भारतीय इतिहास के ६ स्वर्णिम पृष्ठ (वीर सावरकर - विदेशी आक्रान्ताओं पर विजय गाथा)

Kshatriyas. However, in those adverse days, those displaced Shakyas began to follow other professions for their livelihood. There happened to be a plentiful breed of peacocks in the forest, where these tribes later on lived. To keep these peacocks and sell them became one of their professions. So they had ‘Moriya’ as their nickname, and the Moriya formed a class by themselves. One family of these Moriyas came back to settle in the vicinity of Pataliputra. One woman of that Moriya tribe named Mura (Mayura) somehow got access to the harem of the royal palace and soon became the concubine of the Emperor, Mahapadmanand or ‘Dhananand’, as he was generally called. Her son from this Nanda Emperor was the Emperor Chandragupta. 87. However, when Chandragupta became an emperor, the story of his birth might have appeared derogatory to his greatness and, therefore in some books of the time, the story was slightly altered to mean that Muradevi was the wedded queen of the Nanda emperor, not his concubine, which in consequence meant that Chandragupta was a legitimate royal prince and not an illegitimate one. 88. But a third anecdote seems to outdo both the above stories, saying that Mura and Emperor Nanda were in no way connected. Mura had a son from her husband of the same clan and that son was Chandragupta himself. Later on, with the help and guidance of Arya Chanakya and with his own valour, he raised his poor father and mother to eminence, and after wresting the imperial power from the Nandas, he founded the Maurya Dynasty. 89. It seems a common weakness among all human societies and communities, in a greater or lesser degree, to attempt to judge the greatness or meanness of an individual, not so much from his manifest virtues or vices as from the race, the community or the family he is born in. That is why, as the time passes, such inflated anecdotes about their family tradition are propagated and popularized through plays, poems and novels or through folk-lores. There are other anecdotes too besides the ones referred to above, which seek to ascribe greatness or meanness to Chandragupta. But for the reasons given above, they need not be mentioned here. 90. Was Chandragupta a concubine’s son? Was he not a Kshatriya? What matters though! Chandragupta could have said with justifiable pride, “More than any of you, nominal caste-born Kshatriyas, who bowed your heads to the Mlenchchas, the Greek emperor and his commanders, I, a ‘peerless’ Chandragupta, have a greater claim to being a Kshatriya in as much as with

my sword, I have completely vanquished those very Mlenchchas in every battlefield.” With the same haughty affront of Kama, he could have flung in the face of those railing enemies, the following words: सूतो वा सूत पुत्रों वा यो वा को वा भवाम्यहम् दैवायत्तं कुले जन्म मदायत्तं तु पौरुषम॥ वेणोसंहार of Bhatta Narayan, Act III, 37 [“ Whether a charioteer or a charioteer’s son, or whoever (else) I may be, (that is of no consequence!) Birth in a (noble) family depends on fate; but manliness depends on me!”] 91. The son of Mura is a Maurya! That is precisely why Chandragupta is called a Maurya. Proud of his maternal extraction, Chandragupta designated his royal family as Maurya and immortalized the name of his mother, Muradevi, in Indian history. The Maurya emperors accepted the same Moriya caste too (one traded in peacocks) that belonged to his mother. The guardian deity of the Maurya family is also a ‘peacock’. This fact is corroborated by rock inscriptions. The Ashoka pillar found at Nandangad bears at the foot, a picture of a peacock. The stories from the life of Ashoka inscribed on the celebrated ‘stupas’ at Sanchi have similar figures of peacocks carved beside them. The Emperor of Magadha 92. Mahapadmanand was the emperor ruling at that time over the vast Magadha empire. He was already very unpopular because of his many vices. His subjects were exasperated because of the heavy taxes, levied on them, in order to satisfy his lust for gold. People called him Dhananand instead of Mahapadmanand, in order to deride him for his excessive lust for money. He could come to the throne because he happened to be the brother of the earlier emperor, but he had not a single virtue, fit for an emperor. He would have proved his worth had he but taken up the challenge of Alexander and crushed him in the Panchanad, when the latter had marched on India, and when he had proudly declared his intention of conquering Magadha and becoming the emperor of India. He should have at least undertaken such a great expedition as to overthrow the Greeks, and free the Indian territory subjugated by them to deserve the title of an emperor! But he did nothing of the kind, and meekly swallowed the insult hurled at him by Alexander! This cowardliness on his part made, on the one hand, every self-respecting and nationalist Indian despise him, while, on the other, made him crafty. He

