महाराणा सांगा: द हिन्दूपत (हरविलास सारदा - मेवाड़ साम्राज्य एवं खानवा महायुद्ध इतिहास)

Maharana Sāngā. head only—he won or lost : the nation only because of him. If the arrow had struck Bābur's forehead instead of Sāngā's, the result would have been the same—a complete defeat of the Turks. In fact, in their case, it would have meant annihilation, because of their being foreign interlopers in the country. The present European War instinctively brings before the mind the great advance the Western nations have achieved in politics during the last four centuries. In Europe every man, woman and child understands his duty to the State, which, he knows, is nothing more than his own individual interest in the higher sense of the term. He or she understands that he or she loses or gains as his or her nation loses or gains, that his or her interests are identical with those of the nation or the State. This spirit animating all, the resources of the whole nation are fully organised and are unhesitatingly employed to protect as well as to promote the cause of the nation or even of individuals, whenever occasion requires. A war in modern times is therefore a war 150

Maharana Sāngā. of one nation or a combination of nations against another nation or two or more nations combined. The entire intellectual, moral and material resources of nations are mobilized and used in the struggle. The result is that that belligerent wins whose organisation is superior and whose resources, taken as a whole, are greater than those of the enemy. As a neces- sary consequence, wars now are immeasurably more devastating, and though both sides are in the end exhausted, the vanquished is the party clearly proved to be the weaker. This also explains the vast difference that we find between the nature and importance of a battle in those days and a battle in the twen- tieth century. The battle of Khānua, in which the opposing armies numbered about three lakhs, lasted a few hours, and what momentous issues hung on the result of that battle! It decided the fate of a country inhabited by a fifth part of the human race. It threw back for ever the advancing tide of the triumph- ant Rajput race, and placed India, with a civilization and culture as old as history and as high as the highest in the world, under the 151

Maharana Sāngā. domination of the less civilized Afghans and the highlanders of Central Asia. Compare this with the battles fought in Europe in the great war raging there now. The battle of the Marne lasted four months, and the loss of life in this one battle far exceeded the entire armies engaged in the battle between Bābur and Sāngā ; but what is the net result of the victory over the enemy ? A few thousand yards of "No Man’s Land," with hardly any effect on the final issue of the war. Victory remained with Bābur, who assumed the title of Ghazi. He advanced to Byana, where he arrived after three days, and held a council of his nobles as to the advisability of following up the victory by an invasion of the Rana’s dominions. Bābur’s resources, however, were so crippled and the dread of meeting Sāngā in the field a second time was so great, that the approach of the hot season was pleaded as an excuse and the enterprise was given up.¹ ¹ "That Bābur respected and dreaded his foe, we have the best proof in his not risking another battle with him."—Tod's Rajasthan, Vol. I, p. 307. 152

CHAPTER XIV. “LAST DAYS OF SĀNGĀ.” WHEN the party carrying the unconscious Maharana reached Baswa, now the northern boundary of the Jaipur State, the Maharana regained consciousness and at once enquired how the battle had ended. When the whole story was related to him, he became sorrowful, and scolded the people about him for removing him from the field of battle, as that exposed him to the reproach of fleeing from the field. He refused to move towards Chitor, and vowed that he would never enter it alive without van- quishing Bābur. In consequence of his removal from the battlefield, Sāngā shut himself up for a time in his palace in Ranthambhore. A charan named Todar Mal Chanchlia, who was with the greatest difficulty allowed 153

look like 'ह'? No, it has a vertical bar on the right! 'ह' does not have a vertical bar on the right! Letters with a vertical bar on the right: च, थ, ध, य, प, ष, क, etc. Between च, थ, ध, प: Wait, could it be "धिया"? Could it be "थिया"? "थिया" (thiyā) is extremely common in Dingal/Rajasthani: "थिया पडंता हाथ" = हाथों से पड़ते हुए हुए / हाथ से गिरते हुए (when falling from hands). Wait, but look at the letter: is the top of the vertical bar broken/open? In 'थ', the top bar does not cover the loop. Here, the top bar goes all the way across! Wait, in some old fonts, the top bar of 'थ' or 'ध' was covered, or is it 'च'? Wait, look at 'च': 'च' has a full top bar! If it's 'चिया' or 'थिया': let's look at the image again very carefully. Wait, look at the loop: Is it a loop, or is it a curve? It is a flat horizontal line extending left from the vertical bar, then curving down and up! That is the EXACT definition of 'च'! Wait, compare it to 'थ' in 'हाथ' (end of same line): In 'हाथ', 'थ' has a

Maharana Sāngā. Though the Western Afghan confederacy was crushed by the victory of Khānua, the Eastern confederacy continued to gather strength. The Rajputs though defeated in a great battle, had not been vanquished. Bābur had thus two powerful foes still to overcome before he could consider his throne firmly established. His experience taught him that he had more to fear from the इकरां राम तकी तिय रावण, मंद हरेगो दडकमल ॥ टीकम सोझि जपथर तारिया, जगनायक ऊपरा जलु ॥ ३ ॥ एक राड़ भवमांच खवटंथो, बोरस खाणै केम ऊर ॥ मानतणा केवा कज सांगा, सांगा तू सालै असुर ॥ ४ ॥ (Why this dejection? Sri Krishna had to leave the field a hundred times against Jarasandha: finally after saving himself, he vanquished the enemy. Once Arjuna fell back when Duryodhana cast his hand on Draupadi :

