predominantly in Śakti-tattvas and manifests itself in the creation of Sadāśiva-tattva. Īśvara-Bhaṭṭāraka—Parama-śiva descended to Iśvara-tattva as an avatāra. He rules over that tattva and is worshipped there by Mantreśvara beings. One of the five Kāraṇas or super-gods. Iśvara-tattva—That stage in the process of phenomenal evolution at which the pure and divine consciousness bears a clear and predominantly shining reflection of objectvity and appears as, "This is myself." Jāgrat-avasthā—The waking state. Jīva—A bonded being. Paśu. Anu. Puruṣa. Puruṣa-tattva. Jīvan-mukti—The state of liberation while one is yet living in a mortal form. Such a liberated being conducts all necessary transactions of this mortal life but is not lead away by them. He sees the world and all the happenings around him as a dramatic show. Jñāna—Perfect knowledge of the exact reality. Jñāna-śakti—One of the primary powers of God. The power of knowing. That power of God through which He visualizes in Him the phenomenon that He wills to manifest externally. Such power shines predominantly in Sadāśiva-tattva and be- comes the source of the evoluion of Īśvara-tattva. Kalā-tattva—The limited capacity of a finite being to do some- thing. Kāla-tattva—The conception of successiveness of actions and events and consequent imposition of past-ness, presentness and future- ness by a finite being on himself, his activities and the objects around him. Conception of time rooted deeply in a finite being. One of the interior finitudes of a finite being. One of the tattvas of limitation. A particular kañcuka-tattva. Kañcuka-tattvas—Five limiting tattvas of a finite being; viz., kalā, impure-vidyā, rāga, niyati and kāla. All the five are extensions of Māyā which is the sixth kañcuka. Karma-mala—Impurity of actions (good and bad). Egoistic feeling of a finite being that he is himself the subject of all actions being done by his body, senses and organs in accordance with the divine will of the Lord: and also such deep impression of such feeling which creates such a consequent disposition in him.

76 Glossary that urges him to take birth after birth to reap the fruits of such actions. Kriyā-śakti—The active power of God. One of His primary divine powers. That power of the Lord through which He manifests all phenomena as different from Him even when everything is He Himself. Kriyā-śakti shines predominantly in Īśvara-tattva and its extroversion results in the creation of Vidyā-tattva and the tattvas that follow. Mahā-māyā—The lowest step in Śuddha-vidyā. It is governed by Anantanātha. Beings residing in it see themselves as pure, infinite and divinely potent I-consciousness but even then take every thing else as different from them. They are known as Mantras or Vidyeśvaras. Mala—Impurity that hides the pure and divine nature of the self. Mala-trayam—Three impurities named Āṇava, Māyīya and Karma malas. Mantra-beings—Beings residing in Mahā-māyā. Such pure and divinely potent beings who have the only impurity of Māyīya mala, the viewpoint of diversity. Mantra-maheśvaras—Beings residing in Sadāśiva-tattva and having an awareness as "I am this". Mantreśvaras—Beings residing in Īśvara-tattva and having an awareness as "This is my self". Māyā-tattva—The first impure tattva created by Parama-śiva Himself. The tattva that serves as the substance for the crea- tion of next seven impure and insentient tattvas, viz., five kañcukas, puruṣa and prakṛti. Māyā-śakti—The divine power of the Lord through which He makes a show of diversity while continuing to stay on eter- nally as the only monistic reality. The power that makes the impossible possible. Māyīya Aṇḍa—The sphere of Māyā containing in it the group of kañcukas as well as prakṛti and puruṣa. A fine covering of the Ātman. Mūla-prakṛti—The root substance that serves as the material cause of all instrumental and objective elements. An absolute equilibrium of three guṇas. The undiversified objective element before puruṣa.