hated the selfless national politicians. In order to undermine their prestige, he insulted them publicly. A really capable person was invariably an object of his hatred and was subjected to malicious treatment. 93. From this Mahapadmanand, it is said his concubine, Mura, had the illustrious son, Chandragupta. Some anecdotes pertaining to Chandragupta’s childhood are available, but they are far too few and merely hearsay stories. What appears to be certain is only this, that the cowardly but crafty Mahapadmanand began to fear the young Chandragupta, shining with his sharp wit, his daring and ambitious spirit, seeking to exercise his rights as the heir to the throne, bastard as he was. He feared that under the leadership of this unrestrained bastard son, his antagonists would not fail to dethrone him! Mahapadmanand very well knew how his very Nanda forerunners had vanquished the original Shishunag dynasty of Magadha and usurped the throne! Under some such apprehension, there appears to have occurred some clash that Mahapadmanand used as a pretext to banish Chandragupta out of the precincts of the Magadha empire. The intervening account is permanently lost to oblivion. Hereafter, Chandragupta makes his appearance in the University of Taxila (Takshashila) as a royal prince having his lessons in politics and the science and art of war. An anecdote that is current in that region viz. that he got access to this university mainly through the good offices of the renowned and learned Arya Chanakya may have some grain of truth in it. Chandragupta had already been studying in the manner described above at this university for about six or seven years when Alexander attacked India. There, for the first time, this illustrious disciple of Chanakya, this young Chandragupta, began to shine with his exceptional brilliance in the sacred national conspiracy, that was being hatched by the Indian patriots and politicians to avenge the insults heaped on the Indian nation by the Greeks and to liberate the territory lost to them. A Marvellous half-hour in History 94. Young Chandragupta seems to have secretly wandered through the Greek camps in order to study the peculiar features of the Greek armoury, the Greek military formations and war strategy. For, he was once caught by the Greek sentries on suspicion that he was reconnoitring in the emperor’s camp. The report reached Alexander himself, and the Macedonian emperor summoned the disguised Indian youth to his presence. Some even think that the said youth went to see Alexander by previous appointment.

95. That valiant Macedonian supreme commander and emperor Alexander, in his thirties, and the future Indian captain-general and emperor Chandragupta just on the threshold of his twenties, but as yet merely a wandering nonentity, stood face-to-face, sizing up each other for a few moments! It appeared as if two lustrous suns, one fast approaching his zenith and the other, not as yet risen fully, out of the misty shroud of the early dawn, were staring at each other’s eyes.
96. This strange interview is not likely to have lasted for more than half an hour. But it has truly proved to be a historical marvel of perennial interest!
97. Even while almost all the Greek writers allude to this strange interview, nobody can say for certain what exactly transpired between the two, or what words were exchanged between them. One or two of them write only this much that Chandragupta said distinctly that he was related to the royal family of Magadha, or something to that effect. This much is certain that to the question put by Alexander, Chandragupta answered boldly and resolutely! In that strange parley, something went wrong and Alexander ordered the youth to be taken out of the camp forthwith. Instantly, the fiery youth left the camp, but in the meanwhile, when Alexander changed his mind and called again for the youth in his presence, he was nowhere to be found again. The Story of Chanakya’s Family
98. Arya Chanakya was born in a Brahmin family and his name was Vishnugupta. His name Chanakya must have probably been derived from his native town of Chanak. But he is more particularly known by his name Chanakya, Koutilya is one more name by which he is equally well-known. His great and abiding work is known as Koutiliya Arthashastra. Koutilya must have been formed from his original family (गोत्र नाम) name Kutal. He was well-versed in almost all the sciences of the time and was renowned at the University of Taxila and also amongst the learned circles of India, as a great scholar. He was ugly in apearance. Later on, when after the imperial revolution of Magadha, his name gained great fame not only all over India, but even in Greece and other foreign countries as the guide and preceptor of Chandragupta’s early years, and later as the chief minister of the Indian empire, several hearsay stories sprang up as to his early age, as they did regarding Chandragupta and Alexander. Several references to them based on solid grounds or otherwise are to be found in many literary works, dramas, folklores written many centuries after the deaths of both

Chandragupta and Chanakya. These references in Jain, Buddhist and Vedic literatures are not wholly reliable. Even in a Sanskrit drama, his character has been depicted in an unrealistic manner, for the sake of dramatic effect. As such, the ridiculous descriptions of his ugliness, or of his ungainly teeth, or the childish reports that he picked up from amongst the uneducated rustic children playing in the street one reckless Chandragupta, to be made the future emperor of India simply because he took a fancy for the child, or because his knowledge of palmistry guided his choice, cannot be taken as historical truths. However, more discerning research-workers should necessarily investigate if there is any basis for them. The Perverted Report of Chanakya’s vow 99. One such anecdote about Arya Chanakya should be discussed here as an illustration. For, it is being taught in the present-day schools in that very perverted form. The said anecdote purports to say that because he became famous as a great scholar in the University of Taxila (Takshashila) and the regions round about, Arya Chanakya was appointed the Chairman of the Grants Commission (दानाध्यक्ष) in the royal palace of Mahapadmanand at Pataliputra. While he was working in that high office, Emperor Mahapadmanand came there one day on his inspection rounds. But he laughed at his teethless ugly mouth and his unshapely body, at which Chanakya took a great affront. Therefore, Nanda pulled him down instantly and, as is written in some books, pulled his tuft of hair, till it was uprooted and finally ordered him to be driven out of the palace. The fiery Brahmin instantly retorted saying, “I shall drag you down from your throne and completely destroy the Nanda dynasty and then and then alone shall tie up my tuft of hair.” With this grave vow, he marched straight out of the palace. 100. But let it be remembered that Emperor Nanda had come there to inspect the work of the Charity Department, not to visit a beauty parlour! How is it plausible, then, that Mahapadmanand, who had himself appointed that learned scholar to the high office of the Chairman of the Charitable Grants Department, would now say that because of his ugly features Arya Chanakya was unfit for that post? The office of the Chairman of the said Grants Department required the expert knowledge of the religious sciences and judicial procedure, not physical beauty! But there is a more potent objection than this one to disprove this foolish anecdote. This anecdote implies that Chanakya revolted against Emperor Nanda, because of his personal insult alone, and that, had he not been thus insulted, he would have