Maharana Sāngā. Rajputs than the Pathans, and he resolved to break the power of the Rajput kings by attacking them one by one before they might combine again and wrest his hard-won throne from him. He left the Eastern Afghan confederacy to itself for a while, little suspecting that it would, after his death, overwhelm his son and successor and drive him out of India, and would be finally crushed only with the help of the Rajputs by his grandson Akbar. Being rightly afraid of the great power of the Rajput kings of the west, Bābur resolved to attack Raja Medni Rai of Chanderi, one of the bravest and ablest of the Maharana's lieutenants. Leaving Agra in December 1527 A.D., he arrived at Kalpi on 1st January, A.D. 1528, and passing by Irej (Irich) and Kechwa, reached Chanderi on the 20th of the month. Sāngā, hearing that Bābur had gone towards Chan- deri, marched to attack him and arrived at Irich. But here his ministers, who were opposed to further warfare, finding the war- like Maharana bent on plunging into war 156

Maharana Sāngā. again, administered poison to him. The heroic spirit of the great man would not so easily give in, and fought with the malady for a time. At last the poison prevailed and Sāngā breathed his last at Baswa in Baisakh¹ Sud, S. 1584, after a reign of 21 years 5 months and 9 days. Thus ended the glorious life of the great man who was one of the greatest sovereigns that have ever ruled in Rajputana. The lesser men who were about him in his last days, purchased "by regicide, inglorious ease and safety, in preference to privations and dangers, and to emulating the manly constancy of their prince, who resolved to make heavens his canopy till his foe was crushed,—a determina- tion which was pursued with the most resolute perseverance by some of his gallant successors."² Maharana Sāngā was of middle stature but of great muscular strength, fair in com- plexion, with unusually large eyes. He ¹ Chaturkula Charitra p. 27 gives the date as Magh Sud 9th, S. 1584. ² Tod's Rajasthan, Vol. I, p. 307. 157

Maharana Sāngā. exhibited at his death, "but the fragments of a warrior; one eye was lost in the broil with his brother (Prithviraj), an arm in an action with the Lodi King of Delhi, and he was a cripple owing to a limb being broken by a cannon ball in another, while he counted eighty wounds from the sword or the lance on various parts of his body. He was celebrated for energetic enterprise, of which his capture of Mahmud, King of Malwa, in his own capital is a celebrated instance; and his successful storming of the almost impregnable Ranthambhore, though ably defended by the imperial general Ali, gained him great renown. Had he been succeeded by a prince possessed of his foresight and judgment, Bābur's descendants might not have retained the sovereignty of India."¹ Tod's Rajasthan, Vol. I, pp. 307, 308. 158

INDEX. Abdul Razzak, 113. Abho, 20. Abu, 2,93. Abul Fazal, 74. Abu Sayid, 99, 101. Adinapur, 114. Afghanistan, 99. Agaya, 23. Agra, 50, 93, 118, 120, 126, 127, 128, 141, 156. Ahmadabad, 55, 69, 79, 82. Ahmadnagar, 80, 83, 90, 91. Ahmad Shah (of Gujarāt), 38. Ajjaji, Raj Rāna, 146, 147. Ajmer, 2, 7, 18, 28, 46, 48, 49, 93. Akbar, 47, 156. Akho, 31. Akhsi, 100, 101, 102, 110. Alam Khan, 142. Alauddin, Prince, alias Alam Khan, 119. Alauddin Khilji, Sultan of Delhi, 17, 24. Alfred the Great, 18. Allahadad Khan, 61. Ali, general, 158. Ali, 26. Ali Dost, 104, 105. Alim Khan, 121. Alwar, 127. Amar Singh, Maharana, 81. Amir Nijm Sani, 117. Amber, 2, 7, 47, 48, 93, 144. Ana, 23. Ananda Bai, sister of Prithviraj, 42. Anand Kanwar, 12. Anandpal, Raja, 148. Andejan, 101, 102, 104, 105, 109. 112. Anhalwara, 24. Annals and Antiquities of Rajas- than, by Colonel J. Tod, 2n, 29n, 30n, 50n, 51n, 77n, 130n, 137n, 152n, 157n, 158n. Arabia, 99. Aravalli, 20, 25. Arghuns, 114. Arjuna, 155. Asadut-ul-Mulk, 79, 82. Asaf Khan, 70, 71, 72. Asoka Mal, 85. Aser, 7. Atrar, 99. Aurangzeb, 77. Azan Husain, 103, 104. Bābur, Zahiruddin Muhammad, 1, 44, 46, born in 1483, 100; became ruler of Ferghana, 101; takes Samarkand in 1497, A. D., 102; goes to relieve Andejan and loses both, 103; takes Nasukh, and Marghinan is surrendered to him, 104; invades Samarkand, 105; falls back on Kesh, 105; surprises Samarkand and takes it. 107; Shaibani Khan invades Samar- kand and defeats Bābur, 107; Bābur surrenders Samarkand and gives his sister in marriage to Shaibani, 108; goes to his uncle, Sultan Mahmud, who assigns Dehkāt to Bābur, 109; takes Ush. Tambol attacks Bābur, who flees, 110; wanders as a fugitive, 111; bids adieu to his native land and goes to- wards Kabul, which surrenders to him in 1504 A. D., 112, resolves on an incursion into India and goes to Jalalabad, 112; goes to Kohat, Bannu, thence to Ghazni, and returns to Kabul, 113; leaves Kabul to assist the ruler of Balkh against Shaibani Khan, visits Herat and takes Kandahar and returns to Kabul, 113; Shaibani Khan advances to surprise Bābur, 159

INDEX.

