वेदों की प्राचीनता एवं काल-निर्णय / ओरायन (लोकमान्य बाल गंगाधर तिलक - खगोलीय वैदिक शोध)

GENERAL INDEX. 469 latest researches in, effect of, on primitive history, 4; on Vedic interpretation, 7; summary of the latest researches in, 37, 38. Arctic regions, characterised by mild climate suitable for hu- man habitation in inter-glacial times, 24, 38, 419; a wide conti- nent before the glacial epoch, 41; appearance of the heavens in, 51, 52; duration of day and night in, 55, 56; dawn in, 56, 57; distin- guishing characteristics of, sum- med up, 59. Ardhau, the two celestial hemis- pheres in the Ṛig-Veda, 262. Ardvi Sûra Anâhita, Avestic celes- tial river, like the Vedic Sarasvatî, 265, 363; grants a boon to Thraê- taona, 266, 402. Aristotle, mentions an aerial river, 276; his belief in the reality of the deluge, 388. Ârya, Indra, dealing measure for measure to Dâsa or Vṛitra, 140, 143. Âryabhaṭṭa, 422. Aryan, race and people, their unity in primitive times, 2; controversy regarding the original type of, 16; Vedic, settled in central Asia in the Orion period, 420; primitive, interglacial and not post-glacial in origin, 433; European Neoli- thic, not progressive but retro- gressive savages, 444; origin of and differentiation from other hu- man races, lost in geological anti- quity, 445. —Home, primitive, cannot be loc- ated in Central Asia, 18; nor in North Germany or Scandinavia, 408; must be located in the Arctic regions, 232, 296, 390, 409, 417-418; destroyed during the last Glacial epoch, 381, 82; mig- ration therefrom at the beginning of the post-glacial period, 429. —Culture and religion, primitive, Schrader's view of, 3; in their Arc- tic Home, 435-438; higher than the Neolithic European, 439-445. —Languages, unity of, 2; not de- veloped from the Finnic, 18; not of Neolithic origin, 438; origin of, lost in geological antiquity, 444. Âshvina-shastra, a prize in the race of matutinal deities, 82, 83, 299. Ashvins, a dual matutinal deity in the Veda, their path, 74; time of singing the hymn or prayer of, 82; rescuers of Dîrghatamas, 169, 170; physicians of gods, explained by Max Muller as restorers of the winter sun, 244, 299; their double equipment, boat and golden cha- riot, 277; help Indra in his fight with Vṛitra, 298, 299; their ex- ploits and character, 301–304; save their proteges from bottom- less darkness, 304, 305; inex- plainable by the vernal theory, 305-311; safely deliver Sapta- vadhri from ten months' confine- ment in the womb of his mother, 312-316; satisfactorily explained by the Arctic theory, 319; their three stations, the third hidden, explained, 333; their achievements said to be ancient, that is, inter- glacial, 460. Asia, Northern, the glaciation of, and milder climate in, 14; Central, the theory of the original Aryan home in, challenged by Poshe and Pen- ka, 4; Taylor's view, 5; Rhys'

470 GENERAL INDEX. view, 408; Indo-Iranian settle- ments in, not primitive, 390, 420. Astral, theory, to explain Vedic myths, 245. Astronomers, Hindu, locate Meru at the North Pole, 67; chronology of, 422. Atharvan, an ancient sacrificer, 160- 161. Ati-agniṣhṭoma, a Soma-sacrifice, 206, Ati-râtra, a Soma-sacrifice, 206; in- troduces and concludes a sattra, 208, 228; one of the night-sacri- fices, 213, 215; extraction and purification of Soma juice therein at night, 213, 214; an Avestic pa- rallel, 214; meaning of ati in, 227; production of a cycle of day and night therefrom, 227; position of, in the annual round of sacrifices in ancient times, 229, 230. Atri, an ancient sacrificer, 160, 161. Atri Saptavadhri, See Ashvins, and Saptavadhri. Aufrecht, Prof., 87, 88, 462. Aurora Borealis, 47, 70. Aupamanyava, a Nairukta, correct- ness of his interpretation of shipi- vishṭa, 330, 331. Aurṇavâbha, 326. Autumnal, hundred forts of Vṛi- tra, meaning of, 221, 248, 252, 287. Autumns, a hundred, 389. Avesta, passages in, See Index of Avestic passages. Traditions about the Polar home in, 19, 354-390; method of counting by seasons in, 285; See Airyāna Vaêjo. Âyus, a Soma-sacrifice, 207. Azi-Dahâk, 267, 308, 309. BÂDARÂYANA, on the inauspicious- ness of dying in the Dakshiṇâyana, 76; on the eternity of the Vedas, 450. Balder, or Baldur, the Norse summer- god, his dwelling place in the heavens, 403; killed by Hodur, the winter-god, 405. Bali, the rescuer of Dîrghatamas, 170; Purâṇic enemy of Vâmana, 327. Ball, Sir Robert, supports Croll's theory, 27; but refrains from adopting Croll's calculations, 33. Beech age, 12; See Ages. Bhâṇḍârkar, Dr., on the date of Mâḍhariputta and Puḷumâvi, 285, Bhartṛihari, 340. Bhâskara, Bhaṭṭa, 191, 220. Bhâskarâchârya, on perpetual day and night, 56; his erroneous view about Uttarâyaṇa, 67. Bhîshma, a Mahâbhârata warrior. waiting to die in the Uttarâyaṇa, 75. Bhrigu, an ancient sacrificer, 160, 161. Bhujyu, a protege of the Ashvins, who rescued him from bottomless darkness, 302, 303, 305, 306-9. Bloomfield, Prof., 115, 287. Bodas, Râjârâma Shâstri, and M. R. 446. Brahma-chârin, the sun in the Atharva-Veda, 315. Brahma-jâyâ, the Brâhmin's lost wife, restoration of, 347. Brâhmaṇas, the Vedic works, the Vedas partially unintelligible at the time of their composition, 5; classification of the contents of, 129; their probable aim and nat- ure, 230; on the eternity of the Vedas, 448. Bṛihaspati, the son of Aṅgiras, said to be seven-mouthed, 169; his cou- quest of cows, 201; helps Indra in the rescue of cows, from Vala,