remained a loyal servant of Mahapadmanand, that the India-wide revolution that he successfully brought about, was not for the sake of freeing the Indian land from the foreign Mlenchcha domination, but only to avenge his personal insult! For this very reason, this anecdote is clearly perverted. 101. When as a strategy in politics, Shivaji went to Agra accepting the overlordship of Aurangzeb, the latter insulted him, and when there was a clash of words, Shivaji was put under arrest. But Shivaji slipped away most miraculously and skilfully, and declared war against Aurangzeb. If, after telling this story, any wiseacre were to conclude that it was because he was personally insulted, that Shivaji bore a grudge against Aurangzeb and established an independent kingdom for himself, that he had no higher motive of the emancipation of his religion and country, it would be the height of absurdity and foolishness. Equally absurd and foolish would it be to say that it was only to avenge his personal insult by Emperor Nanda, that Arya Chanakya brought about a political revolution by exterminating the Nanda dynasty. That Anecdote should be Explained thus 102. It is not true to say that because of his personal insult, Shivaji revolted against Aurangzeb. On the contrary, Aurangzeb had taken a fright that it was to overthrow his alien religious domination, that Shivaji had taken arms, fired as he was with a glowing fervour for Hindutwa. That is why, he insulted Shivaji and relegated him to captivity! In a similar way, because Mahapadmanand had secret reports that, availing himself of the weakness of the reigning monarch, Arya Chanakya was busy conspiring against him so as to overthrow the Nanda empire, the Emperor Nanda insulted him in his royal palace, and at that very moment, the illustrious Brahmin Arya Chanakya retorted boldly, "If I am a true Chanakya I shall see to it that your tyrannical rule is overthrown so that Bharat might prosper." This is how the anecdote should be explained. 103. A very solid proof for this is available to us in the very Koutiliya Arthashastra written by Chanakya himself. While introducing the writer, it is said (in the very book): चाणक्य इति विख्यातः श्रोत्रीयः सर्वधर्मविद् —मुद्राराक्षस उपोद्घात Telang's edition p.44 येन शस्त्रं व शास्त्रं च नन्दराज गताच भूः ॥

अमर्षेणोरुधृतान्याशु तेन शास्त्रमिदं कृतम्॥ —अर्थशास्त्र p. 429 “He who destroyed the Nanda and rejuvenated the national armed strength as also the national scientific advance which were decaying under the Nanda regime, and thus caused the uplift of his Bharatbhoomi, has written this treatise.” He has not used even a single word in the introductory lines to say that he destroyed Nanda to avenge his personal insult. It is for the progress and prosperity of his own nation and motherland, that Nanda was destroyed! Chanakya’s great work itself tells it clearly! 104. The anecdote that is told in a downright dramatic way perhaps means only this, that his original nationalistic animus towards Nanda was whetted more because of this personal insult. Chanakya’s Political Activities Preceded Alexander’s onslaught 105. Chanakya had been living in the vicinity of Taxila for good many years before the aggression of Alexander. He had a first-hand knowledge of the political situation in the Bharatiya frontier territories right up to the Indus. 106. Just adjoining the borderland of India had stretched far and wide, the unitary and centrally well-organised nation, inimical to India. Chanakya was shrewd enough to understand that in the event of an aggression by such a well-organised and inimical country, the small native democracies and monarchies from the Panchanad to the Indus would utterly fail in the open battlefield, if they were to fight separately. The Greek city-states too perished precisely for this reason 107. Just then a practical demonstration of the above-mentioned axiom took place in Greece. The moment the Persian Emperor invaded Greece, the small Greek city-states like their prototypes in India, were convulsed to their bones. In the end, it is only when Philip and Alexander conquered all of those separatist Greek city-states, forged them into a powerful empire, was it possible for them to vanquish the Persian empire. Chanakya was not slow to understand its significance. 108. He arrived at the firm conviction that vis-a-vis a powerful and extensive inimical empire as its neighbour, India had only one way to defend its independence and make its administrative machinery strong enough to withstand any foreign aggression and that was to boil down all

