महाराणा कुम्भा (हरविलास सारदा - मेवाड़ साम्राज्य के अद्वितीय विजेता, निर्माता व विद्वान्)

TO HINDUPATI, ARYAKHAND BHASHKARA, Sriman Mukatmani, Medpateshwara, CHHATRAPATI, RAJ RAJESHWARA, His Highness Maharaja Dhiraj Maharana Sahib Shri Sir Bhopal Singhji Bahadur, K. C. S. I., OF UDAIPUR, THIS SHORT ACCOUNT OF THE LIFE AND ACHIEVEMENTS OF ONE OF THE GREATEST AND MOST ILLUSTRIOUS OF HIS GREAT ANCESTORS, The Ever Victorious Maharana Kumbha, IS BY KIND PERMISSION, DEDICATED.

(इस पृष्ठ पर कोई पठनीय पाठ उपलब्ध नहीं है / यह पृष्ठ रिक्त है / This page is blank/contains only scan artifacts.)

CONTENTS. PAGE. DEDICATION ... ... ... ... ... ... v LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ... ... ... ... ix CORRIGENDA ... ... ... ... ... ... xi BIBLIOGRAPHY . ... ... ... ... xiii FOREWORD ... ... ... ... ... ... xxv Chapter. I THE GUHILOT FAMILY OF MEWAR ... ... ... 1 II RANA KHSHETRA SINGH AND LAKSH SINGH ... 4 III MAHARANA MOKAL ... ... ... ... 23 IV KUMBHA ASCENDS THE THRONE ... ... ... 35 V RISE & FALL OF THE KINGDOMS OF GUJRAT & MALWA 42 VI MAHARANA'S CONQUEST OF MALWA AND CAPTURE OF SULTAN MAHMUD KHILJI ... ... ... 49 VII ASSASSINATION OF RAO RAN MAL, AND MAHARANA'S OCCUPATION OF MARWAR ... ... ... 58 VIII RAO JODHA RECOVERS MARWAR ... ... ... 69 IX CONQUEST OF ABU AND HARAVATI ... ... ... 77 X WAR WITH THE SULTANS OF MALWA AND GUJRAT. 85 XI DEATH OF MAHARANA KUMBHA ... ... ... 107 XII KUMBHA'S ACHIEVEMENTS ... ... ... ... 113 XIII KUMBHA'S MONUMENTS ... ... ... ... 120 XIV KUMBHA AS A SCHOLAR ... ... ... ... 163 XV INSCRIPTIONS AND COINS ... ... ... ... 169 XVI KUMBHA AS A SOVEREIGN ... ... ... ... 189 APPENDIX (TEXTS OF INSCRIPTIONS) ... ... 205 INDEX ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 225

The provided image is a blank page containing no text to transcribe.

ILLUSTRATIONS. ──── To face page

1. Maharana Kumbha ... Frontispiece.
2. H.H. Maharana Sahib Sir Bhopal Singhji Bahadur, G.C.S.I., of Udaipur. v
3. Pichola Lake and Jag Mandir „ 9
4. „ and Udaipur „ 10
5. Rāwat Chonda ... ... „ 21
6. Rao Ran Mal ... ... „ 25
7. Rao Jodha ... ... ... „ 69
8. Kumbhalgarh ... ... „ 125
9. Katargarh and the Vedi ... „ 131
10. Fortress of Chitor ... ... „ 137
11. Tower of Victory, Chitor ... „ 139
12. Temple of Ranpur ... ... „ 147
13. Eklingji ... ... .. „ 155
14. Maharana Pratap ... ... „ 193

I am indebted to Rao Sahib Gopal Singhji of Kharwa (Ajmer) for the portrait of Rao Ran Mal of Mandor, and to Thakur Bhur Singhji of Malsisar (Jaipur) for that of Rao Jodha, the founder of Jodhpur. The portrait of Rawat Chonda comes from the Rawatji of Begoon (Mewar) a direct lineal descendant of Rawat Chonda. The only portrait of Maharana Kumbha I was able to find, is in the British Museum, London. A photogra- phic copy of it was kindly obtained and sent to me by the late Thakur Jessraj Singhji Sisodia, author of “The Rajputs: A Fighting Race. London 1915 A.D. HAR BILAS SARDA.