[Left Column]

who, being afraid of meeting Shaibani Khan, leaves Kabul and comes Jalalabad, 113; on hearing that Shaibani had returned to Turkistan, Bābur returns to Kābul, 114; quells the revolt of his Moghul army, 115; Bābur hears of Shaibani’s dofeat by the King of Persia and goes towards Samarkand and recovers it, 116; Uzbeks rise and drive away Bābur from Turkistan, 117; Bābur returns to Kabul in 1514 A. D., 117; enters Panjab and takes Kandahar, 117; Daulat Khan Lodi invites Bābur to India, 118; Bābur comes to the Panjab but returns to Kābul, 119; Prince Alam Khan offers Bābur, Panjab in lieu of help to get the throne of Delhi, 119; Bābur crosses the Indus, defeats Ibrahim Lodi at Panipat and is crowned King of Delhi and takes Agra, 120; sends Tardi Beg to take Byana, but Nizam Khan defeats Tardi Beg, Nizam Khan surren- ders Byana to Bābur when Maharana Sāngā advances again- st him, 121; Sāngā and Bābur compared, 122-125; Bābur prepares to defend himself against Sāngā and summons Humayun with all his troops, fails to detach Hasan Khan of Mewat, 127; marches out of Agra and encamps at Fatehpur Sikri, 128; makes overtures for peace with Sāngā, but fails, 129; Bābur’s army quite dis- heartened. Gives up wine and allows the beard to grow, 135; appeals to the religious instincts of his troops as a last resort, 136; again makes overtures for peace and offers to pay tribute to the Maharana who rejects the terms, 137; throws up trenches and occupies them, makes dispositions for battle as the

[Right Column]

Rajputs advance, 143; Bābur assumes the title of Ghazi after the battle of Khānua, advances to Byana, but returns to Agra, 152; Bābur invades Chanderi 156 Bābur by S, Lane Poole, 131n. Babur Khan Lohani (Sultan Muhammad Shah), 126. Badakhshan, 112. Badnor, 24, 25, 44, 80. Bagha, Prince, 96. Bagha Singh, Rawat of Deolia Pratapgarh, 144. Bahadurkhan, Prince, see Baha- dur Shah. Bahadur Shah, Sultan of Gujarāt, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91. Bakan, 154. Baki Chaghaniani, 112. Bāladitya, King of Maghada, 76. Balhara, 24. Balkanwar, 94. Balkh, 112, 113. Balloo, Saktawat, 81. Banās, 24. Banberi, 45. Bandrot, 23. Bangash, 113. Bannu, 113. Bansda, 23. Banslo, 40. Banswara, 85. Bappa, 2, 46. Bardha, 70. Baswa, 153, 157. Batarda, 35, 37, 38, 40. Behar, 126. Bekram, 113. Benares, 51. Bhainsror, 7, 34. Bhagwat Kanwar, 95. Bhakorah, 69. Bhan, Rao of Idar, 22, 53. Bhanda, 96. Bhar Mal, Rao of Idar, 53, 54, 87, 144. Bhavanagar Inscriptions by Peter Peterson, 8n, 9n, 10n, 11n. Bhavani Das, 95. Bhera, 112. Bhilsa, 66, 67, 93, 144.

160

INDEX.

Column 1

Bhim, son of Rao Bhan, 53. Bhimraj, 70. Bhur Singh, T. 155. Bhoj, Chief of Lanch, 22. Bhojraj, Prince, 95. Bibliography of Literature, etc., by Major Luard, 51. Bida Jaitmalot attends to Sāngā's wounds, 16; refuses to give up Sāngā to Jai Mal, 17; dies with his two sons in defence of Sāngā, 17; his descendants are Tha- kurs of Kelwa, 17. Bijanagar, 54. Bijolian, 148. Bika, son of Bagh Singh, 41. Bikaner, 6; founded in 1488 A. D. 48; 144. Billano, 40. Bir Kanwar, 12. Bohjat Khan, 65, 67. Bokhara, 99, 107, 116, 117. Boondi, 2, 7, 144. Borak Khan, 101. Brajbai, 94. Byana, 61, 120, 121, 127, 129, 137, 152. Central Asia, 98, 123. Chachikdeva, Hada Rao of Begoon, 7. Chaghtai, 101. Chaghtai Turks, 98. Champa Kanwar, 12. Champaner, 52. Chanderi, 2, 7, 62, 65, 68, 70, 93, 144, 156. Chand Khan, 92. Chandra Bhan, 145, 147. Chandwar, 141. Changez Khan, 101. Chapaneri, 87. Chauvadia, 23. Chāpar Dronapur, 48. Charanidevi, 34. Chatsoo, 7. Chaturkula Charitra, by T. Chatur Singh, 79n, 96n, 128n, 157n. Chin Timūr Sultan, 143. Chitor, 2, 6, 7, 19, 21, 30, 35, 37, 39, 45, 46, 50, 70, 71, 74, 83, 85, 90, 92, 97, 123, 128, 138, 153.