the smaller monarchies and republics and to forge out of them, a centralized unitary and strong empire. For the Entire Undivided India 108A. But there was not a single Indian monarchy or republic throughout the whole of the region right from Gandhar, Punjab to the Indus delta, which could execute this plan of Chanakya, who had already appraised their capability and inclination. Naturally, his next choice fell on the only mighty empire of North India, namely Magadha. His head full of plans for the future Indian revolution, Arya Chanakya came again to Magadha in order to study secretly the political situation, visiting every place right from a poor man’s cottage to the royal palace. As such, he was trying to get access to the King’s court on some pretext or the other. When the question of the appointment of Arya Chanakya as the Chairman of the ‘Grants’ Department’ (दानाध्यक्ष) was mooted, Nanda did not object to it, because till then, he had known nothing else of Arya Chanakya, but of his scholarship. This appointment greatly helped Arya Chanakya perfect his secret revolutionary plans. 109. But before long, Emperor Nanda had reports that Arya Chanakya was not a scholar pure and simple, but an expert organiser of secret plots and was at that time busy plotting against him. Enraged at this, he publicly insulted Arya Chanakya as already told before, deprived him of his authority as the Chairman of the Grant’s Department, and expelled him out of his imperial precincts. Being thus outlawed, Chanakya returned again to Taxila. 110. In the meanwhile, the young bastard son Chandragupta, being exiled, as has been already told, from the Magadhan court by Emperor Nanda, went to Taxila and joined Chanakya—an incident that proved most favourable to that patriot’s ambitious plans of establishing an all-India empire. Why did Chanakya back Chandragupta alone? 111. If he were to dethrone the weak and wicked Nanda, and crown in his place on the throne of the Magadha empire any outsider, the tradition- loving important persons from amongst the feudatories, the Indian princes and even the common people would probably have opposed vehemently, even though the chosen person had been endowed with the most excellent qualities, whereas Chandragupta, though not a lawful royal prince, had yet some native blood-relation to the throne as the bastard son of the Emperor

of Magadha. He was, moreover, endowed with valour and other qualities of head and heart. As such, the arch-diplomat Chanakya shrewdly guessed that even these votaries of tradition were far less likely to oppose Chandragupta’s election to the throne of Magadha. He, therefore, determined to champion the claim of Chandragupta to the emperorship of Magadha—why even to that of the whole of India. 112. While the grand plan of an India-wide empire of Chanakya-and- Chandragupta was thus being set afoot, the unfortunate event of a foreign invasion was reported towards Persia. Alexander had already destroyed the empire of Persia and had invaded India. Although as has been related in the foregoing pages, he was staunchly opposed by the Bharatiya valour and forced to retreat home, it was plain that Alexander’s well organised imperial military might was not totally annulled. 113. Even out of this evil, some good did emerge. The republican subjects of the frontier regions, with their faith in democratic principles shaken rudely by the heavy knock of a foreign invasion and the bloody wars that followed, began to agree with Chanakya and other patriotic prophets that national independence was in peril, unless a countrywide Indian empire was established on the lines of the vast, highly centralized well-organized and unitary form of empire of the enemy. 114. The first happy sign of this revolutionary spirit was seen in the general uprising throughout the smaller states and republics, conquered by Alexander and annexed to his empire and in the fact that hardly within six months or a year of Alexander’s death, these Indian territories shook off the foreign rule and became independent. Justin, an ancient renowned writer, credits the leadership of Chandragupta with the authorship of this wonderful and noble collective uprising. “India after the death of Alexander had shaken, as it were, the yoke of servitude from its neck and put his governors to death. The author of this liberation was Sandrocottus.” The ‘Sandrocottus’ of this quotation is Chandragupta. The Greeks pronounced the name of Chandragupta in this very way. The only way to repel re-invasion? 115. Although the general rising in these frontier provinces was successful under the guidance of Chandragupta, Chanakya and others, the followers of Chanakya began to warn all princes and political leaders, that it had not as yet made Indian independence completely safe from the future Greek onslaught. They went on preaching everywhere that Alexander himself had