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. —————— Page 3 Footnote 2, after "of Kumbha" read V. 235 ,, 5 Line 1 for Khumbhalgarh ,, Kumbhalgarh ,, 5 Line 2 ,, 198 ,, 197 ,, 5 Line 3 ,, Sloka 131 ,, Sloka 31 ,, 6 Line 7 ,, 119 ,, 29 ,, 6 Line 18 ,, Mahatamya ,, Mahatmya ,, 7 Line 14 ,, V. 119 ,, V. 30 ,, 7 Line 18 ,, V. 119 ,, V. 199 ,, 11 Footnote 2 ,, V. 3 ,, V. 31 ,, 11 Footnote 3 ,, Ibid ,, "³ Chitor Kirtis- thambha Inscription" ,, 21 Line 17 ,, decedants ,, descendants ,, 26 Line 12 after 1460 A. D. ,, V. 221 ,, 26 Line 20 ,, 1429 A. D. ,, Sloka 51 ,, 27 Line 1 for suzereinty ,, suzerainty ,, 27 Line 5 ,, V. S. 1485 ,, V. 14 ,, 27 Line 8 after 1460 A. D. ,, V. 221 ,, 27 Line 11 ,, V. 44 ,, V. 43 & 44 ,, 29 Footuote 1 ,, A.D. 1460 ,, V. 217 ,, 55 Line 4 for Shahabuddin ,, Shahbuddin Ghori Ghori ,, 56 Line 11 ,, hehind ,, behind ,, 82 Line 9 ,, suzereinty ,, suzerainty ,, 96 Footnote 2 after inscription ,, V. 21 ,, 97 Line 19 for Gadday ,, Gadāī ,, 114 Line 4 ,, Bamaoda ,, Bambaoda

Maharana Kumbha xii Page 117 Line 4 for Vyaspur read Vāyaspur ,, 117 Line 16 ,, "⁴ Chitor Tower ,, "⁴Kumbhalgarh of Victory Ins- Inscription, cription, V. 25" V. 253" ,, 117 Line 16 ,, "⁵ Ibid, V. 253" ,, '⁵ Chitor Tower of Victory Ins- cription, V. 25" ,, 121 Footnote 2 ,, Sl. 64 ,, Sl. 164 ,, 122 Line 9 .. discernable ,, discernible ,, 124· Line 21 ,, decendants ,, descendants ,, 128 Line 10 ,, though ,, through ,, 128 Line 18 , enlosed ,, enclosed ,, 131 Line 2 ,, panneled ,, panelled ,, 131 Footnote 2 ,, Kumbhalgarh ,, Kirtisthambha ,, 135 Line 8 ,, through ,, thorough ,, 137 Footnote 1 ,, Kumbhalgarh ,, Chitor Kirtis- Inscription thambha Inscrip- Verses 130, 131, 143 tion Verses 130, 131, 143. ,, 141 Line 12 ,, though ,, through ,, 146 Line 1 ,, Achil Singh ,, Achal Singh ,, 167 Line 15 ,, Abfrecht's ,, Aufrecht's

BIBLIOGRAPHY. BOOKS (ENGLISH.).

1. Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan, by Col. James Tod, 2 Vols., London, 1829-32 A. D.
2. Travels in Western India, by Col. James Tod.
3. Muhammadan Dynasties of India, by Stanley Lane Pool, 1894 A.D.
4. History of the Rise of the Muhammadan Power in India, by J. Brigg (Ferishta's History of India).
5. History of Gujrat, by Sir E.C. Bayley, 1886 A.D.
6. Indian Ephemeris, by Diwan Bahadur L.D.S. Pillai.
7. History of Mediæval Hindu India, by C. V. Vaidya.
8. History of Indian and Eastern Architecture, by James Fergusson.
9. Memoirs of Jahangir, by Alexander Rogers, (Translation of Tuzaki Jahangeri.)
10. History of India, as told by its own Historians, by Sir E. C. Elliot, Vols. I-VIII.
11. Outline of History, by Mr. H. W. Wells.
12. Archæological Survey Reports of India, Vols. VI for 1872-73, and XXIII for 1883-84 A.D.; and the Annual Report for 1907-8 A.D.
13. A Collection of Prakrit and Sanskrit Inscrip- tions, published by the Bhavanagar Archæological Department under the auspices of the Maharaja of Bhavanagar, by Mr. Peter Peterson. Short title, “The Bhavanagar Inscriptions.”