Glossary 77 Nirvṛti-śakti—The same as Ānanda-śakti Niyati-tattva—That law of nature on which stands the law of causation in the whole phenomenal existence. That tattva of limitation which binds a being by the law of causation in all doing, knowing and feeling interested. One of the five kañcuka- tattvas. Pañca-kṛtya—Five divine activities of God viz., creation, preser- vation, absorption, obscuration and revelation. Pañca-śakti—Five primary divine powers of God viz., cit, ānanda, icchā, jñāna and kriyā. Para-brahman—The absolute reality having complete Godhead as its basic nature. That reality which is absolutely infinite, consists of pure consciousness alone and becomes evolved into all phenomena by virtue of its divine potency and natural tendency towards five divine activities. Paramārtha—The actual reality. The eternal truth. The Absolute God. Paramārtha-mārga—The path that leads to the position of Abso- lute Godhead. Parama-śiva—That reality out of which thirty-six tattvas evolve and into which all of them get absorbed. The infinite, eternal perfect, all-containing, independent, divinely potent, blissful, playful and absolutely monistic pure consciousness aware of itself and its basic nature. Para-tattva—Parama-śiva, the absolute reality. Pārthiva aṇḍa—The sphere of solid and gross matter. The outer- most covering of the pure and divinely potent consciousness consisting of pṛthivī-tattva. Nivṛtti kalā. Paśu—A bonded being bound by the chains of (i) finitude, (ii) diversity and (iii) deeds (good and bad). A being entangled in the courses of the cycles of transmigration. Piddhāna-kṛtya—God's activity of obscuration. A person under its effect loses faith in śāstra, guru, his teachings and sādhanā. That activity of God which pushes down beings into deeper and deeper regions of bondage. Prājña—A being in the state of dreamless sleep (suṣupti). Prakāśa—That psychic light of consciousness which makes it evident to itself and which brings to light the objects coming into its contact. The self evident consciousness.

78 Glossary Prākṛta-Aṇḍa—The sphere made of root-substance and its finer (non-solid) evolutes. It consists of tattvas from mūla-prakṛti to water. Pratibimba-nyāya—The manner in which a reflection appears and exists. Pratibimba-vāda—That philosophic theory which maintains that the phenomenal universe is merely a reflectional manifestation of the divine powers of God brought about by Him by virtue of His playful nature. Pratyabhijñā—Recognition. Recollection of one's forgotten divine nature of Absolute Godhead. Rāga-tattva—Limited interest of a being in some such particular object of its knowing or doing for which he has a high estima- tion. Attribution of high merit to something particular. It limits the scope of knowing and doing of a finite being. Śākta-Aṇḍa—The sphere of Śakti containing the three tattvas from Sadāśiva to Śuddha-vidyā. The finer and pure-covering of the infinite consciousness. Śakti—Power. The divine power of God; His Godhead. Śakti-cakra—The wheel of twelve divine powers of the Ātman. Śakti-daśā—The state of absolute unity containing the two tattvas named Śiva and Śakti. Śakti-pañcaka—Five primary divine powers of God, viz., cit, ānanda, icchā, jñāna and kriyā. Śakti-pāta—Bestowal of His grace by God. Śakti-tattva—That stage of phenomenal evolution at which God is as yet only charged with a strong will to manifest His God- head externally. The second tattva in phenomenal evolution. Śāktopāya—Constant practice in the contemplation on one's own pure, infinite and divine nature, Practice in the correct concep- tional knowledge with an idea about the exact truth. Śuddha-tattvas—Pure elements. The elements from Śuddha-vidyā and Mahā-māyā to Śiva-tattva. Śuddha-vidyā—The viewpoint of unity in diversity belonging to beings residing in the plane of Vidyā-daśā. Sadāśiva-bhaṭṭāraka—The super-god ruling over Sadāśiva-tattva. Sadāśiva-tattva—That stage in phenomenal evolution at which a faint reflection of objectivity appears inside the infinite subject