vowed till the day of his death, that he would invade India once again and conquer it thoroughly, that the chief officers of his state and commanders were at war with one another for the division of the Greek empire, that the triumphant one among them who would ascend the throne at Babylon would not fail to attack India with an army more powerful than before, and that the first victims to that aggression would be these very people, if they remained disunited as separate Rajakas (monarchies) and Prajakas (republics). But if they availed themselves of this opportunity of the civil feuds of the Greeks, and they could merge the whole of India into a strong empire with an efficient administration at the centre, this new Indian empire, stronger than that of the Greeks, could very easily beat the Mlenchchas, were they to come once again aggressively. Hence, they said India should be built into one strong nation! Invasion of Chandragupta and Chanakya on Magadha 116. Without wasting even a single moment of the golden opportunity of the Greek internecine wars, Chandragupta and other followers of Chanakya began openly to raise a powerful army to march first of all against Magadha, according to Chanakya’s plan of the political revolution. A few but very telling references to this fact are to be found in the critique named ‘Mahavamsha’. From these and from other sources, it appears that this invading army of Chandragupta was mainly composed of the soldiers from Panchanad, the Pauravas and the republics that were inspired with the preaching of Chanakya for a unitary Indian empire. In order to enlist the sympathies of the Parvateshwara, i.e. King Paurav, who was a powerful king in those provinces, Chanakya is said to have met him secretly. As Alexander’s sway had been completely thrown off from the Indian territories, King Paurav was no longer a subordinate satrap of the Greeks. From stray references in some books, it appears that not only King Paurav offered his support for Chanakya’s cause, but some wealthy people too helped him actively. Chanakya offered the command of the whole army to Chandragupta. After establishing their hold on all possible regions of Panchanad, they marched speedily on Magadha. The Indian populace and the local powers disgusted with and enraged at the tyrannical and weak rule of Nanda, and inspired by Chanakya’s ideal of a strong unitary empire of the whole of India, joined Chandragupta’s army as it marched ahead fighting.

117. In this daring and stormy march of theirs, Chandragupta and Chanakya had many times to face very grave dangers to their lives. Once their whole army was routed by a violent knock of the opposing forces, and Chandragupta and Chanakya had to flee into the forest to save their lives. One night they had to sleep on the bare hard ground, but undeterred by any of these calamities, Chandragupta and Chanakya formed their armies again and again and kept on marching ahead, and in the end, entered the precincts of Pataliputra, the Magadhan capital itself.
118. The arch-diplomat, Chanakya had bribed the army and the people in the capital of Nanda. On the strength of this general sedition, the daring Chandragupta fell like an arrow-shot upon the city of Pataliputra. Mahapadmanand Beheaded
119. When Chandragupta’s army rushed into the capital, blocking it very rigidly from every side, there was a great havoc everywhere. Chandragupta himself entered the royal palace but Mahapadmanand had already left it in the general disorder that had ensued, and was trying to slip out of the capital secretly. He was, however, caught on the way and beheaded almost instantaneously. Samrat Chandragupta ki Jaya!
120. Chandragupta was soon proclaimed Emperor of Magadha. He adopted Maurya as his family name after that of his mother, Mura. Hence, he and his royal dynasty came to be known for ever in history by that very name ‘Maurya’. As soon as he publicly ascended the throne of Magadha, he appointed Chanakya the Chief Minister of the empire, approximately in B.C. 321.
121. Alexander died round about B.C. 323. It means, therefore, that within about two years, Samrat Chandragupta and Chanakya effected this gigantic revolution that established the independent and powerful Indian empire, dispelling all gloom of despondency and disintegration, while on the other side, the Greek feudal lords were quarrelling amongst themselves. In order to avail himself fully of this opportunity, Chanakya immediately busied himself with the establishment of internal peace and order. The basic principle of Chanakya’s Political theory—Military Might First
122. But the peace and order of even a unitary empire ultimately depends on its military strength alone, which forms the bedrock of the whole imperial structure. This was the basic principle of Chanakya’s political

theory. Warlike spirit and armed-strength, he said, were the very life-breath not only of the political but also of the civil life of a community. Let that warlike spirit mitigate itself a bit and all religions, all sciences, all arts why the whole life of a nation is doomed! सर्वे धर्मा प्रक्षयेयुर्विवृद्धाः। क्षात्रे त्यक्ते राजधर्मे पुराणे॥ “In the event of the Kshatriyas forsaking their old kingly duty, all the religions are (bound) to perish.” A huge building without a (proper) foundation, as also, an empire without an (adequate) military strength, are bound to topple down even with a stormy wave of wind. Arya Chanakya, who preached all this, first of all began to reorganize a huge powerful army, which was well-commanded and inspired with the ambition to win in order to defend the newly-born empire. This he did with such an amazing speed, that during three or four years, not only his subjects came to have faith in his great powers but also the enemies of India began to fear it. 123. What did this huge army of Chandragupta so well planned and so well organised, amount to? 124. Hardly four years earlier, when Chandragupta-Chanakya vowed secretly to establish an independent Indian empire under a unitary command, their armed might was literally nil! That very Chandragupta who started with this ‘nil’, had now a well-equipped loyal army of 6,00,000 foot soldiers, 30,000 cavalry; 2,000 war-elephants and 4,000 chariots! 125. With this powerful army, Chanakya wiped out the chaos created by the separatist small states, republics and monarchies in north India, which wanted to lead an independent life of their own, and established peace and unitary organization. In the end, all the territory on this side of the Indus up to the Punjab, the Kingdom of the Pauravas and Sindh proper, were annexed to the Mauryan empire. 126. Had any political thinker and administrator or an Indian emperor felt proud to have established for the first time, such a unitary Bharatiya empire, it would have been but natural. India’s Frontier Hindukush not Indus 127. But Chandragupta and Chanakya were not satisfied with extending the boundaries of their empire up to the banks of the Indus only, they had vowed to establish the Bharatiya empire over the whole of India, and to annihilate the unruly Mlenchchas! At that time the (north-western) frontier of India did not rest with the eastern bank of the Indus. But it reached much farther beyond the Indus, so as to include among its fold the regions like the