Maharana Kumbha. xiv 14. Gazetteer of Udaipur, by Major K. D. Erskine. 15. Proceedings of the First Indian Oriental Conference Poona, A. D. 1919. 16. Progress Report of the Archæological Survey of India, Western Circle, for 1908-9. 17. Report of a Second Tour in search of Sanskrit manuscripts in Rajputana and Central India, by Prof. S. R. Bandarkar in 1905-6. 18. Historical Fragments of the Mughal Empire, of the Morattoes &c., by Robert Orme, 1805, A. D. 19. Early History of India, by Dr. Vincent Smith. 20. The Bombay Gazetteer Vol. I., by J.M. Campbell. 21. Reports of the Rajputana Museum, Ajmer, for 1917-1918, 1921, 1922, 1924 and 1926. 22. Catalogue of Manuscripts existing in the Central Provinces, by F. Keilhorn. 23. Catalogus Catalogorum, by Aufrecht, Leipzig. 24. Ajmer: Historical and Descriptive, by the Author. 25. Hammira of Ranthambhor, by the Author. A monograph on Hammir, the renowned Chauhan King of Ranthambhor, one of the great heroes of Rajputana. An account of his conquests, and a full account of his war with Sultan Allauddin Khilji is given. Journals. 26. The Indian Antiquary, Vol. 40. 27. Epigraphia Indica, Vol. II. 28. Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal

xv BIBLIOGRAPHY Asiatic Society, G. B. & Ireland, Special No. LVIII by Captain E. Barnes, June 1902 A.D. 29. The Krita, Gupta, Saka and other Eras in the Modern Review for July, 1932 A. D. 30. Journal of the Bengal Asiatic Society, Volume 55. 31. The Vedic Magazine of Aswin, S. 1969. (A.D. 1912). 32. The Udaipur Temple of Malwa by K. P. Jaiswal in the Modern Review for June, 1932 A.D. Sanskrit. 33. The Eklinga Mahatmya. A Sanskrit poem written during the time of Maha- rana Kumbha, who wrote a part of it. The Chapter headed Rajvarnana Adhyaya, contains verses from various old inscriptions giving the geneology of the Rulers of Mewar. (Unpublished). 34. Rasik Priya, (Nirnaya Sagar Press, Bombay.) It is a commentary by Maharana Kumbha on Jaideva's celebrated lyric poem, Gita Govind. It contains a short account of Maharana Kumbha and his predecessors. Hindi. 35. Barva Devidan's Bahi. (Unpublished). It is a record kept by the State geneologist of the geneologies of the kings of Mewar and contains various matters of historical importance. 36. “ Aitihasik Baton Ka Sangrah ” by Kaviraj Bankey Das. (Unpublished). It is a miscellaneous record of historical events and

Maharana Kumbha. xvi interesting incidents of the lives of various historical personages, Hindus, Muslims, Marhattas. Kaviraj Bankey Das was the Court poet of Maharaja Man Singh of Marwar, and lived in Jodhpur in the 19th century. It is a most valuable collection of miscella- neous historical information in the Marwari language. 37. Mehta Nainsi's Khyat (Chronicles). Mehta Nainsi was the Prime Minister of Maharaja Jaswant Singh I of Jodhpur. The book contains very valuable historical information about the various States of Rajputana and other parts of India, such as Bundel- khand, Rewa, Kathiawar, Cutch, etc. It was written in the old Marwari language between A. D. 1648 and 1664. A Hindi rendering of it is being published by the Nagri Pracharini Sabha, Benares. 38. Vir Vinod, by M. M. Kaviraja Shamal Das. It gives an exhaustive account of the history of Mewar, and brief histories of the other States of Rajputana, Kathiawar and other parts of India, and of the Sultans of Malwa, Gujrat, etc., and the Moghal Emperors of Delhi. It was written under the orders of Maharana Sajjan Singh of Mewar (A. D. 1874 to A. D. 1884). It was printed in two parts containing about 3000 pages quarto. It is not published. 39. Prachin Lekh Sangrah, by Muni Jin Vijai. It is a collection of Jain inscriptions found in Rajputana, Gujrat and other places, and was printed at Bhavanagar in A. D. 1921.

