प्राचीन भारत में शिक्षा (डॉ. ए.एस. अल्तेकर - गुरुकुल एवं बौद्ध विहार शिक्षण इतिहास)

CHAPTER IV. EDUCATIONAL ORGANISATION & FINANCE. Private teacher the pivot of the system-How organised in- stitutions arose-Organisation of Buddhist universities and Hindu temple- colleges-School and college buildings-Boardings for students-Payment of fees how far obligatory-Admission procedure-The size of classes- School hours-Duration of the college session-Holidays-Organisation and duration of courses-Longer courses for experts-Lifelong students Educational finance-The quota of ordinary men-Of rich men-The example of the Punjab--Government contribution in direct and indirect forms-Government help without Government control-State help in other countries in contemporary time. Introduction: The history of ancient Indian edu- cation extends over several centuries, and so we naturally come across different types of educational organisations in different ages. In the pre-historic period down to about 1000 B. C. the family was the only educational agency both for the literary and professional education: we have already shown in Chap. II how it used to dis- charge this function. As education began to become more and more complex and exacting, the specialist came into the field in the form of the private teacher. He continued to be in its sole and undisputed possession till about the early centuries of the Christian era, when organised educational institutions came into existence in connection with the Buddhist monasteries. In a few centuries, Hinduism copied the Buddhist example and organised its own temple colleges. Monastic universities and temple colleges were however confined to some famous centres of learning; private teachers still conti- nued to be the main stay of the educational system through- out the moffusil. In medieval times the Maṭhas of the various religious pontiffs (Āchāryas) used to organise