Gandhar and the rivers now lost to Afghanisthan, but once well-known to Vedic Aryans, like the Kubha (the Kabul of today), the Kramu (the Kurram of today), the Suwastu (the Swat of today), the Gomati (the Gumal of today) and others, right up to the peaks of the Hindukush mountains. To that far end, were spread our republics following the Vedic religion and born of a Bharatiya race! And over these regions had been ruling the traditional royal dynasties of India. As our people in that ice-cold regions were comparatively whiter, it was also called by some “White India”. Naturally the national aspiration, as embodied in Chandragupta-Chanakya scheme of things, fortified its imperial boundaries not only up to the eastern bank of the Indus with a strong army, but it also busied itself with the planning and preparation and execution of the imperial boundaries right up to the natural geographic frontiers of India, the Hindukush mountain and yearned to hoist its flag on the top of that mountain! “These also laboured in the cause espoused by the other sages.” Greek Feuds and the Division of the Empire 128. In the meanwhile, the Greek civil feuds had temporarily ceased by dividing Alexander’s empire, ceding its vast portion from the Indian frontiers up to Babylon to Seleucos Nicator, one of the bravest and most experienced veteran of Alexander’s military officers, who ruled it as an independent sovereign. He was supposed to inherit the claim to the region beyond the Hindukush, which was formely conquered by Alexander. 129. He, therefore, demanded the surrender of that region from Chandragupta, who had appropriated it to himself. Of course, Seleucos did not realize that now the Greeks had to face not an Ambhi of Taxila as before, nor any cowardly minister, but King Chandragupta and his minister, Chanakya! They not only scoffed at this frivolous demand of Seleucos, but demanded in return the surrender of the region from Gandhar to Hindukush beyond the river Indus. Seleucos Attacks India with a Mighty Army 130. Enraged at this rebuff, Seleucos marched against India round about 315 B.C. with a Greek army, trained under Alexander. If we leave aside the little-known invasion of Gandhar by Alexander in B.C. 329, this was the second invasion of India by the Greeks after the famous one, already fully described, by Alexander in B.C. 326. 131. But this time, after he crossed the Indus, Seleucos was amazed to see that the region, instead of being divided into separate Indian republics as at

the time of Alexander, had undergone a complete change, both political and military, because of the brave efforts of Chandragupta and Chanakya. He was confused. Right from the northern most part of Punjab on the bank of the Indus to the waters of the Western Sea (Sindhusagar), he saw erected, as it were, a steel wall of well-organized, centrally controlled fourfold Indian army to check his advance! And at the head of it was Chandragupta himself! 132. As soon as the two armies thirsting to fight met, a bitter war started. The Greeks did their utmost, but at last, the Indian forces on two or three battlefields somewhere on the banks of the Indus (the place or places are unknown yet), put them to such a pitiful rout that hardly four years earlier, when Chandragupta-Chanakya vowed secretly to establish an independent Indian empire under a unitary command, their armed might was literally nil! That very Chandragupta who started with this ‘nil’, had now a well- equipped loyal army of 6,00,000 foot soldiers, 30,000 cavalry, 2,000 war- elephants and 4,000 chariots! Seleucos could not help capitulating to the victorious Chandragupta. Revenge of the Defeat of King Paurav 133. Thus was avenged by this decisive victory of Chandragupta over the vanquished Greeks, the old sore of the defeat of King Paurav and other atrocities and insults meted out to the Indians by Alexander! So... The Vanquished Seleucos Meekly Accepted all the terms of the Victorious Chandragupta 134. According to these terms of the treaty, Seleucos relinquished his right to the Indian region this side of the Indus, which he had so far maintained. But when he was firmly told by Chief Minister Chanakya, that the war would not end unless the whole region from Gandhar to Hindukush, which was till then in the Greek hands, was yielded to the Indian Emperor, he submitted to it meekly and the thousands of Greek warriors, who proudly held their brave chests and their swords drawn up while crossing the Indus on their march against India, now returned crestfallen, with their heads and swords held down. They crossed not only the Indus backwards but retreated to the farthest end of the Hindukush mountain. Love is Impossible Without fear (भय बिन होय न प्रीत) 135. This singular victory of Chandragupta brought the Indian frontiers quite close to those of the Greek empire of Seleucos and the dividing line