xvii BIBLIOGRAPHY 40. Jodhpur Khyat or Marwar Khyat (Unpublished). It is a history of the Jodhpur State in the Marwari language compiled during the reign of Maha- raja Man Singh (A. D. 1803-43). 41. Udaipur ka Itihas, (History of Udaipur) by Mahamahopadhyaya Pandit Gauri Shankar Ojha. 42. Sirohi ka Itihas, (History of Sirohi) by Maha- mahopadhyaya Pandit Gauri Shankar Ojha. 43. Maharana Yash Prakash, by Thakur Bhur Singh of Malsisar (Jaipur). It is a collection of old poems eulogising the deeds of the various Maharanas of Mewar, with Hindi translations. 44. Devakulapataka, by Vijayadharmsuri. It is a collection of Jain inscriptions found in the various temples at Delwara in the Udaipur State. 45. Nagri Pracharni Patrika, New series, Benares. A quarterly journal of historical and literary research, published by the Nagri Pracharini Sabha of Benares. Persian. 46. The Mirati Sikandari. A History of Gujrat by Sikandar bin Muhammad, written in 1611 A.D. (See Bayley's History of Gujrat.) 47. Tarikhi Alfi by Maulana Ahmad and others. (See Elliot's History of India, Vol. V, p. 150.) 48. Akbarnama by Abul Fazal. 49. Wakiati Mushtaqi by Rizaqulla Mushtaki. See Elliot's History of India, Vol. IV, p. 532.

Maharana Kumbha. xviii INSCRIPTIONS.

1. The (Chitor) Samiddeshwar (Mokalji) Temple Inscription of Magh Sud 3, V.S. 1485 (A.D. 1429). It is published in the Epigraphia Indica, Vol. II, p. 410, and also in the Bhavanagar Inscriptions, p. 96. It is a long inscription containing 80 Sanskrit verses. It records the erection (renovation) of the temple of Samiddeshwar, and mentions the names of the Guhil rulers of Mewar from Ari Singh to Mokal, and says that Maharana Lakha freed the holy place Gaya, from the distress brought upon it by the Muhammadans. His son Mokal defeated Feroz Khan of Nagor, and built the temple of Vishnu and excavated a tank near it.
2. The Eklingji Temple Inscription of Chait Sud 10, S. 1545 (A.D.1489). It is published in the Bhava- nagar Inscriptions, p. 117. This also is a long inscription containing 100. Sanskrit verses. It records the various gifts of villages for the maintenance of the temple, and mentions the wars waged by Maharanas Mokal, Kumbha and Rai Mal with the Muslim Kings of Delhi and Gujrat. The writer, Maheshwar, was Poet Leaurate of Mewar in Maharana Rai Mal’s time.
3. The Shringirishi Inscription of Sawan Sud 5, S. 1485 (A.D. 1428). (Unpublished). It was engraved on a slab built into a wall at Shringirishi about 6 miles from Udaipur. The slab broke into 6 pieces, 3 of which are missing. A summary of it is given in the Report of the Rajputana Museum, Ajmer, for 1924-25 A.D.

xix BIBLIOGRAPHY It records that Rana Hammir took Chelakhyapur (Jilwara) from the Bhils. He killed Jaitreshwar (Jaitsi of Idar) and burnt the town of Prahladandpur (Palanpur in Gujrat). His son Kshetra Singh defeated Ami Shah (of Malwa) and took Mandalgarh from his enemies. Mokal defeated Feroz Khan (of Nagor) and got himself weighed against gold and silver 25 times, once in the Adi Varah temple in Pushkar. It also mentions that Mokal erected a rampart round the temple of Eklingji, with 3 gates, and constructed a well at Shringirishi for the spiritual welfare of his wife, Gaurambika of the Baghel family. (All the verses from the 3 Inscriptions described above—the Samiddheshwar Temple Inscription, the Eklingji Temple Inscription and the Shringirishi Inscriptions—to which references have been made in this book, are given in original in the Appendix.) 4. Goganda Seetlamata Temple Inscription of Ashadh Bad 13, V.S. 1423 (A.D. 1366). (Unpublished). It records the construction of a temple during the reign of Rana Kshetra Singh. 5. An Inscription in the baodi (stepped wall) at Ghosundi, near Chitor, of Baisakh Sud 3, V. S. 1561 (A.D. 1504). It is published in the Journal of the Bengal Asiatic Society, Vol. LVI, part I, p. 79. It records the construction of a baodi by Shringar Devi, daughter of king Jodha of Marwar and wife of Maharana Rai Mal, son of Maharana Kumbhakarna. 6. Jawar Inscription of the Temple of Ramaswami,