GENERAL INDEX. 471 249; saviour of Trita from dis- tress, 335; seven-mouthed, and ten- headed, 342; connected with the story of Sarmâ and Paṇis, 347; restoration of his lost wife, 347. Bronze, art of making, probably in- troduced into Europe from out- side, 9; known before the Aryan separation, 442. Bronze, age, See Ages. Bundahish, referred to or quoted, 224, 266, 269, 361-363, 374. Bunsen, 356, 365, 367. Burma, Indian names of cities in, 293. CACUS, a Greek monster like the Vedic Vala, 200. Calendar, Vedic, in the Taittirîya Saṁhitâ, of 12 months and six seasons, 62; ancient sacrificial, of ten months, 229, 231, 232; anci- ent Roman, of ten months, 199, 230, 395; ancient Celtic and Norse, 398, 399; ancient Greek, 399; primitive Aryan, Arctic, 436, 437. Calends, of May and of Winter, 396, 397. Caspian, sea, wrongly identified with Rangha, 363. Celts, the yearly feasts of, 396; their gods and heroes, 406 f. Chaillu, Paul Du, on the long night at Nordkyn, 56; his Land of the long night referred to, 214, 215. Chalceia, an ancient Greek yearly feast, 399. Chaturviṁsha, a sacrificial day, 208, 209. Chatvâriṁshyâm sharadi, on the fortieth in autumn, the meaning of, (in Ṛig. II. 12, 11,) 281. Chavee, on the original type of the Aryan race, 16. Chronology, Purâṇic, of Kalpas, Manvantaras, and Mahâ-yugas 421; length of a Kalpa, and a Yuga in, 422; Raṅgâchârya's and Aiyer's views thereon, 423- 426.—in Manu and Mahâbhâ- rata, 426-428. —Vedic, 420, 453-454. Chyavâna, the falling (sun), a protege of the Ashvins who re- stored him to youth, 170, 244, 301-303. Circum-polar, regions, distinguished from the Polar, 43; characteris- tics of, described and summed up, 55, 59. Civilization, Palæolithic and Neoli- thic, 16, 17; primitive, as de- duced from comparative philology, 431; original Vedic or Aryan, inter-glacial, 439-444. Climate, geological, equable and uni- form over the whole earth till the end of the Pliocene period, 21; sudden change in, during the Pleistocene, 22; cold, in the gla- cial, and mild, in the inter-glacial period, 23, 24. Coins, bronze, in use amongst un- divided Aryans, 442. Comparative, Mythology and Philo- logy, q. v. Couvade, the Irish custom of, 329, 405, 407. Corpses, the custom of not disposing of, during winter, 73-77, 271-275, Cows, the three-fold meaning of, in the Vedas, 201, 202; the sacri- ficial session of, lasting for ten months, 194-198; its nature explained, 200 f. Cow-stable, seven-fold and ten-fold, 343. Cow's Walk, See Gavâm ayanam. Croll, Dr., his theory about the cause

472 GENERAL INDEX. of the Glacial period, 27-31; his three periods of the maximum ec- centricity of the earth's orbit, 32; his estimate of the duration and commencement of the Glacial period, 33; questioned by Ball and Newcomb, 33; by Geikie and Hudlestone, 35. Cuchulainn, the Celtic Sun-hero, making love to a number of Dawns, 393, 394; his encounters with the Fomori or the Fir Bolg, 405; unaffected by couvade, 406; fighting without rest for several days, 406, 407. Culture, primitive, See Civilization. Currents, oceanic and aerial, effects of, on climate, 21. DAITYA, the meaning of, in the Vendidad 1, 3-4, 362; a river in the Bundahish, otherwise called Dâitik, 362, 363. Darkness, of the Polar night, nature of, 47; ghastly and sunless, as Vṛitra's stronghold, in the Ṛig- Veda, 125, 247; long, too long, the end of, 125; Agni living long in, 127, 317; Indra driving the Asuras from, 213; Arctic, synchronous with winter, 273- 279; daily and annual struggle between it and light, 242, 296, 406; proteges of the Ashvins condemned to, 304, 305; the sun dwelling in 321, 322. Dakshiṇâ, the mother of the sun, 145. Dakshiṇâyana, or Pitṛiyâna, night of gods, 67; death during, in- auspicious, 75; Bâdarâyaṇa's view of, 76; parallel tradition in the Avesta, 77. Darmesteter, Prof., the translator of Vendidad and Yasht, his rendering of the Vendidad I and II, 72; on the nature of the legend of Tish- trya, 223; does not explain why the appointed time of Tishtrya varies from one to a hundred nights, 224; his rendering of Tîr Yasht, para 36, 226; his view of the same single source of waters and light, 266; on the cessation of the flow of waters in winter, 271; on the transference of the name Hapta hindu to a new settlement, 289; on the meaning of Dâitya in Vend. I, 362; his identification of the Airyana Vaêjo examined and rejected, 360-365. Dâsa, Vṛitra, 140, 143. Dashadyu, a protege of Indra, 341, 346. Dashagvas, a species of the Aṅgi- rases, 342-344; See Navagvas. Dashamâya, an enemy of Indra, 342, 346. Dashame yage, meaning of (in Ṛig. I, 158, 6), 177. Dasha prapitve, meaning of (in Ṛig. VI., 31, 3), 322-326. Dâsharâjña, Indra's fight with ten kings, 345 f. Dasharatha, 347. Dashashipra, an enemy of Indra, 342, Dashoṇi, an enemy of Indra, 341- 346. Dawn, two months' duration of, at the pole, 47, 48; revolving splend- ours of, 49, 50; why styled Dak- shiṇâ, 145; the first, commenc- ing the mânushâ yugâ, 176; why addressed in the plural number in the Vedas, 95 f; in the Lettish; Greek and Celtic mythologies, 393; the dying torch of, in the Finnish mythology, 404; as a Vedic Deity, See Uṣhas.

GENERAL INDEX. 473 Dawn-theory, 3 ; its scope and ap- plication, 240-242. Day, longer than 24 hours in the Arctic regions, 55 ; six-monthly, in the Tâittirîya Brâhmaṇa, 70 ; in the Avesta, 71 ; in Manu and Mahâbhârata, 68, 69 ; originally a real observation, 73; of the gods, See, Night of the gods. Day and Night, a dual deity in the Vedas, 131 ; two such dual deities 135 ; diurnal changes in, over the globe stated, 137; the existence of two dual deities explainable only on the Arctic theory, 137, 138. Death, inauspiciousness of, in the Dakshiṇâyana, 75 ; in winter in the Parsi scriptures, 77, 273. Debris, glacial, its action and ex- tent 23. December, the tenth and the last month in the ancient Roman year, its reason explained, 198, 395 ; denotes an ancient Arctic year of ten months, 200. Deities, Vedic, pre-glacial in origin and character, 433. Deluge, the Avestic account of, 379 f; the story of, in the Shata- patha Brâhmaṇa, 385 ; said to be of water and not ice, 387 ; Greek account of, 388 ; compared with the Avestic, account 389 ; See Glacial period. Demeter, the mother-earth rejoicing for six months in the presence of Proserpine, 398. Deukaliôn, saved from the deluge in Greek mythology, 388. Devayâna and Pitṛiyâna, originally representing the two-fold division of the year at the Pole, 73, 74 ; the path of the gods, same as the path of Mazda in the Avesta, 75 ; Vṛitra killed on the borders of, 251. Dhîtis, prayers, seven-fold and ten- fold, 342. Dîrghatamas, the legend of, in the Mahâbhârata, 170 ; in the Ṛig- Veda, id; saved by Ashvins, 171; becoming decrepit in the tenth yuga, 171 f; means the sun dis- appearing after riding on aerial waters for ten months, 177, 178; a solar legend of Arctic origin, 178, 231, 256, 306, 319, 351. Divine, years, the theory of, 423- 426 ; See, year. Divishti, striving for the day, 246. Divodâsa, the father of Sudâs, 345. Dixit, the late Mr. S. B., on the equinox in the Kṛittikâs, 44, 422. Durga, a commentator on Yâska, 134. Dvâdashâha, a twelve days' sacrifice, how made up, 276. Dvâpara, the third yuga in Purâṇic mythology, duration and nature of, 422-426. Dvita, the Second, a brother of Tri- ta, 334. Dyotana, an enemy of Indra, 342. EARTH, classification of stratified rocks on the surface of, 11 ; climate on, in early geological times, 21 ; obliquity of its axis producing seasons, id.; change in the position of axis improbable, 25 ; diminishing heat of, 26 ; eccentricity of its orbit producing glacial periods, according to Dr. Croll, 28, 29; Dr. Ball's estimate of the average heat received by each of its hemispheres, 32; maximum value of the eccentri- city of its orbit, 73; three-fold in the Vedas and the Avesta, 260