Glossary 79 who has a consequent awareness of it in the form of "I am this." Sakala-being—A bonded being infested with all the three types of mala (impurity) and revolving in the cycles of births and deaths. A bonded being, a paśu. Samāveśa—A sudden charge of Godhead. A psychic state in which one's individuality becomes one with the infinite universal self. The state of the merger of one's jīvahood into Śivahood. Saṃhāra—Absorption. Dissolution. That divine activity of God through which certain phenomena become absorbed into their causal elements. Spanda—The spiritual throbbing of consciousness. Such a vibra- tory activity of consciousness which brings about the manifes- tation of its extroversion and introversion. That divine active nature of God which manifests externally His divine nature and results in the show of His five divine activities. Sṛṣṭi—That divine activity of creation through which all pheno- mena, contained in God in the form of pure consciousness, be- come manifest in their phenomenal aspect. Sthiti—That divine activity of preservation through which the whole phenomenon is sustained for long aeons and is run as a cosmos in acordance with niyati, the law of nature. Suṣupti—The state of deep sleep. Svapna—The states of dreaming, deep thinking, meditating and so on. Svātantrya—That perfect self dependence of God by virtue of which He manages the whole show of His five divine activities without any external help of any element like the Māyā of Vedānta, Vāsanā of Buddhism, Prakṛti of Sāṃkhya and atoms of Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika. Taijasa—A being in dreaming state. Tanmātras—Five undifferentiated subtle objects of five senses, viz., śabda, sparśa, rūpa, rasa and gandha. Tirodhāna—The divine activity of oblivion. The act of pidhāna or vilaya. Such divine activity of God through which He pushes down beings into darker and darker species and also in stronger chains of bondage. Trika—The best system of yoga patronized by the authors of the Pratyabhijñā śāstra. The trinity of (i) Śiva, (ii) Śakti and nara (the bonded soul and his insentient phenomena).

80 Glossary Triśūla—The trident as the symbol of three divine powers of knowing, doing and willing. Turyā—The fourth state of animation. The state of revelation of the self. Turyātīta—The absolute transcendental state lying beyond Turyā. Umāpatinātha—Śiva of the Epics and Purāṇas. An active counter- part of Śrīkaṇṭhanātha. Viśva—Beings in the waking state of animation. Yoga—Union of a worshipper with the object of his worship. Yoga-bhraṣṭa—An aspirant who dies before completing the pro- cess of yoga.

Index

Abhinavagupta 1, 4, 7, 8, 11, 13, 14, 16 Absolute 18, 22 Absolute will 25 absolutism 6, 18 activity of awareness 18 ādhāra 21 Ādhārakārikā 21 Ādiśeṣa 1, 2, 3 Advaita Vedānta 18, 38 ahaṅkāra 33 Amṛtānanda 3, 14, 15 Amṛtavāgbhava 4 Anantanātha 30, 31, 33 aṇḍa 21 aṇu 31 Apabhraṁśa 14 Ardha-tryambaka-maṭhikā 8 Ātreya 4 Atrigupta 4, 5 Avantivarman 9, 10 Avatāras 29 Avidyā 23, 26, 27, 30, 40 Barnett, L.D. 3 basic creation 23 Bhagavadgītā 11 bhakti 6 Bhairava 26, 59 Bhairavastotra 4, 13 Bhānukācārya 14 Bhaṭṭa Bhāskara 11, 13 Bhaṭṭa Divākara-vatsa 11 Bhaṭṭa Kallaṭa 8, 9, 11, 16 Bhaṭṭa Nārāyaṇa 11, 13 Bhaṭṭa Pradyumna 10, 14, 16 Bhāvanā 49, 56 bhoga 66, 67, 69 bhūtas 33 blissfulness 28 Bodhapañcadaśikā 13 Brahman 44, 49 Brahmagupta 5 buddhi 33 Buddhism 27 Buddhists 23 Buddhist absolutism 17, 18 Cāṇakya 5 Caraka 4 Caraka-saṁhitā 4 Cidvilāsa 15 Cit 28 Devīnāmavilāsa 15 divine activity 25 divine grace 24 divine play 17 divine powers 24 divine will 28 Dhyānam 60 Durvāsas 8 "dūtī" 9 dynamic aspect 17 ego 33 exterior limitations 32 five kañcukas 32 forceful grace 67 Gauḍapāda 25 God 19, 28 Godhead 16, 17, 18, 28 Gonardīya 4 Gorakṣanātha 14 Govindarāja 14 grace 67