Column 2

Chonda, 146. Chronicles by Mehta Nainsi, 23n, 31n, 41n, 46n, 70n, 73n, 148n. Chronology of India, by C. M. Duff, 56n. Constantinople, 115. Cutch, 52. Dadimpur, 9. Dalip, Rai, 145. Damodar Kanwar, 12. Dara Shikoh, 148. Daria Khan, 112. Dasht Damān, 113. Daulat Khan, 61. Daulat Khan Lodi, 118. Dawa Chichan, 101. Debari, 40. Debidan, Barwa, 94. Dehkāt, 109. Delhi, 49, 50, 51, 93, 94, 99, 118, 119, 120, 126, 137, 140, 158. Deolia, 41. Depalpur, 29. Desuri, 22, 23. Devi Das, 12. Dhamoni, 67. Dhamyagaon, 23. Dhan Kanwar, 95, 96. Dholana, 23. Dholpur, 61, 128. Dilawar Khan Ghori, 51. Dizak, 108, Doab, 121, 141. Dohud, 69. Draupadi, 155. Duda, son of Rao Jodha, 5. Dungarpur, 79, 85, 144, 147. Dunger Singh Chauhān, 80. Duryodhana, 155. Eklingji, 36. Epigraphia Indica, 11n. Erskine, W., 135, 148. Europe, 150, 152. Fatehpur Sikri, 128. Ferishta, by J. Briggs, 7n, 54n, 55n, 63n, 64n, 65n, 66n, 67n, 69n, 93n. Fattaji, 12.

161

INDEX. Ferghana, 100, 101, 110, 111, 112, 116. Forbes, A. K., 88. Gagroon 2, 71, 93, 144. Gambhiri, 35. Ganga, Rao of Jodhpur, 79. Ganges, 31, 141. Ganthi, 23n. Garh Beetli, 28. Gaura, Rajput hero, 9n. Gawarādē, 95n. Ghansukhdē, 95n. Ghazhdewan, 117. Ghazi, 152. Ghazi Khan, 79. Ghazni, 112, 113, 114, 116, 117. Ghiyasuddin, Sultan of Mandu, 6; is defeated by Rai Mal and flees to Mandu, 6; sends peace offerings to the Maharana, 7. Girnār, 31. Godla, 23n. Godwar, 20, 22, 24, 34. Gokaldas Parmar, 148. Gujarāt, 4, 31, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 69, 70, 78n, 79, 83, 85, 87, 88, 90, 93, 94, 124n, 148n. Gwalior, 2, 93, 128, 142. Haji Khan, 61. Halvad, 146. Hammīr, Raja of Ranthambhore, 17. Hammīr, Rana, 2, 72, 140. Haravati or Haroti, 56. Haridas, Kesaria Charan, 124n. Har Kanwar, 12. Hasan Khan, Nawab, 126, 127, 129, 132, 144, 147. Hasan Makan, 129. Hatim Khan, 83. Herat, 113. Himalayas, 33n. Hindu Beg, 143. Hindukush, 112, 117. Hindupat, title of Maharana Sāngā, 1. Hindu Society, exclusiveness of, 3. Hindustan, 47, 50, 109, 114, 118, 119, 121, 122, 126. History of Gujarāt, by E. D. Bay- ley, 51n, 54n, 64n, 69n, 78n, 83n, 84n, 87n, 90n, 92n. History of India, by M. Elphin- stone, 52n, 140n. History of India, by Sir H. Elliot, 60n. History of India, by W. Erskine, 50n, 61n, 62n, 68n, 100n, 108n, 121n, 126n, 129n, 132n, 133n, 142n. History of Sirohi, by R. B. P. Gauri Shankar Ojha, 43n. Hoshang, Sultan of Mandu, 74. Humayun, 127, 143. Ibrahim Lodi, 50; is defeated by Sāngā, 56, 57; again invades Mewar and is defeated near Dholpur, 60; 61, 62; 94, 118, 119, 120, 127, 128. Idar, 5, 51, 53, 54, 55, 78, 79, 80, 81, 83, 88, 144. Ilan-uti, 108. Imad-ul-mulk, 65. India, 99, 109, 112, 117, 120, 123, 126, 127, 129, 140, 156, 158. Indra Kanwar, 12. Indraprastha, 50. Indus, 112, 113, 114, 119. Irej (Irich), 156. Islam Khan, 60. Isan Bugha, 101n. Isar Das, 12n. Jahangir, Emperor, 81. Jahangir Mirza, 100, 103, 104, 105, 109. Jai Mal, third son of Maharana Rai Mal, 13, 24. Jaipur, 47, 153. Jaisalmer, 98n. Jai Singh, 77. Jai Singh Bālecha, 18. Jaitra Singh, Maharana, 2. Jalalabad, 112, 114. Jalor, 31n. Jamnaji, Soda, charan, 155n. Jānglu country, 48. Janna, 20. Janna Sindal, 19. 162

INDEX.

