द ब्यूटीफुल ट्री: १८वीं सदी में भारत की स्वदेशी गुरुकुल शिक्षा (धर्मपाल)

Hindi (375), Sanskrit (353), Persian (694), Arabic (31), English (8), Girls (6), and infants (1). The number of schools in the district of Midnapore was also given: 548 Bengali schools, 182 Oriya schools, 48 Persian schools, and one English school. Table 11 gives the position, district-wise: Table 11: NUMBER AND TYPE OF SCHOOLS Type of Mursh- Beer- Burd- South Tirhoot Total Midna- School idabad bhom wan Behar (p- of pore (p.223) (p.224) (p.225) (p.226) 226) Sur- (p.222) (part (whole (whole (whole (whole veyed (whole Dist.) Dist.) Dist.) Dist.) Dist.) Dists Dist.) BENGALI 62 407 629 1,098 548 HINDI 5 5 285 80 375 ORIYA 182 SANSCRIT 24 56 190 27 56 353 PERSIAN 17 71 93 279 234 694 48 ARABIC 2 2 11 12 4 31 ENGLISH 2 2 3 1 8 1 GIRLS 1 1 4 6 INFANTS 1 113 544 931 604 374 2,556 779 Four Stages of School Instruction Adam divided the period spent in elementary schools into four stages. According to him these were: the first stage, seldom exceeding ten days, during which the young scholar was taught ‘to form the letters of the alphabet on the ground with a small stick or slip of bamboo’, or on a sandboard. The second stage, extending from two and a half to four years, was ‘distinguished by the use of the palm leaf as the material on which writing is performed’, and the scholar was ‘taught to write and read’, and commit ‘to memory the Cowrie Table, the Numeration Table as far as 100, the Katha Table (a land measure Table), and the Ser Table’, etc. The third stage extended ‘from two to three years, which are employed in writing on the plantain-leaf.’ Addition, subtraction, and other arithmetical rules were additionally taught during this period. In the fourth, and last stage, of up to two years, writing was done on paper. The scholar was expected to be able to read the Ramayana, Mansa Mangal, etc., at home, as well as be qualified in accounts, and the writing of letters, petitions, etc. Table 12 indicates the numbers, using the various materials on which writing was done in the surveyed areas. 53