नाट्यशास्त्रम् (प्रथम भाग - अभिनवभारती एवं हिन्दी टीका सहित)

340 THE NATYASASTRA [ XIX. 17-

his subjects as "lord" (deva),¹ but when he is an overlord [of other kings] he is always [to be addressed] by his servants as "sire" (bhaṭṭā)².

Sages addressing the king

17-18. The king is to be addressed by sages (ṛṣi) as "king" (rājan)¹ or by the patronymic term².

The Jester addressing the king

And he should be addressed as "friend" (vayasya)³ or "king' (rājan)⁴ by the Jester (vidūṣaka).

Jester addressing the queen and her maids

The queen and her maids are to be addressed by him as "lady" (bhavatī)⁵.

The king addressing the Jester

The Jester is to be addressed by the king by his name or as "friend" (vayasya)⁶.

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¹ Ex. The Kañcukin addressing the king (Mudrā. III. 10.3). Gaṇadāsa addressing the king (Mālavi. I. 12. 8). Vibhīṣaṇa refers to Rāma as deva (Abhi. VI. 20.3) when he is not yet a king; besides this the same Vibhīṣaṇa addresses Rāvaṇa as mahārāja (Abhi. III. 15.1). See also 12 note 1.

² Ex. Yavanikā addressing the king Duṣyanta (Śak. VI. 24.10). But in Bāla. (III. 3.1) the cowherds address Saṅkarṣaṇa as bhaṭṭā, and Nandagopa too addresses Vāsudeva likewise (Bāla. I. 19. 30).

17-18 (C. 17-18; B. XVII. 81-82). ¹ Ex. Bhagavān (Yudhiṣṭhira) addressing the king Virāṭa (Pañca. II. 14.2).

² No ex. of this seems to occur in extant dramas. Nārada addresses the two kings simply as Kuntibhoja and Sauvīrarāja in Avi (VI. 20. 8, 12).

³ Ex The Jester in Śak. (II. 2.1) and Mālavi. (V. 3.18).

⁴ No example of this seems to occur in any extant drama. In Ratnā. (I. 16.35) the Jester once addresses the king as bhaṭṭā.

⁵ Bhavatī in the Jester's speech would be bhodi. Ex. The Jester addressing the queen's maid in Svapna. (IV. 0.28) also addressing the queen (Mālavi, IV. 4.23.) and addressing the queen's maid Susamgatā (Ratnā. IV. 0.30).

⁶ Examples are easily available. See Svapna, Śak. Vikram. etc. The Jester is addressed also as sakhe. See Mālavi. (IV. 1.1 and Vikram II. 18.11. etc.) and as bhadra (Vikram. II. 18.15).