474 GENERAL INDEX. seven-fold, nine-fold and ten-fold, 343. Edda, a Norse epic poem, 'death of Anses in, 406. Eden, the garden of, in the Bible, 410. Egypt, the historic period in, 2, 12, 14, 37; no trace of glaciation in, 14. Ekâha, a Soma-sacrifice lasting for a single day, 206. Ekâshṭakâ, the mother of Indra, 118. Ekata, the First, a brother of Trita, 334. Eleven-fold, division of gods in the Vedas, 290, 343. Equinoxes, precision of, 28; cy- cle of, 29; used as a Vedic chro- nometer, 44. Eras, geological, climate in earlier, 21; See Ages. Euripides, on the fountain of the world's waters, 276. Evans, 7. FATHERS, our ancient, in the Vedas, 160. Fauna, and Flora, fossil, distinguish different geological eras, 11; indi- cate warm climate in early times, 21. Fedelm, of nine forms, in Celtic mythology, 401. Finland, once thought to be the Aryan home, 409, 417. Finns, not the originators of the Aryan speech, 18, 19; the circu- lation of cosmic waters in the mythology of, 276. Fir-age, archæological, 12. Fir-Bolg, See Fomori. Fish, the, saved by Manu and in turn the saviour of Manu, 386; Five, milkings, 119; seasons, 182 f. Floods, during deluges, probably glacial in origin, 386. Fomori, the Irish representatives of darkness, 405. Foods, seven and ten, 342. Forseti, Baldur's son, his long sit- tings at the court, 408. Fravashis, shewing the path of Mazda to the sun, 75; correspond to Vedic Pitṛis, 270; said to have shown the way to the waters and the sun in the Avesta, 271. GAVAM-AYANAM, a ten-months' year- ly sacrifice, or the Cow's Walk, 162; of ten months in the Aita- reya Brâhmaṇa, 194; in the Tâittirîya Saṁhitâ 195, 196; its ten months' duration said to be an immemorial custom, 197; repre- sents the ancient Arctic year, 198; compared with the old Roman year of ten months, 199; meaning of cows (gavâm) in, 200- 202; the type of yearly sacrifices, 207; an outline scheme of, 208; supplemented by night-sacrifices, 215 f., 229, 231, 394. Geikie, Prof., 7; on the commence- ment of the post-Glacial period, 14; five glacial and four inter-gla- cial periods according to, 23, 36, 38; on the glacial and inter-gla- cial climate in the Arctic regions, 24; on Dr. Croll's theory, 35. Geldner, Prof., 323. Geology, eras and periods in, enume- rated and described, 11, 12; co- relation of geological and archæo- logical ages, 12; Iron, Bronze and Neolithic included in the post- Glacial period and Palæolithic in the Pleistocene or the Glacial, 11; the date of the commencement-

GENERAL INDEX. 475

of the post-Glacial period in, 13; evidence and extent of glaciation in the glacial period, 13, 23; climate in the early ages of, 21-24; causes of a succession of glacial periods in, 25; Dr. Croll's view 28-34; estimate of the duration of the glacial period, 36; latest researches in, summary of, 37, 38; supports the Avestic account of the deluge of snow and ice, 383, 384. See Archæolo- gy, Climate, Glacial period. Gharma, a sacrificial pot, 190. Ghoshâ, a protege of the Ashvins, 302. Gilbert, Mr., his view regarding the commencement of the post-glacial period, 13. Giri, a mountain, misinterpretation of, See Parvata. Glacial, epoch or period, discovery of its evidence, 4; nature of the evidence of, 22; existence of two, with an intervening interglacial, conclusively established, 23; ex- tent of glaciation in Europe and America, 23; climate cold in gla- cial, warm in interglacial, 24; various theories regarding the cause of, 25; Lyell's theory and estimate about its duration, 26; Croll's theory and esimate about its duration, 27-33; long duration of, 36; Avestic evidence in proof of 379 f. Glaciation, in northern Europe and America, 13, 23; traces of, not yet discovered in northern Asia, 14. Go, a Soma-sacrifice, 207. Gods, the six-monthly night of, in astronomical works, 67; in Manu and Mahâbhârata, 69; in the Taittirîya Brâhmaṇa, 70; in the Ṛig-Veda, 73-75; in other Aryan mythologies, 78; eleven-fold divi- sion of, in the Vedas, 290, 343; temporary sickness or affliction of in ancient mythology, 406- 408. Go-ishṭi, the meaning of, 245. Gotama, a Vedic sage, 347. Grassmann, Prof., 171, 323. Griffith, Mr., his interpretation of Ṛig-Vedic verses stated and exa- mined, 86, 89, 91, 101, 116, 133, 140, 141, 174, 180. Grill, on the German world-river, 276. Grote, his account of deluge in the Greek mythology, 388. Gulf-stream, its effect on climate, 21, 25. Gwin, and Gwythur, fighting for the same damsel and having her in turn, 397, 398. HADES, conceived as turned upside down, 307. Hanûmân, a Purâṇic deity, traced to Vṛishâkapi, 348. Hapta-Hindu, Avestic name fo Sapta Sindhavah, its origin and meaning explained, 288-293; See Sapta Sindhavah. Hara-Berezaiti, a mountain in the Avesta; See Alburz. Haug, Dr. 150, 356, 359, 365, 455. Heavens, spinning round of, in the Ṛig Veda, 65. Hebrews, their belief in the exist- ence of celestial waters, 265, 278. Heeren, Prof., 356. Hêlios, the sun, his 350 oxen and sheep, 202, 310, 394; sailing from west to east in a golden boat, 275. Hemispheres, the two celestial, upper and lower, referred to and

476 GENERAL INDEX. mentioned in the Ṛig-Veda, 262, 263. Hemanta, with Shishira, the dual season, 183; represented the yearly sunset, 283. Hêrakles, names of the wives of, representing dawns, 393. Hercules, the pillars of, 146; the cows of, carried off, by Cacus, 200. Hermes, stealing the oxen of Apol- lon 204. Herodotus, mentions people sleep- ing for six months, 71; his account of the Phœnician mari- ners sailing round Africa, 146. Herschel, Sir, on seasons, 29; error in his view regarding the heat received by each hemisphere in summer and winter, 31; on the perpetual spring in interglacial times, 38. Hesiod, on the source of earthly rivers, 276. Himâlayas, the, upheaved in later geological ages, 21. Hiraṇya-hasta, the gold hand, given by the Ashvins, 303, 311. Historic period, in Greece and Egypt, 2. Hodur, the blind Norse god of winter, killing Baldur, the god of summer, 405. Home, the primeval Aryan, not in Central Asia, 18, 408; nor in Finland or Scandinavia, 409; but in the Arctic regions, north of Siberia, in pre-glacial times, 418, 419; See, Airyana Vaêjo. Homer, Iliad and Odyssey, 78; his legend of cow-stealing, 204; on the shape of the earth, 275; on the circulation of aerial waters, 276; draw from the same mythological source as Vâlmîki, 349; mentions Khalkos or bronze coins, 442. Horses, of the sun, sevenfold and tenfold, 184, 341. Hudleston, Mr., on the extravagance of Dr. Croll's calculations, 35. Hukairya, mountain in the Avesta, 266. Hundred, night-sacrifices, 211-217; fortresses or cities destroyed by Indra, leather straps of Kutsa, 221; moving in the abode of In- dra, and turning on and off the course of ordinary days, 221. Hvarenô, the, Glory in the Avesta, 308. Hymns, Vedic, interglacial in substance, post-glacial in form, 459-462. ICE, of the glacial period, its action, 23; invading Airyana Vaêjo, 379, 380; its connection with the deluge in Indian mythology, 387. Iliad, the, nature of day in, 78; mythical element in, traceable to primitive Aryan times, 349; mentions bronze coins, 442. Incarnations, ten, of Indra in the Avesta and of Vishṇu in the Purâṇas, 341, 350. Indra, the principal Vedic deity, revolving the heavens as on a pole, 65; breaking the car of the dawn, 110; fights with his ene- mies in darkness, 125, 213; re- taliates Dâsa's mischief by pro- ducing the long Arctic day, 140- 144; assisted by Navagvas and Dasha-gvas; 162f; his war with Vala at the end of the year, 163, 169, 226; the only deity worship- ped in the Atirâtra sacrifice, 213; master of a hundred sacrifices,

GENERAL INDEX. 477 217-221; his conquest over Vṛitra and release of captive waters, the sun and the dawn, 245-279; as Vṛitra-han, 245, 296; finds Shambara on the for- tieth of Sharad, 279-282; steal- ing the solar orb on the comple- tion of ten (months), 320-326; assisted by Vishṇu in his fight with Vṛitrà, 328; tenfold or ten incarnations of, 341; seven-killer, and possibly ten-killer, 346; lover of Ahalyâ, 347; exploits of, said to be ancient or inter- glacial, 460, 111; See Âpas, Dashagvas, Vala, Vṛitra. Interglacial, period, See Glacial. Irân Veg, See Airyana Vaêjo. Iranians, their original home, 357; could not but be Arctic, 367; destroyed during the glacial period, 384; See Airyana Vaêjo. Iron, age, See Ages. Ivan, the story of, 403, 404. JAIMINI, his view about the eter- nity of the Vedas, 449. Jaxartes, the, and the Oxus, Aryan settlements on the banks of, 36, 354, 361, 377. Jews, See Hebrews. Jhalkikar, Mahâmahopâdhyaya, 451. Jimha-bâra, with mouth down- wards, applied to the nether world, 306, 307. Jyotish, or Jyotishṭoma, a Soma- sacrifice, 206-209. KALI, a protege of the Ashvins, 301-303. Kali-Yuga, commencement, dura- tion and nature of, 422-427; the age of final settlements, 455. Kâlidâsa, 147. Kalpa, a higher unit of time in the Puranic chronology, 421, 422; repromulgation of the Vedas at the beginning of each, 452, 458. Kamadyu, a protege of the Ashvins, 301. Kânheri, an inscription of, 285. Kanva, an ancient sacrificer, 160. Kârle, inscriptions of, method of counting time in, 285. Karma-devatas, 237. Kârttikeya, See Kumâra. Kashyapa, the eighth Âditya at Meru, 70. Kâta, a ditch to keep a dead body in, during winter, 77; Kutsa lying in, 274. Khalkos, a bronze coin, phonetical- ly identical with Shulka, 442. Kings, seven and three, 443. Koi, the dawn, in the Finnish my- thology, 404. Koshchei, the Russian winter-de- mon carrying off a princess, 404; legend of, 404. Kratu, means a destined course, 103, 117; also denotes a sacri- fical performance, 220. Krichenbauer, Anton, on the two- fold nature of day in the Iliad and the Odyssey, 78. Kṛita, Yuga, commencement and duration of, 422-426; the age of migration, 455. Kṛittikâs, or the Pleiades, the period of the vernal equinox be- ing in, 44, 62, 131, 420, 454. Kubhâ, the Kabul river, 363. Kuhn, Prof., 202; on the storm theory. 243. Kuka, Mr. M. N., on Tishtrya's connection with the year, 226. Kumâra, the Child, not surrender- ed by the mother to the father,

478 GENERAL INDEX. the story of, 316; basis of the Purânic story of Kârttikeya, 318. Kumârila, his interpretation of the legend of Ahalyâ, 239, 347. Kutsa, lying in a kata or a winter grave, 274. LABRAID of the Swift Hand on the Sword, King of the Irish Hades, 398. Laing, Mr. Samuel, 7; on man's ultimate origin, 444. Lake-dwellers, in Switzerland, 12. Land and water, distribution of, in early geological ages, 21-23; depression and elevation of, caus- ing the Ice-age, 26. Lands, countries, sixteen, mentioned in the Vendîdâd, 357-359; re- present successive historical migrations and not merely geo- graphical divisions, 384. Lapps, how they count time during long night, 215. Lassen, Prof., 289, 356, 390. Lets, cosmic circulation of waters in the mythology of, 277; dawn addressed in the plural in the same, 293. Leverrier, M., his tables of the eccentricity of earth's orbit, 32; Stockwell's corrections therein, 34. Lignana, Prof., his view about the Navagvas and Dashagvas stated and examined, 166-168; on Numa's reform, 394; on Navag- vas and Novemsides, 400. Lockyer, Sir Norman, on the orien- tation of the pyramids, 44; on the ancient Egyptian calendar, 149; on the cosmic circulation of aerial waters in the Egyptian mythology, 277. Logos, the Word, 450, 458. Lubbock, Sir John, 7. Ludwig, Prof., on the axis of the earth in the Rig-Veda, 65; on the meaning of Ahâni, 91; on the seven rivers, 289. Lugnassad, the Celtic summer feast, 397. Lybia, Africa, sailing round of, 146. Lyell, Sir Charles, 7; his theory of the cause of the Glacial period, and estimate of its dura- tion, 26; on the origin of the tra- dition of the half-yearly day, 73; MACDONNELL, Prof., on the nature of the dawn-hymns, 18; extracts from his Vedic mythology quoted, 246, 248, 301; his view on the double character of Indra discussed, 251, 254; on the brothers of Thrâetaona, 335. Macrobius, on Numa's reform in the Roman calendar, 199, 395. Mâdhava, a commentator on the Sâma Veda, on the meaning of virûpe, 133, 134. Mahâvrata, a Soma-sacrifice, sym- bolic nature of, 208, 209. Mahâbhârata, the, 69, 75, 170, 171, 330, 385, 386, 389, 422, 425, 426, 448. Mahâvîra, a sacrificial pot, 190. Mahâyuga, a collection of Yugas, its duration discussed, 424 f. Mahîdhara, a commentator on the Vâjasaneyî Samhitâ, 175, 324. Maid, the, of nine forms, 401. Mainyô-i-Khard, 377. Mallinâth, 147. Mamatâ, the mother of Dîrghatamas, 170, 171. Man, his existence in the

GENERAL INDEX. 479 quarternary and the tertiary eras, 4, 12, 37. Manu, a Smṛiti writer, quoted, 68, 69, 257, 488, progenitor of the human race, saved in the deluge, 385-387; an ancient Vedic sacrificer, 160, 161. Mânushâ yugâ, means human ages and not always human generations, 172-176; commenced with the first dawn, 176; and kshapah used to denote the whole year, 181. Mârtâṇḍa, the still-born Âditya, the derivation and meaning of, 158; See Aditi, Âditya. Mâtsya-Purâṇa, account of the deluge in 386. Matutinal; deities, travelling by the Devayâna path, 74; following the dawns, 107; the story of the Ashvins leading the van in the march of, 299, 301. Max Muller, Prof. F., on the importance of the discovery of relationship between Sanskrit and Zend, 2; on the untranslateable portion of the Vedas, 6; on the meaning of Samayâ, 86; his explanation of dawns in the plural number unsatisfactory, 96; on the meaning of yojana, 105; of chhandas, 116; of kshapah, 127; on the difference between Ushâsânaktâ and Ahanî, 135; his explanation of eight Âdityas improbable, 156; on the meaning of mânushâ yugâ, 174; on continuous nights, 180, 181; on the three-fold meaning of cows in the Ṛig-Veda, 201, 202; on the stealing of cows in the Greek mythology and on the ancient Greek year, 203, 205; on the dawn theory, 240, 241; on the Vernal theory, 244; on the derivation of Apollon, 255; on seven rivers, 289; his explanation of the Ashvins' exploits, 178, 299; his derivation of Trita improbable, 336; on the resemblance of names in the Iliad with Vedic names, 349; on progressive savages, 444; on Logos, 450. May, the calends of, 398, 399. Mazda, the path of, 75; followed by waters and the sun, 266. Meru, or the North Pole, six months' day at, in the Saṁhitâs, 56; seat of the gods, and six monthly night and day at, 67, 385, 453; in the Taittirîya Âraṇyaka, 70; permanently illumined by Kashyapa, 154. Merv, the Avestic Mouru, 359. Mesopotamia, not the same as Avestic Rangha, 361. Migrations, of the Iranian race in succession from Airyana Vaêjo, 360-384; the age of, 453, 455. Milkings, five, 119. Mîmâṁsakas, their interpretation of Râtri in Râtri-Sattras shewn to be incorrect, 211 f.; their view of the eternity of the Vedas, 449. Mitra, the representative of half-year long light, 351. Monogeny, the theory of, regarding human origin, 445. Months, of sunshine, less than twelve in the Arctic regions, 56, 151; sacrificial session of ten, 191, 198; Avestic, of winter and summer, 371-374; See Dashame yuge, Gavâm ayanam, Seasons, Year and Yuga. Moon, description of her appearance at the pole, 47

480 GENERAL INDEX.

Mortillet, M. De., on the type of the primitive Aryans, 16. Moytura, the battle of, in the Celtic mythology, fought on the eve of November, 398. Much, with vi, meaning of, when applied to horses, 141. Muir, Dr., on the yuga system, 68; on the nature of dawn-hymns, 81; on Aditi's legend, 156, 173; on the meaning of parastât, 264; his summary of Fargard I of the Vendidad, 357, 358; on the de- luge, 385-387; on the northern Aryan home, 389, 390; on the eternity of the Vedas, 446, 448; 449, 459, 462. Myths, Vedic, necessity of re-exa- mining the explanations of, 42; various theories about the ex- planations of, 240 f.; disclose an arctic origin, 351, 352. Mythology, science of, effect of re- cent geological discovery on, 3, 4; Vedic, current interpretation of, 53; theories for the explana- tion of, 240; comparative, supports the theory of the Arctic home, 411, 412. NADERSHAHA, Mr. E. J. D., on the method of counting time by sea- sons in the Avesta, 286. Nâgoji Bhatta, on Patañjali's view on the eternity of the Vedas, 452. Nairukta, a school of Vedic inter- preters, 238, 239. Naiyyâyikas, their views about the eternity of Vedas, 451. Navagvas, a species of the Angi- rases, generally associated with the Dashagvas, 162; their sacri- ficial session of ten months, 162; commenced with the dawn, id., helped Indra in the rescue of the cows from Vala, 163; the root- meaning of, 165; Yâska's, Sayâ- na's and Prof. Lignana's view thereon, 166, 167; primarily de- note sacrificers for nine or ten months, 167; compared to Roman Novemsides, Celtic Maid of nine Forms, and the nine steps of Thor in the Norse mythology, 401, 402; See Angirases, Dashag- vas. Nâva-prabhramshana, the gliding of the ship on the Himalayas, 386. Navarâtra, a nine days' sacrifice, 207. Nau-bandhana, a peak of the Hima- layas, 386. Nebulous matter, in the universe des- cribed as watery vapour in the Vedas, 257. Neco, Pharoah, king of Egypt, 146. Neolithic, the new Stone age, dis- tinguished from the Palæolithic age, 10; its probable commence- ment from 5000 B. C., 12. —Aryan races in Europe, dolicho- cephalic and brachy-cephalic, ancestors of the present European races, 15; their culture compared with Indo-Germanic culture, 17; not autochthonous in Europe, 17. Nether, regions, or regions below the earth, known to Vedic bards, 259, 260; conceived as dark, bottomless, or like an inverted tub in the Vedas, 306-308. Newcomb, Prof. on the extravagance of Croll's calculations, 33, 34. Night, Polar, light and darkness in, 47; shorter than six months, but longer than twenty-four hours, 55; of the gods in the Vedas and the

