their time in study. Free students,—dhammāntevāsikas,—on the other hand used to do all kind of manual work for their teachers. They used to work by day, when paying scholars were receiving their lessons ; teachers used to hold special classes for them at night with a view to see that their education did not suffer on account of their day’s work on the farm or in the household.¹ At Nālandā also secular students who sought free boarding, lodging and education had to do some manual work for the monasteries.² · Mutual reltaions between Teachers and Students : Public educational institutions, where tea- chers used to teach students admitted by the managing body, were not many in ancient India. The relations between the teacher and the student were therefore direct and not through any institution. The student usually went to such a teacher as attracted his atten- tion by his reputation for character and scholarship ; the teacher selected such students as appeared to him sincere, zealous and well-behaved. The student usually lived either under the roof of the teacher or under his direct supervision. The teacher not only did not demand any fee but also helped the poor students in getting food or clothing. He nursed him if he was ill. The student naturally lived as a member of the household of the tea- cher and helped him in doing the household work if necessary. The teacher on the other hand would not

1. Cf. धंमंतेवासिका आचरियस्स कम्मं कत्वा रत्तिं सिप्पमुग्गण्हन्ति आचरियभाग- दायका गेहे जेट्ठपुत्ता विय हुत्वा सिप्पमेव उग्गण्हन्ति । Tilamuṭṭhijātaka, No. 252
2. Takakusu, I-tsing, P. 106.