[Column 1] Jarasandha, 155. Jassa, 46n. Jaunpur, 127. Jāwar in Mewar, 33. Jessa Sindhal, 20. Jhelum, 112. Jilwada, 23. Jodha, Rao, 5, 12n, 94. Jodhpur, founded in 1458 A.D., 47; 79, 144. Jug Mal, Rao of Sirohi, 42, 43. Jumna, 141. Kabul, 46n, 98, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 133. Kabul river, 114. Kalpi, 2, 93, 156. Kalyan Mal, Kanwar, of Bikaner, 144. Kalyan Mal, son of Maharana Rai Mal, 12. Kamber Ali, 106. Kamgar, 101n. Kān, 106. Kandahar, 113, 114, 117. Kandar Fort, 129. Kanh Singh, 81. Kanauj, 142. Kanthal, 41. Kanwarābai, 95. Karam Chand, Rao of Srinagar, 18, 19, 42, 45, 48. Karanawas, 23. Karan Singh, 95. Karatagin, 112. Karmetānbai (Chauhanji), 95n. Karmetānbai (Rāthorji), 95n. Karmetānbai, 94n, 96, 97. Kasim Husain Sultan, 143. Kathiawar, 146. Kechwa, 156. Kedar, 33n. Kesh, 98, 105. Keshuli, 23n. Khaibar Pass, 113. Khairabad, 7, 9, 10. Khalil, 105. Khalilullah Khan, 149. Khan Mirza, 115. Khanzada Begum, 108. Khānua, 44, 50, 126, 151, 155. Khatoli, 56, 60.

[Column 2] Khwaja Jahan, 67. Khiljipur, 86. Khizr Khwaja, 101n. Khojend, 104. Khorasan, 99. Khusrau Kokiltash, 143. Khusrau Shah, 112. Khwaja Didār, 106. Khutba, 120. Kishna, 69. Kishen Das, 12. Koel (Aligarh), 141. Kohat, 113. Kohik, 108. Kokān, 101. Kotah, 7. Krishnadas, 95n. Kumbha, Maharana, 2; assasina- tion of 4, 14, 31, 46, 76. Kumbhalgarh, 4, 23, 30, 33, 35, 43. Kumkum Kanwar, 12, 95. Kunduz, 116. Kutlak Nigār Khānam, 101n. Kshema, King, 8. Lahore, 118. Lakha, Rana, 34. Lakha, becomes Rao of Sirohi in A.D. 1451, 22; attacks Bhoj, Chief of Lanch, five or six times unsuccessfully, and eventually kills him, with the assistance of Rao Bhan of Idar, 22. Lakhu, 94n. Lallakhan, 25. Lalkanwar Bai (of Idar), 95. Lalsot, 7. Lanch, 22, 23. Las Munawad, 23. Latif Khan, 92. Magadha, 76. Maharana Yash Prakash, by T. Bhur Singh, 94n, 155n. Mahmud Begara, Sultan of Gujarāt, 33, 53. Mahmud Khilji I, 76. Mahmud II, Sultan of Malwa, 30, 51, 62, 63, 68, 69, 70, 71, 76, 85, 86, 87, 94n, 123n, 158. Mahmud Mirza, Sultan, 99.

163

INDEX.

Column 1

Mahmud Lodi, 127, 128, 144, 148. Mahmud Sultan of Ghazni, 148. Mahmudabad, 115. Mahtab Kanwar, 12. Mahtab Kanwar (Jhali), 12. Maldeva, 12. Malik Ayaz, 84, 86, 87. Malik Lado, 66. Malik Latif, 92, 93. Malik Husein Bahmani (Nizam-ul- mulk), 78, 79. Malloo Khan, Governor of Ajmer, 28. Mālmagra, 23. Malsisar, 155n. Malwa, 4, 49, 51, 54, 62, 63, 65, 68, 69, 85, 93, 94, 158. Mandawar or Mandor, 47. Mandalgarh, 7. Mandlik Jādava, Raja of Surash- tra, 31; drinks only Ganges water, falls in love with a charan's wife, insults her modesty, 31n; is attacked by Mahmud Begara and becomes a Mussalman, 33n. Mandsaur, 85. Mandu, 6, 29, 63, 66, 67, 69, 70, 72, 73, 76, 77, 85, 123n. Manik Chand Chauhan, 145, 147. Mansur Khan, 65. Marghinan, 104. Marne, 152. Marot, 7. Mars, 133. Marwar, 2, 17, 18, 26, 93. Medhakur, 128. Medni Rai, Raja, 62; saves the life of Mahmud Khilji II of Mandu and becomes his Prime Minister, 64; sends an army to oppose Muhafiz Khan who is advancing against Mandu, and defeats him near Nalcha, 66, 67, Sultan Mahmud attempts to assassinate Medni Rai but fails, 68; receives some pargannahs from Sāngā, 70, 71; 144, 156. Mehdi Khwaja, 129, 143. Mehdi Sultan, 106. Mehta Nainsi, 6n, 23n, 31n, 41n, 46n, 70n.

Column 2

Memoirs of Bābur, by W. Erskine, 1n. Merta, 5, 71, 79, 144. Merv, 115n. Mesopotamia, 99. Mewar, 17, 20, 24, 33n, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41, 44, 45, 47, 48, 49, 52, 56, 57, 77, 84, 93, 96, 120, 146. Mewat, 48, 92, 93, 126, 129, 132, 146. Miān Husain Khan Zar Bakhsh, 60, 61n, 62n. Mian Khan Khānān Farmuli, 60. Mian Makhan, 60, 61. Mian Māruf, 60, 62. Mihirgula, the Hun, 76. Mir Abdul Aziz, 131, 143. Mirat-i-Sikandari, 54, 69n, 85, 86n, 87. Miran Bai, born in 1498 A.D. at Merta, married to Prince Bhojraj, 1516; died at Dwarka in 1546 A.D., 95n, 96n, 148. Miran Shah, 99, 101. Mir Muhammad Shah, 17. Mohib Ali Khalifa, 131. Mokal, Rana, 14, 80n. Moonpura, 23. Muazzam, Prince, 77. Mubariz ul-mulk, 80, 81, 82, 83. Muhafiz Khan, 63, 67. Muhammadabad, 79, 84. Muhammad Ali Jeng-jeng, 143. Muhammad Khwāja, 101. Muhammad Mazid Tarkhan, 105. Muhammad Mirza, 100n. Muhammad Sharif, 133. Muhammad Sultan Mirza, 143. Muhammad Zeitun, 128. Multan, 113. Mukand, Baghela, 70n. Muntakhabul Tawarikh, 67n. Mustafa Rumi, 145. Muzaffar Shah II, Sultan of Gujarāt, 53, 54, 65, 69, 70, 78, 79, 85, 87, 89, 92, 94n. Nadole, 20. Nagarjuna, 31. Nagdevi, wife of Akho Charan, 31n, 32n, 33n.

164

INDEX.

[Column 1] Nagina Khatun, mother of Timur, 98. Nahar Khan, 127, 129. Nalchā, 67. Nandsa, 85. Nahar Magra, 15. Narain Das, 12n. Narbad Hādā, 96, 144. Narhar Rao, 47. Narsinghdeva, 144. Narwar, Rao of, 7. Nasir Mirza, 100, 113, 114, 116, 117. Nāsiruddin Abdulla, Khwāja, 101. Nāsiruddin Khilji, Sultan of Malwa, 34, 51. Nasrut-ul-mulk, 55, 78. Nasukh, 104. Neemuch, 35. Nizam Khan, 120, 121. Nizam-ul-mulk, 54, 55, 85. Nizam-ud-din Ahmad, 74. Nye, 35. Ontala Fort, 81. Padam Kanwar, 94. Padam Kanwar (Solankhini), 94n. Padmini, 31n, 32n, 33n. Padshah, 114. Paip Kanwar, 94n. Pali, 47. Panipat, 119, 127. Panjab, 48, 117, 119, 137n, 148. Parvat Singh, 95n. Peela khal, 93, 137. Persia, 99, 115, 116. Peshawar, 113, 148. Piar Kanwar, 95. Poole, Stanley Lane, 131. Prithviraj, Raja of Amber, 144. Prithviraj, Emperor, 76. Prithviraj, Kanwar, eldest son of Maharana Rai Mal, 12n; his heroism and character, 13; compared with Sāngā, 14; goes to Charanidevi with Sāngā, Jai Mal and Suraj Mal, attacks Sāngā, 15; quits Mewar and goes to Godwar, 20; enlists as

[Column 2] an adherent of the Mina Chief of Nadolayi, 20; attacks and kills the Chief on hunter's festi- val, 21; reduces to submission the Chauhān Chieftains of God- war, 23; attacks Toda and slays Lalla Khan, 27; restores Toda to Rao Surtan of Badnor, 29; attacks Ajmer and conquers it, 29; plunders Depalpur, 29; attacks and captures Sultan Mahmud of Malwa and carries him to Chitor, 30; attacks Joda and Jalor the same day and is called Udnā Prithviraj, 31; He attacks Girnār and surprises Raja Mandlik in his palace, spares his life, brings Ramā Bai to Mewar, 32; attacks Bhainsror and captures it, 34; interview between Suraj Mal and Prithvi- raj after the first day of the battle of Gambhiri, 36; sur- prises Suraj Mal and Sarangdeva in the wilds of Batarda, 38; Suraj Mal stops the battle, 39; slays Sarangdeva in the temple of Kali, 40; goes to Sadri to attack Suraj Mal, 40; Suraj Mal's wife attempts to poison Prithviraj but Suraj Mal saves him, 41; Prithviraj offers the throne of Mewar to Suraj Mal but Suraj Mal refuses to stay a moment in Mewar, 41; attacks Sirohi, spares the life of Rao Jug Mal, 43; eats poisoned pills given by Jug Mal and dies near Kumbhalgarh, 43; 140; 158. Pratap, Maharana, 2. Qiwam-ul-mulk, 79, 84, 86n. Qoran, 137. Rābera, 141. Rai Mal, son of Bhoj of Lanch, obtains from Prithviraj a patta for Desuri, 23. Rai Mal, Maharana, 4, 5, 11; attacks and defeats Sultan Ghiyasuddin, 6; vanquishes

165

INDEX.