GENERAL INDEX, 481 Avesta, 166, 173; long, safely reaching the other end of, 128; apprehensions regarding its end, 129; continuous, 181. Night-sacrifices, See Râtri-sattras and Atirâtra. Nine, Forms, Maid of, 401. Nine-fold, earth, ocean and sky, 343; See, Sevenfold. Ninety-nine, forts of Vritra, 221, 247; rivers crossed by Indra, 221. Nir-riti, the region below the earth, 262. Nivids, about Indra, quoted, 246. Non-Aryan, races, may be Arctic in origin, 409, 430. Nordkyn, or the North Cape in Eu- rope, sixty-seven days' continuous night at, 50. North Pole, Dr. Warren's book on the origin of the human race at, 6, 412, 429. Novaia Zemlia, remnant of an old Polar continent, 40. November, the eve of, commence- ment of the ancient Celtic year 396, 398. Novemsides, new or nine Roman- gods, 400. Numa, his addition of two months to the ancient Roman year of ten months, 198, 395. Nu-t, the Egyptian goddess of the sky, 278. OAK-AGE, 12; See Archæology, Ages. Odin, the reign of, 78. Odyssey, the, nature of day in, 18 Odysseus, consuming the oxen of Hêlios, 204. Okeanos, the world-surrounding ocean in the Greek mythology, 31 276; phonetically identical with Âshayâna, 339. Oldenburg, Prof., on continuous nights, 108; on the meaning of div-ishti, 246; his view regard- ing Indra's producing waters from the mountains, 253, 322. Orion, the constellation of, the period of vernal equinox being in, 420, 454. Ottoro-corra, the Uttara-Kurus, as mentioned by Ptolemy, 390. Oxus, the river, Aryan settlements on, 354, 361, 377, 390; See Jaxartes. PADA-TEXT, of the Rig-veda, amend- ments in, suggested, 97, 322, 324, 325. Palæolithic or the old Stone-age, distinguished from the Neolithic, 10; generally inter-glacial, 12. —Man, interglacial, 13; his cul- ture, 16; proof of his existence in the interglacial period, 24. Panama, the isthmus of, its sub- mergence in the Pleistocene pe- riod improbable, 25. Pañcha janâh, the five races of men, probably interglacial, 430. Pandit, the late Mr. S. P., on the seven-fold division of Solar rays, 340. Panjaub, the land of five rivers and not of seven, 289; rivers in, not denoted by Sapta-Sindhavah, 290; See, Seven rivers. Parâvat, the nether region, 263. Parvata, a mountain, misinterpret- ed into a cloud in the Vedas, 249, 253. Parâvrij, a protege of the Ashvins, 302, 303.

482 GENERAL INDEX. Patañjali, his view about the eter- nity of the Vedas, 451. Pathyâ-Svasti, the goddess of speech in the northern region, 390. Peat-mosses, of Denmark, beds of beach, oak and fir therein, 12. Perpetual, spring, 41; day and night, 56. Persephone, daughter of Zeus, car- ried by Pluto for six months, 398. Penka, 4; his view on the type of the primitive Aryans in Europe, 16. Philology, comparative, on the di- vision of the year, 399; conclu- sions regarding the primitive Aryan culture, deduced therefrom 431, 432; necessity of modifying the same, 433-435. Phœnician, mariners rounding Afri- ca, 146. Pictet, Dr., 356. Pim, Capt., his description of the Polar year, 48. Pipru, an enemy of Indra, 140. Pischel, Dr., on the nature of Vṛi- shâkapi, 348. Pitṛiyâna, See Devayâna. Pleiades, See Kṛittikâs. Pleistocene, or the Glacial period 11; changes of climate in 22, 23. Plutarch, on the ancient Roman year, of ten months, 198, 395; on the sleep of the Phrygian god 329, 407; on the imprisonment of the Paphlagonian gods, 348, 407. Pole, north, temperate climate at, in interglacial times, 22, 41; exist- ence of a continent at, in inter- glacial times, 40; regions round, distinguished from circumpolar or Arctic regions, 43; star, change in the position of, 44; special features of the calendar at, 46; characteristics or differentiæ of Polar regions summed up, 58. Polygeny, theory of, 445. Posche, 4; his view regarding the type of the primitive Aryans in Egypt, 16. Post-glacial, period, its commence- ment about 50 or 60 thousand years ago according to English geologists, and 7 or 8 thousand according to American geologists, 13; See Glacial period. Prajâpati, the creator of the Vedas, 448. Pralaya, the deluge, destruction of the Vedas in, 448. Prâleya, ice, an indication of the glacial nature of the deluge, 387. Pravatva, advancing time, the meaning of, in the Veda, 323, 324. Pravargya, a sacrificial ceremony, represents the revival of the sun, 190. Prehistoric times, effect of the dis- covery of comparative philology on the study of, 2; See Archæo- logy, Geology. Pre-Orion, period, its commence- ment, 420; consistent with geo- logical evidence, 421. Prishṭhya, a kind of Shaḷaha, 207- 209. Ptolemy, 390. Pûshan, the sun, the golden boat of, 277; seven-wheeled and ten-ray- ed, 342. Purâ, the former or the inter-glacial age, 111. Puraḥ, meaning of, 221. Purâ-kalpa, ancient rites and tradi- tions, 130, 462. Purûravas, 241.

GENERAL INDEX. 483. QUARTERNARY, era, existence of man in, 4, 24; sudden changes of cli- mate in, 22; comprises at least two, if not more, glacial periods, 23. RAJAS (singular), meaning of, 261; (dual), the two Rajas, meaning the two hemispheres, 263. Râma, the hero of the Râmâyaṇa, 347, 348; and incarnation of Vi- shṇu, 350; traceable to the Ṛig- Veda, id. Râmâyaṇa, on the three steps of Viṣhṇu, 327; mythical element in, probably derived from Vedic mythology, 349; the Râmâyaṇa and the' Iliad had probably a com- mon source, 349. Rangâchârya, Prof., on the meaning of yuga, 178, 179; on the Kali- yuga, 422, 423. Rangha, a mythical river to the west of Alburz in the Avesta, 363; wrongly identified with the Cas- pian sea, 363; probably the same as the Vedic Rasâ, 363, 364. Râtri-sattras, the nightly Soma-sa- crifices, their nature and classi- fication, 210; the meaning of Râtri in the appellation, 211 f.; hundred in number, from one to hundred nights, 211; must have been originally performed during night, 215, 216; the reason of the number of, 216-226. Râtri-Sûkta, a hymn to the night, 128. Râvaṇa, the ten-mouthed enemy of Râma, 347; throwing gods into prison, 348; probably suggested by the ten non-sacrificing kings in the Vedas, 348. Rays, of the sun, seven and ten, 341, Rebha, a protege of the Ashvins, 302, 303, 305. Religion, Vedic, pre-glacial in ori- gin, 437, 438. Rhode, Dr., 356. Rhys, Prof., on the nature of the ancient Teutonic year, 200; his Hibbert lectures, referred to, 329, 393-413; on the affliction of gods or sun-heroes in the Celtic mytho- logy, 407; on the primeval Aryan home in the Arctic region, 409. Rijishvan, a friend of Indra, 140. Ṛijrâshva, a protege of the Ashvins slaughtering a hundred sheep, 205, 244, 302, 309, 310. Ṛikshas, or the seven bears, See Ursâ Major. Ṛishis, Vedic, their view about the origin of Vedic hymns, 458-463; distinguished into older and later, 459; older interglacial, later post, glacial, 461. Roth, Prof., on the nature of Sa- raṇyu, 244. Rudra-datta, on the meaning of Atirâtra, 229. SACRIFICE, or the year, its preserv- ation and revival, 190; annual; an outline of the scheme of, 208, an yearly cycle of, in ancient times, 230. Sacrificers, ancient, 160. Samarkand, the Avestic Sughdha, 359, 362. Samudrau, the two oceans, meaning the upper and lower celestial hemispheres, 263. Sandhyâ, or links between the yu- gas, duration of, 425.

484 GENERAL INDEX.

Sânkhyas, their view about the et- ernity of the Vedas, 451. Saporta, M. de, on the Arctic origin of the human race, 409. Sapta-vadhri, the seven-eunuch, a protege of the Ashvins, 302 ; praying for safe delivery after ten months' gestation, meaning explained, 313 f. Saramâ, 241. Saranyû, 241. Sarasvatî, a celestial river in the Veda, 266 ; described as slaying Vritra, 267 ; compared to the Avestic Ardvi Sûra Anâhita, 268. Sato-karahe, of hundred deeds, an adjective of Verethraghna in the Avesta, 255. Sattras, annual, in imitation of the yearly course of the sun, 150 ; Gavâm-ayanam, the type of the annual, 193 ; sacrificial sessions, division of, 206. Satyavrata, Pandit Sâmashrami, 134. Savitri, the sun, traversing the universe, 322 ; his third heaven in Yama's regions, 332. Sâyaṇa, his method of explain- ing difficult Vedic passages, 6, 93, 102, 144, 416 ; referred to, 65, 74, 81, 88, 89, 90, 91; on the use of dawns in the plural number, 95, 97 ; his ex- planation of thirty dawns, 101, 102, 116 ; on the thirty yoja- nas traversed by the dawn, 104 ; on the fears about endless nights 129-130 ; on mean- ing of virûpe, 133 ; on much with vi, 141-144 ; on the seven rays of the sun, 152; on the ex- istence of the different suns in different quarters, 154 ; on the meaning of Navagvas and Da- shagvas, 166 ; on mânushâ yugâ, 172 ; on kshapaḥ, 181 ; on the meaning of padena, 197 ; on the duration of Gavâm-aya- nam, 197 ; on night-sacrifices, 212 ; on the meaning of shata- kratu, 218 ; on Ati-râtra, 220 ; on chatvârimshyâm sharadi, 280 ; on the meaning of vadhri, 311, 312 ; on prapitve, 323, 326 ; on the ten-fold division, 341. Scandinavia, supposed to be the Ancient Aryan home, 409. Schrader, Dr., his work on pre- historic antiquities, 3 ; on neo- lithic, palæolithic culture, 16, 17 ; on the ancient division of the year, 399 ; on primitive Aryan culture and civilization, 431, 432 ; on primitive Aryan religion, 437 ; on the use of metals in primitive times, 442. Seasons, of the year, five in older times, 182 ; reason of, 183 ; de- notes an Arctic year of ten months, 186 ; method of count- ing time by, in Paleography, 285 ; in the Avesta, 286. Separation, Aryan, caused by the glacial epoch, and not by over- crowding or irresistible impluse, 382. Seven, milking the one, 191. Seven, rivers, or Sapta-sindhavaḥ, flowing upwards, 288 ; cannot be the rivers of the Panjaub, 289 ; three-fold, celestial, terrestrial and infernal, 290 ; associated with the seven rays or seven suns, 291 ; released by Indra, cannot but be celestial, 292. Sevenfold, 159, 291 ; and tenfold division of things in Vedas

GENERAL INDEX. 485

explained on the Arctic theory, 340, 345. Shabara, a commentator on Jaimini, 211, 283. Shaḷaha, a group of six days, a sa- crificial unit of time, 207. Shambara, killed by Indra on the fortieth day of autumn, 280. Shaṅkarâchârya, 76, 182 ; on the eternity of Vedas, 450. Sharad, autumn, the last season of sunshine in the ancient home, 279-282 ; explained etymologi- cally, 283. Shatakratu, an epithet of Indra, 217 ; means the lord of a hun- dred sacrifices and not of hun- dred powers, 219, 220 ; Purâ- ṇic tradition based on, 217. Shatapatha-Brâhmaṇa, an account of deluge in, 385. Shatarâtra, a hundred nights' sacri- fice, denotes the long Arctic night, 216. Shâṭyâyanins, on the legend of Trita, 335. Shayu, a protege of the Ashvins, 302, 304. Shikshâ, by Pâṇini, quoted, 102. Shipi-vishta, an opprobrious name of Vishṇu, explained by the Arctic theory, 330, 332. Shoḍashî, a Soma-sacrifice, 206. Shulka, a primitive Aryan coin, 442. Shushṇa, Indra's fight with, on the completion of ten, 322-326. Siberia, freshness of fossil deposits in, 14 ; primitive Aryan home to the north of, 418. Siddhânta-Shiromaṇi, perpetual day and night in, 56. Sîtâ, the wife of Râma, 348 ; re- presented as his sister and wife in Buddhistic Jâtakas, 349 ; probable explanation of, 350. Soma, seven-wheeled and ten-rayed, 342. Soma-sacrifices, their classification and nature, 206 f.; See Gâvam- ayanam, and Râtri-sattras. South, the sun rising in, 46. Sphoṭa, the doctrine of, 450. Spiegel, Prof., 72, 224, 226, 356 359, 379, 381 ; his identifica- tion of Airyann Vaêjo question- ed, 361. Spring, perpetual, 38, 41. Spitzbergen, warm climate in, be- fore the glacial period, 21 ; rem- nant of an old Polar continent, 40. Stars, spinning round and round at the Pole 45, 46 ; motion of, in circum-polar region, 51, 52. Stone-age, See Ages, Neolithic, Palæolithic. Storm-theory, 3, 242-244 ; its in- adequacy to explain the legend of Indra and Vṛitra, 250-254. Striæ, scratches, glacial, 23. Sudâs, engaged in fight with the ten non-sacrificing kings, 345. Summer, long and cool in inter-gla- cial time, 32, 38. Sun, or Sûrya, shining and dis- appearing for six months at the Pole, 46 ; rising in the south, 46 ; a matutinal Vedic deity, 74; southern course of, in Polar re- gions, 53 ; described in the Veda as unyoking his car and halting in the midst of heaven, 140 ; standing still in the Bible, 141 ; rocking like a gold swing in the heaven, 142 ; different suns for different seasons, 154, 155 ; dwelling in darkness, 163, 164, 321 ; his eye covered with aerial

486 GENERAL INDEX. vapour, 184; falling beyond the heaven, 192; conceived as the son of Dyu and Earth, 314; described as moving in the mother's womb, while above the horizon, 314; his exit from the womb after ten months explain- ed, 314, 315; a paradox arising therefrom, 316, 317; his wheel or orb; 319 f. his chariot a mono-cycle, 321; stolen by Indra, 322; on the completion of ten, meaning of, 323-326; See, Horses, Prapitva, Rays. Sunshine, of less than twelve months' duration at the Pole, 151. Sûryâ, her marriage with Soma, 241. Sûrya-siddhânta, on six-monthly day and night, 67. Svara-sâman, days, 208, 209. TAYLOR, Canon, his views on the effects of recent scientific dis- coveries on Mythology, 5; on primitive Aryan races in Europe, 16; on the origin of the Aryan tongue, 18; on the Neolithic origin of the Aryan race, 432. Telang, the late Mr., on the des- cription of Râma in the Dasha- ratha Jâtaka, 350. Ten, kings, opponents of Sudâs, 345. Ten-fold, See, Seven-fold. Tertiary, era, existence of man in, 4; climate in, 21. Till, or boulder clay, 23. Tishtrya, his fight with Apaosha in the Avesta, 222; a repro- duction of Indra's fight with Vṛitra, 223; lasted for one hundred days, 224; special sac- rifices required to be performed at the time, 225; described as bringing circling years of men, 225-226. Thor, the Norse sun-hero, walk- ing nine paces before being killed by the Serpent, 402. Thraêtaona, Avestic deity, corres- ponding to Trita Âptya, 267; restores glory to Yima, 308; slays Azi-Dahâk, 335; accom- panied by his two brothers in the Avesta, 335; throws up Vifra- Navâza, 492. Three-fold, division of the Earth in the Veda and the Avesta, 260. Thridi, old Norse name of Odin, same as Trita, 336. Tongue, Aryan, not developed from the Finnic, 18; its origin lost in geological antiquity, 444. Tradition, Pre-glacial, how preserv- ed in the Vedas, 428-429; in the Avesta, 19, 380-383. Traitan, the tormenter of Dîrgha- tamas, 170. Tree, of Varuṇa, with bottom up, 307. Tretâ, the second Puraṇic era, dura- tion of, 423-426; nature of, 455. Triath, an old Irish word for sea, phonetically same as Trita, 336. Trita Âptya, a Vedic deity assist- ing Indra in his fight with Vṛitra, 267, Avestic Thraêtaona, 334, 335, urges Indra to fight, 334; falls into a well, 335; derivation of his name, 335; Prof. Max Muller's view untenable, 336; de- notes the third part of the year 334, 337; explained on the Arctic theory, 337; compared to Ivan in the Slavonic mythology, 404. Triton, Greek, phonetically equi- valent to Vedic Trita, 336.

GENERAL INDEX. 487 Twilight, duration of, at the Pole, 37; of the gods in the Norse mythology, 78. Two, creating the five, 191. UCHATHYA, the father of Dîrgha- tamas in the Ṛig-Veda, 170. Uchchâ-budhna, with the bottom up, applied to the nether world, 307. Ukko, the descending stream of, in the Finnish Mythology, 276. Ukthya, a Soma-sacrifice, 206. Upsala, an ancient Aryan site, 409. Uṛsâ Major, the constellation of the Great Bear, high altitude of, in Ṛig-Veda, 56; above the path of the sun, 147. Urvashî, 241. Uṣhas, the Vedic goddess of morn, the most beautiful of Vedic dei- ties, 81; its physical character un- obscured, id.; lasted long enough to allow the recitation of the whole Ṛig-Veda, 23; or to admit of a five-fold or three-fold divi- sion, 84; said to shine perpetual- ly in old times, 85; difference be- tween it and vi-uṣhṭi, id., three Vedic texts proving that it lasted continuously for several days, 86, 293; addressed in plural as well as singular, 95; not hono- rifically as supposed by Yâska, 96; nor owing to the number of presiding deities, 97; nor by re- ference to the consecutive daily dawns, 97; the plural represents one long continuous dawn divid- ed into many day-long portions, 98; thirty dawns or dawn-sisters in the Taittirîya Saṁhitâ, 98, 13-122, in the Ṛig-Veda, 103; a continuous team of thirty dawns in the Taittirîya Brâhmaṇa, 105; all moving round and round in the same plane, 103; their circu- lar motion in the Ṛig-Veda, 105; the characteristics of Vedic dawns summed up, 108, 109; variation in the duration of, illus- trated by the story of Indra's shattering its car, 110; all prove its Polar character, 112. Utathya, the father of Dîrghatamas in the Mahâbhârata, 170. Utsarjiṇâm ayanam, a sacrificial session lasting for a lunar year, 209. Uttara, the north, why so called, 147. Uttarâyaṇa, originally equinoctial, misunderstood by Bhâskara, 57. Uttarakurus, 389. VACH, the speech, eternity of, 447. Vadhrimati, a protege of the Ashvins, 303, 311. Vâjapeya, a Soma-sacrifice, 206. Vala, Indra's enemy, vanquished with the assistance of Navagvas at the end of the year, 162, 163, 164, 169, 215, 248, 249, 279, 281; his cave split by the word of Bṛihaspati, 201, 347. Vâlmîki, drew probably from the same mythological source as Homer, 349. Vâmana, the fifth incarnation of Viṣhṇu, 327. Vandana, rescued by the Ashvins, 164, 244, 302, 303, 304. Vanguhi, a river in the Airyâna Vaêjo but not mentioned in the Vendîdâd, 362. Vanna-issa, the old father in the Finnish Mythology, 404.

488 GENERAL ÍNDEX. Vara, of Yima, the annual sunrise and year-long day in, 72, 376. Vartikâ, rescued by the Ashvins, Yâska's view about, 239. Varuṇa, ruler of the waters, 178, 256; his tree and region turned upside down, 307; representative of long Arctic darkness, and hence described as embracing the nights, 351. Vedas, still imperfectly understood, 542; new key to their interpre- tation supplied by the latest geo- logical researches, 7; strata of, not necessarily in chronological order, 54; how preserved, 428, 429; eternity of, discussed, 445, 463; Manu's and Vyâsa's view on the eternity of, 448; Jaimini's view, 449; grammarians', Bâda- râyaṇa's, Naiyyâyikas' view, 450; Sâṅkhyas' view, 451; Pa- tañjali's view, 452; theological and historical views compared, 457; the view of Vedic Ṛishis themselves, 458, 462; lost in the deluge and repromulgated after- wards by the Ṛishis, 448; prac- tically eternal in substance though not in form, 462. Veh, See Vanguhi. Verethraghna, the Avestic form of Vṛitrahan, 222; ten incarnations of, 350. Vernal, theory, 244; its inadequacy to explain the legends of the Ashvins, 304, 309. Vifra Navâza, compared with the Navagvas, 402. Vigfusson, Dr, on the ancient Norse year, commencing in October, 398. Vimada, a protege of the Ashvins, 301. Vipras, or sacrificers seven and ten, 42. Vîras, or warriors, seven, eight, nine and ten, 344, 345. Virûpas, an epithet of the Aṅgi- rases, 169. Virûpe, means unlike in length and not unlike in hue, 133. Viṣhṇâpû, a protege of the Ash- vins, 301. Viṣhṇu, as a Vedic deity, nature of his three strides, 326, 327; helped Indra in the Vṛitra-fight, 328; his third step identical with the nether world, 329; his sleep for four months on his serpent- bed, id; why called Shipivishta, 329, 332; meaning of Shipivishta 330, 331; indicates the long dis- appearance of the sun below the horizon in the Arctic region, 332. Viṣpalâ, Ashvins' protege, 244, 302, 307. Viṣhuvan, the central day in the Soma-sacrifice, 208. Vishvaka, relieved by the Ashvins, 302. Vivasvat, the ten of, 191; the father of Manu, 388. Vouru-Kasha, the gathering place of waters in the Avesta, 223, 265; the scene of Tishtrya's fight with Apaosha, 223. Vṛishâkapâyî, 241. Vṛishâkapi, the probable Vedic ancestor of Hanûmân, 348. Vṛitra, the traditional enemy of Indra, engulfed in long darkness, 125; Yâska's view about the nature of, 239; believed to impri- son the waters in the rain-cloud, 243; four-fold character or effect of his fight with Indra, 245, 246.