between the two empires was the range of the Hindukush mountain! The might of this Indian emperor and the personality of Chandragupta and Chanakya impressed the Greek Emperor, Seleucos, so much that he was fully convinced of the advisability of having friendly relations with such a mighty empire rather than to be on inimical terms with it! Secondly, Seleucos had enemies on the other frontiers, although they too were Greeks. Friendship with Chandragupta, therefore, was calculated to overawe them too! For these reasons, the Greek Emperor Seleucos wholeheartedly signed a treaty of permanent peace with Emperor Chandragupta. 136. Moreover, with a view to cementing this political and international friendship with a wedlock between the two royal families and personal affinities and ties, the Greek emperor celebrated the marriage of his daughter with Chandragupta. 137. This offer of the royal princess in marriage by Seleucos, erected a golden pinnacle bedecked with jewels over the magnificent temple of the success of Emperor Chandragupta! The Glorious Treatise of Mahamatya Chanakya! 138. How very effectively and firmly with full regard to the propriety of the case and yet how very discreetly Chanakya managed the affairs of the state, can be clearly seen from his treatise on body politic named Kautaleeya Arthashastra, and from the far-reaching influence of the invincible Indian Empire, which kept on increasing for at least a hundred years afterwards. The account of Megasthenese, the Greek ambassador at the court of Chandragupta, also testifies to the part this treatise played in maintaining peace and order and affluence in the whole empire. 139. At times a single historical event happening overnight or within a single day, changes the whole current of history for over a thousand years to come. This decisive victory of Chandragupta over the Greeks had also had far-reaching effects. The English historian, Vincent Smith, has this remark to offer: “For almost a hundred years after the failure of Seleucos Nikator, no Greek sovereign presumed to attack India.” 140. “...The first Indian emperor, more than two thousand years ago thus entered into possession of that ‘Scientific frontier’ sighed for in vain by his English successors and never held in its entirety even by the Moghul monarchs of the 16th and 17th centuries. “(Early History of India, 4th ed. 1924 by V.A. Smith p.126). Did Alexander Conquer India? No.

141. In the ancient period throughout the whole of Europe, the Greek civilization was the only one which was far ahead of others. Almost all the modern nations of Europe, therefore, rever it as their source. Naturally, the name of a valiant Greek emperor of that time like Alexander is, therefore, a source of living inspiration to them. The European histories, therefore, call him “Alexander the Great”, and many anecdotes and legends in the mythical manner are colourfully taught to the young pupils through their history textbooks. But the commonly educated European people—not of course the few learned historians—are blissfully ignorant of the then Indian antagonists of Alexander and his Greek empire, Chandragupta, and his minister, Chanakya! Such perversion of history can be overlooked so far as the Europeans are concerned. But after the establishment of the British rule over India in our schools and colleges too, the same disproportionate praises were sung of Alexander in the history textbooks and other types of literature. Because three or four generations of ours have been imparted the same English education, our educated classes are also impressed by the name Alexander the Great. But they too probably never knew who Chandragupta or Chanakya was. This perversion of history, and the misunderstanding it has created in the minds of our people, should no more be tolerated hereafter. We may not mind the other traditional anecdotes about Alexander, but those, at least that are connected with Indian history and that extol Alexander disproportionately to the derogation of the Indian people, must be deleted from our school textbooks and from our literature. Take for example, the one colourfully told in the school and college books of Europe and other types of literature, and which was widely published in our country also by the English.
142. The Greeks and other European people believed that Alexander was a world conqueror and he had conquered the whole of India. When that war-like Emperor returned home after his world conquest, he is said to have burst into tears at the sad thought that no more country remained for him to be conquered. This anecdote about Alexander is, proudly told not only in Europe but even in India! Now it can be very clearly seen how very absurd and ludicrous this belief is from the short account given earlier in these pages. To the great nation of those times, China, he never turned his face. But even if we leave this fact aside, we have already shown how he was baffled and made to retreat, when he came conquering to the Western frontiers of India with the ambitious design to conquer the Empire of

Magadha and the rest of India, and how his aspirations were defeated. Alexander was brave; Alexander was a conqueror. But he was not a world- conqueror! Conqueror of India he never was!! If at all that valiant hero was really moved to tears, it was impossible that his tears should have been caused by the thought that there was no other country left for conquest. For, he himself knew that it was false. His tears then must have been caused by the sad realization that he was not able to defeat India completely, which he longed so much to conquer. On the contrary, he must have been much disturbed by the thought that even the small corner of India he believed he was able to conquer, was also very likely to be wrenched from his hands by the rebellious Indians! 142A. As it is said in the poem “Gomantak”: अन्यकुणाचा असो शिकंदर, परन्तु भारत जेता ना ॥ अंगण ही ना तये देखिले कला ही नाकुणाकुणा ॥ [Of whomsoever else he might be the conqueror, Alexander was never the conqueror of India! He did not even see the courtyard (of the palatial edifice) of India, and to many others, he was never known (even by name)!] Super Alexander! 143. Great men should ordinarily be never compared with one another. They are great in various ways, but if anybody tries to compare any such and extol the one to the derogation of the other, this hoax must be exposed and refuted completely. So long as Europe eulogizes Alexander alone as ‘the Great’ and tries to browbeat his antagonist, Emperor Chandragupta, by evading any reference to him, we Indians must need assert that if at all they are to be compared, Chandragupta was Super Alexander in comparison with Alexander! Alexander ascended the throne of a strong nation, already won by his father and commanded an army that was also formed by King Philip. On the strength of this ancestral inheritance, he bravely built up a strong Greek empire. But Chandragupta enjoyed no such heritage. He had not a single soldier under his command, besides he had been banished from his ancestral empire by his father! Only one man was at his side, it was Arya Chanakya!! Under these circumstances, he had to start anew. Yet he built up a mighty army, conquered the ancestral empire, and wiping out the Greek conquests under Alexander himself and under his general Seleucos Nicator, founded an Indian Empire mightier even than that of Alexander himself!

144. The epoch that starts with the conquest of the Yavanas by Emperor Chandragupta, the Super Shikandar is THE FIRST GLORIOUS EPOCH of Hindu victories over the aggressors. ❑ .

2ND GLORIOUS EPOCH 2. Yavana—Destroyer, Pushy Amitra 145. Emperor Chandragupta expired in 298 B.C. He was succeeded by his son, Bindusar, who was also brave. He took for himself the epithet ‘Amitraghat’ (the annihilator of enemies). Even after the death of Chandragupta, the ministership rested with Chanakya at least for sometime. Naturally, Bindusar took upon himself the task of Chanakya and Chandragupta, which was left half accomplished at the latter’s death (cf: paragraphs 108 to 127). According to the plan, the Yavanas were sorely beaten, the whole of India was once again free, and there was established, as far as north India was concerned, a centrally administered unitary form of strong empire. But there avowed objective was the consolidation of the whole of India under one supreme ruler, for the sake of which, it was his duty to assimilate South India into the Mauryan empire of the north! 146. Although the several states in South India at the time belonged to our own people, they were independent in their own ways and were absolutely free from any kind of foreign domination. It was, however, necessary that they should have merged their separate existence into the north Indian empire, if the whole of India was to be one indivisible nation with a central authority to guide its destiny. To do so was their national duty. 147. Once he started on his southern campaign, Emperor Bindusar made almost all of the southern states and principalities accept his sovereignty either by peace talks, by grants of money or by threats of violence or even by sowing seeds of sedition. It is recorded in history that he annexed seventeen capitals (with their states) between the eastern and western seas to the Maurya empire. It seems that he brought the whole of the northern, southern, eastern and western India under his sole command and accomplished the ideal of the India-wide unitary empire. Besides this, the Maurya empire of Bindusar was unique inasmuch as, even according to the standards of history, India was the mightiest in its military sense, of all the nations of the then known world. 148. It was because of the invincible four-fold armed strength built up according to the precepts of Chanakya. that from Chandragupta’s accasion

to the throne of Magadha to the time when Ashoka courted Buddhism and even his death, i.e. for about a hundred years, no enemy from the outside world could give any kind of offence to this all India Maurya Empire, either by land or sea, or by crossing any frontier whatsoever! Ashoka the Holy! 149. Samrat Bindusar died in 273 B.C. this son, Ashoka ascended the throne after him by putting aside his elder brother. Emperor Ashoka truly deserved to be included in the list of virtuous and holy kings not only of India but of the world. However, according to the criterion laid down in paragraphs 7 to 9 of this book, the Ashokan epoch does not fit in properly in the scope of the glorious epochs. Hence, we cannot do anything more than bypass him with only a slight reference. 150. But after his conversion to Buddhism, Ashoka carried out an excessive propaganda in favour of certain Buddhist principles like Ahimsa and the rest, which have caused so much harm to the Indian political outlook, her political independence, and her empire, that it has become absolutely necessary to discuss at some length here as well as in other chapters, not only the principles of Ashoka but also those of Buddhism and their practices. Hail to Lord Buddha! 151. Before discussing here some of the anti-national Buddhist preachings and practices and their effects, I consider it my duty to state in the beginning—so that there may not be any misunderstanding or perversion of my views—that on the whole, I have a very high regard for Lord Buddha and his religion. In Indian history, there are several lofty Himalayan peaks of world famous personalities and the name of one of those sublime heights is Bhagwan Buddha! As regards this reverence for him, I, too, would gladly join his disciples in bowing down my head before his idol, saying. “Hail to thee, O Lord Buddha!” The Hindu nation too, which gave birth to such a divine, considers him the ninth incarnation of Lord Vishnu. Causes of Decline of Buddhism in India 152. The Buddhist cult for that matter was being preached in the vicinity of Magadha, at least three hundred years before Ashoka. It was mostly propagated, till then, by persuasion and conviction on matters of principles. Naturally, its progress was slow. It has already been pointed out in paragraph no. 16 that till the time of Alexander and Seleucos, Buddhist religion was hardly known in Punjab, Sindh, Gandhar and other provinces.