[Left Column] Kshema, 8; his queens and sons, 12; confers Bhainsror on Suraj Mal, 34; is wounded in the battle of Gambhiri, 35; falls ill and sends for Rao Karam Chand and Sāngā, 45; dies in 1508 A.D., 46; 48. Rai Mal, becomes Rao of Idar, 53; deposed by Bhim and flees to Chitor, 53; regains his throne, 54; retires to hills but issues and defeats Nizam-ul-mulk, 54; attacks and defeats Zahir-ul- mulk, 55; 78, 80. Rai Mal Rāsā, 7n. Rai Mal, Rāthor, 144, 148. Raisen, 2, 7, 67, 129, 137, 144. Rai Singh, 12. Raj Kanwar (daughter of Ram Singhji), 12. Raj Kanwar (Rathor), 12. Raj Kanwar (Hadi), 95. Raj Kanwar (Deori), 12. Rajputana, 4, 27n, 39, 46, 47, 123, 157. Raj Singh, Maharana of Mewar, 77. Rama, 155. Ramā Bai, daughter of Maharana Kumbha, is illtreated by her husband, Raja Mandlik Jādava of Girnār, 31; is brought to Mewar by Prithviraj and is given Jāwar by Maharana Rai Mal, builds Ramkund at Jāwar and a temple and a tank at Kumbhalgarh, 33. Rāmatalava lake, 10, 12. Rambā Kanwar, 95. Ramdas Sonagarah, 147. Ramkanwarbai, 95. Ramkanwarbai Solankini, 95. Ramkanwarbai (Sankli), 95. Rampura, 2. Ranthambhore, 93, 96, 97, 121, 128, 153, 158. Ras Mala, by A. K. Forbes, 53n, 55n, 82n, 88n. Ratan Kanwar, 12. Ratan Singh, 95, 96, 97. Ratan Singh, Rawat of Salumbar, 58.

[Right Column] Ratan Singh (son of Sāngā), 95. Ratan Singh, of Merta, 148. Ratan Singh, Sānsla, 26. Rūpnagar, 24. Sabz, 98. Sādgaon, 25. Sadri, 35, 37, 40. Sagatdevi, 12. Sahas Mal, 6. Sahib Khan (Muhammad Shah), 62, 63, 65, 67. Said Khan Furat, 61. Saif Khan, 79. Saint Kutabul Kutāb, 89. Sakhra, 23. Salumbar, 145, 147. Samant Singh, 23, 24. Samarkand, 99, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 116, 117, 140. Sambhar, 5, 7. Samugarh, 148. Sanda, 23. Sangam, 20. Sangram Singh or Sāngā, the most powerful sovereign in Hindu- stan in Bābur's time, leader of the great kings and chiefs, pinnacle of Mewar's glory, 1; his character and achievements, 2 and 3; his mother Ratan Kanwar, 13; loses an eye in an attack by Prithviraj, 16; born in S. 1539, 46; attacked by Prithviraj and deprived of an eye, 15; protected by Bida, 17; lives in Marwar, 18; takes service with Rao Karam Chand of Srinagar, 18; dicovered as- leep with a crested snake over him, 19; sent for by Rana Rai Mal, 45; ascends the throne of Mewar, 46; defeats Ibrahim Lodi at Khatoli, 56; holds a Durbar and offers to abdicate in favour of a new Maharana to be elected by the people, 57, 59; invades Malwa, defeats Sultan Mahmud II, and captures him, takes him to Chitor and after three months' imprisonment restores him to the throne of

166

INDEX.

Mandu, after receiving from the Sultan as Nazrānā, jewelled crown and belt, 72, 74; invades Gujarāt in 1520, A.D., 78; reinstates Rai Mal to the throne of Idar, 79; conquers Ahmad- nagar, 81; takes Vadnagar and kills the Governor of Visal- nagar and plunders the town, 83; returns in triumph to Chitor, 83; advances from Chitor to repel the attack on Mandsaur by the Gujarāt army under Malik Ayaz, and arrives at Nandsa and is joined by Raja Silhidi and Medni Rai, 85; Malik Ayaz makes peace and retires discomfited to Gujarāt, 86; gives shelter to Prince Bahadur Khan of Guja- rāt, 90; gives shelter to Princes Latif Khan and Chand Khan of Gujarāt, 92; Gujarāt army under Shirza Khan comes into Mewar to capture the two Princes, 92; the Maharana drives the army out of Mewar, 93; summary of Sāngā's achievements, 93, 94; His queens and sons, 94, 95; grants Ranthambhore to his sons Vicramaditya and Udai Singh, 97; the Western Afghan con- federacy headed by Nawab Husan Khan of Mewat appeals to Sāngā to drive Bābur out of India, Hosan Khan joins Bābur, 127; rejects Bābur's overtures for peace, takes Kandar Fort and drives Bābur's garrison from Byana and attacks the advanced guard of Bābur and destroys it, 129; Bābur's reinforcements also destroyed, 130; Bābur's troops pursued for two miles, 132; Maharana attacks Bābur, 143; Maharana's allies and vassals, 144; battle of Khānua; an arrow strikes the forehead of the Maharana, who becomes unconscious, 145; he is removed and sent towards Mewar and Raj Rana Ajjaji takes his place on the royal elephant, 146; the news of Maharana's removal spread in the army, which leaves the field and the battle is lost, 147, 148; the present European war compared with the war between Sāngā and Bābur, 149, 150; Sāngā regains consciousness at Baswa and vows not to enter Chitor without vanquishing Bābur, 153; Sāngā lives at Ranthambhore. A Charan greets him and rouses him to action, 154; Sāngā marches to attack Bābur on his way to Chanderi but is poisoned on reaching Irich, 156; dies at Baswa, 157; his valour, 158. Sankara and Samayasankata lakes, 10. Sarangdeva, 34, 37, 38, 39, 40. Sarangpur, 70. Satrunjaya in Kathiawar, 11. Sawarbaī, 95. Sayeed Khan, 65. Seiram, 116. Sewantri, 16, 23n. Shah Beg, 117. Shahbuddin Ghori, 76. Shah Ismail Safvi, 115, 116. Shah Rukh, Mirza, 99. Shaikh Jiu, 89, 90. Shankar Das, 12. Shankar Singh, 23, 24. Shaibani Khan, 105, 106, 107, 108, 110, 111, 113, 114, 115n. Sharza Khan, 92. Shatrudeva, Khinchi, 144. Sheopur, 7. Sher Ali Khan, 101n. Shuja-ul-mulk, 79, 85. Shyam Kanwar, 94. Sialkot, 117. Sikandar, Prince of Gujarāt, 87, 89, 90, 92. Sikandar Khan, Governor of Bhilsa, 66. Sikandar Lodi, Sultan, 50, 56, 60, 62, 65, 67, 144. Sikri, 44.

167

INDEX.

Column 1

Silhidi, Raja of Raisen and Bhilsa, 85, 129, 137, 138, 144, 145. Sindh, 52. Sir-e-tāk, 106. Sirr or Sehun, 101, 116. Sita, 155n. Sojat, 6n, 47. Sri Krishna, 155. Srinagar, 42. Suja, Rao of Marwar, 6n, 96. Sukar, 101n. Sultan Ahmed Mirza, 102. Sultan Bayazid, 115. Sultandé, 95. Sultan Husain Mirza, 113. Sultan Mahmud Khan, 104, 109. Sultan Mirza, 102. Sultan Muhammad Mirza, 99. Sunder Das, 12. Sunnies, 116. Suraj Mal, son of Uda, 6. Suraj Mal, son of Rao Bhan of Idar, 53. Suraj Mal, son of Kshem Karan, 14, 16, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41. Suraj Mal, Hada, 96, 97. Surashtra, 31. Surat, 52. Surtan, Rao of Badnor, 24. Swadharma, 149. Tabqati Akbari, 85, 137n. Taj Khan, 55. Takitpur, 24. Tambal, 103, 105, 109, 110. Tara Bai, daughter of Rao Surtan of Badnor, 24; marries Prithvi- raj, 26; joins on horseback the attack on Toda by Prithviraj, 27; and takes part in killing Lalla Khan, 27; becomes sati with Prithviraja's body, 43. Taragarh, the fortress of Ajmer, 5. Taraghyan, Amir, 98. Tardi Beg, 121. Tarikhi Daudi, 61n. Tarikhi Sultini Afghana, 61n. Tartary, 106, 116. Tashkand, 116. Tatarkhan Sarangkhani, 128. Tidi, 33.

Column 2

Timur or Tamerlane, 98, 99, 100n, 102, 109, 126. Tod, Colonel J., 29, 36, 44, 75, 77, 95n, 98n, 137n, 148n. Toda, 7, 24, 25. Todar Mal Chanchlia, 153. Transoxiana, 101, 116, 123. Tughlak Timur, 101n. Turkistan, 99, 105, 114, 123. Udai Singh, Prince (of Mewar), 95n, 96. Udai Singh, Rawal of Dungarpur, 79, 144, 147. Udai Singh or Uda the Hatiaro, 4; gives Abu to the Chief of Sirohi, 4; and Ajmer to Rao Jodha, 5; his death by a thun- derbolt, 6. Ulugh Beg, 99. Umar Shaikh Mirza, 99, 100n, 101, 102. Ush, fortress, 105, 109. Ustad Ali Kuli, 143. Uzan Husain, 99. Uzbeks, 107, 116, 117, 143. Vadnagar, 82, 83. Vagadh, 79, 80n. Veni Das, 12. Vicramaditya, 95n, 96. Viramdeva, Rao of Merta, 60, 71, 79n, 95, 144. Vir Vinod, by Kaviraj Shyamal- das, 55n, 96n. Wadnagar, see Vadnagar. Weis Khan, 101n. Yadava Rajputs, 98n. Yar Muhammad, 112. Yogini Pattan, see Jāwar. Yunis Khan, 101n. Yurat Khan, 105. Yusuf Khan, 61. Zafar Khan, a Hindu convert, founds the Sultanate of Gujarāt, 51. Zafar Khan, Generalissimo of the Sultan of Mandu, 7; flees to Mandu, 7. Zahir-ul-mulk, 55.

168

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