82 Index guņas 33 Kramakeli 12 Gurunātha-parāmarśa 5 Kramastotra 4, 12 Kriyā 18 highest means of liberation 67 kriyā-śakti 28 homa 59, 60 Kṣemarāja 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, Hṛdaya 52 13 hypothetical supposition 27 Kula system 9 impure Vidyā 31 Lakṣmaṇagupta 5 impurities 30 Lalitāditya 4 I-ness 29 Lalleśvarī 16 infinite blissfulness 25 liberation 5, 53 instrumental elements 33 Lord Īśvara 29, 33 interior limitations 32 Lord Sadāśiva 29 intuitive revelation 23 Lord Śeṣa 21 intuitive self-experience 18 law of karman 18 intuitive self-revelation 18 law of nature 18 Īśvara 33 Īśvarapratyabhijñā 2, 10, 28 Madhurāja 5 Īśvarapratyabhijñā vimarśinī 12 Madhuvāhinī 9 Īśvarapratyabhijñā-vivṛti-vimarśinī 4, madhya—grace 68 12 Mahāmāyā 29 Īśvara-tattva 28, 29 Mahānayaprakāśa 15 Mahārtha-mañjarī 3, 15 Jālandhara-pīṭha 8 Maheśvarānanda 3 Jayaratha 8, 13, 14 Mālinī (tantra) 9 jīva 31 Mālinī-vijaya-vārtika 7, 12 jīvanmukta 63 Mantra repetition 61 jīvanmukti 63 manas 33 jñāna 6 manifestation 17 jñāna-śakti 28 manifestation of Godhead 22 jñānin 56, 65, 67 Mandra 5 Joo, Lakṣmaṇa 3 Mantra beings 29 Mantra-maheśvara 29 kalā 30, 31, 32 Mantreśvara 29 kāla 30, 31 material transformation 18 kāla-tattva 32 Māyā 17, 18, 23, 30 Kalhana 9, 13 Māyā Śakti 30 Kālī 14 Māyā tattva 30, 31 Kālinaya 14 middle grace 68 Kalyāṇikā 14 middle path 68 Kāma-kalā-vilāsa 15 Muktākaṇa 11 kañcukas 31, 32, 33 Karma-saṃskāra 50 Nāmaka (Tantra) 9 Karṇa 5 Netra Tantra 13 Kaula 14 niyati 30 Kaulism 15 niyati tattva 32 Kramadarśana 14 Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika 18

Index 83 Objective element 33 Śakti 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 28, 29 Śāktic Śaivism 15 Pāñcarātra 11 Śāktism 15, 16 pantheism 6 Śaktipāta 24 pantheistic 6 Śaktitattva 28 pantheists 18 Śāktopāya 14, 59, 60 paramārtha 21, 52 Śāmbhava Yoga 4 Paramārthasāra 7, 8, 13, 21 Sambhu 20 Paramaśiva 28, 30 Saṅgamāditya 8 Parāprāveśikā 13 sañcita karman 51 Parātriṁśakā 10 Śaṅkara 26 Parātriṁśakā-vivaraṇa 12, 14 sattva 33 Parimala 15 self dependence 30 pariṇāma 23, 27 self realization 18 paśu 23, 31 Siddhanātha 11, 12 Pāśupata vow 61 Siddhas 6 Pāśupata vrata 61 Siddhā Tantra 9 Patañjali 1, 2, 3, 4 Siddhitrayī 12 phenomenal manifestation 23 Śitikaṇṭha 15 Prabhādevī 3 Śiva 15, 17, 29 Prakṛti 33 Śivadṛṣṭi 2, 10, 12, 18 primary powers 27 Śivajīvadaśakam 15 Pṛthvī-aṇḍa 22 Śivānandanātha 14, 16 pratyabhijñā 6, 15 Śiva of the Epics and purāṇas 33 pratyabhijñā-hṛdaya 3, 8, 13 Śivastotrāvalī 11, 13 psychic luminosity 25 Śivasūtra 8, 9, 11 Punarvasu 4 Śivasūtravārtika 11, 13 Puṇyānanda 14, 15 Śivasūtravimarśinī 13 pure tattvas 21, 22 Śivatattva 22, 28 Puruṣa 30, 31, 32, 33 Śivopādhyāya 13 Śivayogin 59, 60 Rajas 33 Smṛtis 6 Rāmakaṇṭha 10, 11 Somānanda 9, 10, 11, 14, 16 recognition 6 Somāveśa 71 reflection 17, 26, 27 Spandakārikā 9, 10, 11 reflection of d.vine powers 27 Spandanirṇaya 13 relativities 31 Spandapradīpikā 11 Rudrayāmala 9 Spandasārvasva 9 Spandavivṛti 11 Sadāśivatattva 28, 29 Spandavṛtti 9 Sādhanā 6, 8, 12, 14, 15 Static aspect 17 Sadvidyā 29 Stava-cintāmaṇi 13 Sāhib Kaula 15, 16 Śuddhavidyā 29 Śaiva monism 10, 11, 12, 13 suṣupti 6 Śaiva sādhanā 68 Svacchanda Tantra 9, 13 Śaiva yoga 12 Svasvabhāva-sambodhana 9 Śaivism 15, 16 Svātantryadarpaṇa 16 Śākta view 14 system of transmigration 54