Maharana Kumbha. xx dated Chaitra Sud 7th, V. S. 1554 (A. D. 1497). (Unpublished.) The Inscription is engraved on a stone slab built into a niche in a Kund (water reservoir) near the temple of Ramaswami. It is in 3 pieces and contains 40 verses. It states that the temple of Ramaswami and Ramakund were built by Ramabai, daughter of Maharana Kumbhakarna, and wife of Raja Mandlik of Sorath, at Jawar. See Rajputana Museum Report for 1924-25 A.D. 7. Kot Solankian Inscription of Ashadha Sud 3, V. S. 1475 (A. D. 1419) published in the Journal of the Bengal Asiatic Society, Vol. XII, p. 115. It records that during the reign of Rana Lakha, the Mandap of the Paraswanath Temple was repaired by Saha Kadua and members of his family. 8. Jawar Shantinath Temple Inscription, dated Pos Sud 6, V. S. 1478 (A. D. 1421) engraved on a lintel of the temple. It is published in Prachin Jain Lekh Sangrah, Vol. II, p. 22, by Muni Jin Vijaya. A summary of it is given in the Report of the Rajputana Museum for 1924-1925, p. 3. It records that the temple of Shantinath was erected by the descendants of Saha Nana of the Pragvat (Porvad) family. 9. The Rāja Prashasti, dated Magh Sud 15, S. 1732 (A.D. 1676). It is an epic poem in 24 cantos, engraved on 25 slabs, each slab containing a canto, and a prelimi- nary slab containing laudatory verses. The slabs are fixed in the niches of the embankment of the Lake

xxi BIBLIOGRAPHY Raj Samudra constructed by Maharana Raj Singh (A. D. 1652-1680.) A short summary of it is pub- lished in the Report of the Rajputana Museum, Ajmer for 1917-18 A. D., pp. 2-3. It describes the history of the family of the Maha- ranas, and says that the construction of the lake Raj Samudra was begun in 1665 A. D. and finished in 1676 A. D. It mentions that Bappa conquered Chitor from the Mori king Man and adopted the title of Rawal. His descendant Rawal Karan son of Rahap, defeated Mokalsi of Mandor and adopted his title of Rana, and took up residence at Chitor. It describes the wars waged by Maharanas Kumbha, Sanga, and Pratap. It mentions a curious incident of a Bhat (bard). Maharana Pratap had given a turban to a Bhat who, when he went to Akbar's Darbar, took the turban off and held it in his hand when bowing. In explanation of this insult to the Emperor, he said that the turban was of the unconquered Pratap. It describes how peace was concluded after the war between Emperor Jahangir and Maharana Amar Singh. The inscription mentions that prince Khurrum (later Shah Jahan) under orders from Jahangir, came to Rana Amar Singh to have a friendly talk, and that the prince then concluded a treaty of peace. Maharana Raj Singh's conquests of Ajmer, Sambhar, Shahpura, Jahazpur, Ranthambhor, Bayana, Toda, Lalsote, Tonk, Malpura and other places are mentioned. The conquest of Sirohi and the Maharana's marriage

Maharana Kumbha. xxii with the daughter of the Raja of Kishengarh who had been previously betrothed to Emperor Aurangzeb are then described. Further on, a description of the lake, its construction, its measurements, and other things are given. A full account of the visits of the Maharaja of Jodhpur, Jaipur, Bikaner, Jaisalmer, Bundi, Rewa and others who came as guests at the consecration ceremony, which cost 7 lakh, is then given. Aurangzeb's invasion of Mewar is described. The inscription describes the sack of Badnagar, Ahmadnagar, Begam- pur and Bhangora by the Maharana, and the defeat of the Imperial army under Prince Akbar at the hands of Maharana's heir apparant Kunwar Jai Singh. The inscription mentions that prince Bhim Singh destroyed one big and thirty small mosques at Ahmeda- bad. It gives an account of the overtures of peace made by Emperor Aurangzeb, and describes how peace was actually made with an exchange of precious ceremonial gifts. 10. An inscription in Hinglu Vava, near Amberi, 7 miles from Udaipur, of the time of Rana Mokal of Mewar. It is engraved on a large slab containing 35 lines. The upper right-hand portion of the inscription is broken off. It is dated the 5th day of the bright half of Jyeshtha, Samvat 1487 (16 May, 1431 A.D.) and Shaka 1352. It gives an account of the family of Surpala, a Gauda Brahman of Hariyana and his descendants, one of whom, Vidyadhar, built a well in Maharana Mokal's time. The inscription has now been removed to Udaipur.

xxiii BIBLIOGRAPHY 11. A Copper Plate Inscription of V.S. 1462 (A.D. 1405) in the possession of Champalal suthar (architect) at Udaipur. It states that the architect Mandana had been especially called from Gujrat by Maharana Mokal. INSCRIPTIONS OF MAHARANA KUMBHA'S TIME. (These inscriptions are fully described in Chapter XV of this book, pp 167-187.) 12. An inscription, dated Kartik Sud 2, V. S 1491 (A. D. 1434) with Yati Khemsagar in the village Delwara (Udaipur State). See p. 170. 13. A copper plate inscription, dated Asadh Vad Ama- vasya, V S. 1494 (A.D. 1437) found in the village Nandia, now kept in the Rajputana Museum, Ajmer. See p. 170. 14. An inscription dated Magh Sud 11, V. S. 1494 (A. D. 1437) on the image of Shantinath in the temple of Adabadanathji in the town of Nagda. See pp. 170-71. 15. Ranpur Temple Inscription of A.D. 1439. See p. 171. The complete text of this inscription is published in the Appendix. 16. An inscription, dated Magh Sud 5, V. S. 1500 (25 January, A. D. 1444) fixed in a wall in a temple near the village of Kadiyān. See p. 173. 17. Rupaheli Inscription, dated Asadh Bad 1st, V.S. 1505 (A. D. 1448) in a Jain temple. See p. 174. 18-21. Four Inscriptions, dated Magsar Sud 15th, V. S. 1505 (A.D. 1448) on the images of Shridhara,

Maharana Kumbha. xxiv Krishna Rukmani, Rama Lakshman and Madhava Tulsi, in the Chitor Kumbhaswami temple. See p. 174. 22. Singar Chanvri Inscription at Chitor, dated A.D. 1448). See p. 175. 23. Abu Dilwara Temple Inscription, dated Asadh Sud 2, V. S. 1506 (A. D. 1849) See p. 175. 24. An Inscription on a perforated stone window in the second story of the Kirtisthambha at Chitor, dated Phagun Sud 5, V.S. 1499 (A.D. 1443). See p. 176. 25. Vasantgarh Jain Temple Inscription, dated Magh Sud 11, V. S. 1507 (A. D. 1450). See p. 176. 26-29. Four Inscriptions on images in Kumbhalgarh, dated Asoj Sud 3rd, V. S. 1516 (A.D. 1459). See p. 177. 30. The Kumbhalgarh Inscription, dated Magsar Bad 5, V. S. 1517 (A. D. 1460) found in the Mama- deva Temple, now kept in the Udaipur Museum. See pp. 177-181. 31. The Chitor Kirtisthambha Inscription, dated Magsar Bad 5th, V.S. 1517 (A.D. 1460) See pp. 181-186. (The verses of the above two inscriptions—the Kumbhalgarh and the Kirtisthambha inscriptions—to which references have been made in the book are quoted in original in the Appendix, pp. 205-224.) 32. The Second Kumbhalgarh Inscription dated Magsar Bad 5th, V. S. 1517 (A.D. 1460). See p. 186. 33. Achalgarh Jain Temple Inscription, dated Vaisakh Sud 4th, S. 1518 (A. D. 1461). See p. 187.