84 Index Tamas 33 Tantrāloka 5, 8, 9, 12, 13 Tantrasāra 7, 12, 14, 28 Tantric Yoga 6 Tattvagarbha-stotra 10 Tattvārthacintāmaṇi 9 Tattvavicāra 9 Theistic absolutism 6, 27 thisness 29 Time 31 tīvra anugraha 67 transcendental reality 25 transformation 17, 19, 27, 33 transmutation 18, 22, 27 Trika scriptures 9 Trika system 8, 11, 12 Tryambakāditya 8 Tryambaka maṭhikā 89 Udbhaṭa 14 Ujjaṭa 14 Umāpatinātha 33 Unity-cum-diversity 29 Utpaladeva 10, 11, 12, 13 Utpala Vaiṣṇava 11 Vaiṣṇavism of Patañjali 1 Vaiṣṇava philosophers 8 Vallabha 1 Vāmakatantra 9 Varadarāja 13 Vāsanā 17, 23, 26, 27 Vasugupta 9, 10, 11 Vedānta 27 Vedāntic absolutism 2 Vedāntins 23, 26 Videha-mukti 64 Vidyā 22, 32 vijñāna 51 Vijñāna-bhairava 13, 14 Vimarśinī 12 Vīraśaivas 6 Viṣṇugupta 5, 11 Viśuddhādvaita 2 Vivaraṇa 14 Vivartavāda 2 Yoga 69 Yoga-bhraṣṭa 69, 70 Yogarāja 1, 2, 3, 7, 8 Yoginīhṛdaya 15 Yoginīhṛdayadīpikā 3 Yojanikā 7

Paramārthasāra of Abhinavagupta (in Sanskrit couplets) is the foremost work on Kashmir Śaivism, meant for beginners. It throws clear light on the most of the philosophical principles of the subject without involving in logical discussion. The work clarifies the significance of the principles of Kashmir Śaivism which are as follows: (1) cosmogony (1-9); (2) metaphysics and ontology (10-13); (3) process of creation (14-22); (4) bondage and liberation (23- 33); (5) exact reality about phenomenon (34-38); (6) correct knowledge (39-46); (7) self-realization (47-67); (8) A yogin after self-realization (68- 88); (9) process of transformation (89-93); (10) character of a liberated yogin (94-96); and (11) liberation of steps (97-102). The last two concepts conclude the work. The translation and notes further clarify the principles discussed in the couplets. Dr. B.N. Pandit is an authority on Kashmir Śaivism. He was Reader in Sanskrit in Jammu University. He has published several works in English, Sanskrit and Hindi. His Encyclopaedia of Kashmir Śaivism shall serve scholars for several centuries. ISBN 81-215-0523-0 Rs. 80 Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi