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[sū. 3. 4. 41. ADH. 10.] VEDĀNTA-KAUSTUBHA 761 SŪTRA 41 “AND NOT EVEN (THE EXPIATION) TREATED (IN THE SECTION) ABOUT RIGHTS (IS POSSIBLE ON THE PART OF A TRANSGRESSING HERMIT AND THE LIKE), ON ACCOUNT OF ITS INEFFECTIVENESS BY REASON OF THE INFERENCE (I.E. SMṚTI PASSAGE) ABOUT THE FALL.” Vedānta-pārijāta-saurabha The expiation, formulated in the section treating of rights,¹ is not possible on the part of a perpetual religious student bound by chastity, “On account of its ineffectiveness” in his case, in conformity with the Smṛti passage: “But the twice-born who having ascended the state of a perpetual religious student bound by chastity deviates therefrom,—I do not see any expiation whereby he, the slayer of himself, may be purified” (Agni 165.23a–24b,² A. Sm. 816 ³) Vedānta-kaustubha To the objection, viz. Inadvertence (and not wilful negligence) may be the cause of one’s deviation from the stage of life one has reached; and expiation may entitle such a fallen one to knowledge once more,—the author replies ‘no’. An expiation is mentioned in the text: “A religious student who has deviated from the vow of chastity should sacrifice an ass to Nirṛti”. It is formulated in the sixth chapter, treating of rights, under the aphorism: “The Avakīrṇi-paśu (sacrifice) also (is to be performed like that (viz. the Sthapati-iṣṭi), since the time for the installation of fire has not arrived” (Pū. Mī. Sū. 6.8.22). This is said to be “treated (in the section) about rights”. This is not available for one who has deviated from the vow of a perpetual religious student bound by chastity. Why? “On account of its ineffectiveness by reason of the inference about the fall”, i.e. because in conformity with a Smṛti passage indicating the fall as very difficult to be atoned for, the expiation is not effective for him. The Smṛti passage is as follows: “But the twice-born who having ascended the state of a ¹ Pū. Mī. Sū. 6.8.22. ² Pp. 158-159. Ś, R, Bh, Śk. ³ P. 33, line 19. Reading slightly different, viz. “Yena śuddhyati kar- maṇā”.

[SŪ. 3 4. 42. 762 VEDĀNTA-PĀRIJĀTA-SAURABHA ADH. 10.] perpetual religious student, bound by chastity, deviates therefrom,— I do not see any expiation whereby he, the slayer of himself, may be purified" (Agni 165.23a-34b, A.Sm. 8.16). The word "even" (in the sūtra) suggests that the stated expiation is valid for a religious student who becomes a house-holder after the completion of his study.¹ COMPARISON Baladeva Interpretation totally different, viz. "and (the nirapekṣa devotee does) not (desire for) even the office (of world-rulership and the like), on account of the inference (i.e. possibility) of fall (from such office), (and) because (he has) no connection with those (offices)", i.e. no wish for them.² OPPONENT'S VIEW (Sūtra 42) SŪTRA 42 "BUT PRECEDED BY ‘UPA’, (I.E. A MINOR SIN) EVEN, SOME (THINK SO), (THEY CLAIM) THE EXISTENCE (OF AN EXPIATION FOR IT), AS IN THE CASE OF EATING, THAT HAS BEEN SAID." Vedānta-pārijāta-saurabha "But some" think that the deviation of a perpetual religious student bound by chastity ³ from his vow of chastity is a minor sin, and hence there is an expiation for it, since he too is equally a religious student like one who is a religious student for a time only and not for life ⁴, "as in the case of the taking" of intoxicating liquor. "That has been said :” “ ‘Of the subsequent ones, what is non-contradictory.’ ” ⁵ ¹ I.e. an upakurvāṇa. A naiṣṭhika remains a religious student all his life, but an upakurvāṇa only for a time. ² G.B. 3.4.41, p. 285, Chap. 3. ³ A naiṣṭhika. ⁴ An upakurvāṇa. ⁵ R. Śk.

[sū. 3. 4. 42. ADH 10 ] VEDĀNTA-KAUSTUBHA 763 Vedanta-kaustubha "Preceded by 'upa'," i e. the deviation of a perpetual religious student and so on, bound by chastity and the rest, from their vow of chastity by going to women and so on, is "preceded by the word 'upa'", i.e is but a minor (upa) sin (pātaka); not a major sin that cannot be atoned for. The word "even" implies reason. "Some" teachers think that they too being equally religious students, there is "the existence" of an expiation for them as for those who are reli- gious students for a time, but not always. "As in the case of eating." Just as the prohibition with regard to the taking of spirituous liquor and so on and the expiation thereof apply equally to those who are religious students for life and those who are so for a time only,—so is the case here. "That has been said" by the Smṛti-writer: "Of the subse- quent ones, what is non-contradictory to that". The sense is that what has been said with regard to one who is a religious student for a time is possible in the case of one who belongs to a subsequent stage of life, viz. one who is religious student for life and so on, in so far as it is not contradictory to the stage of life of the latter. In this way, an expiation for the deviation of perpetual religious students from their vow of chastity being possible, they come to be entitled to knowledge once again Similar is the case with the hermits belong- ing to the third order of life and the wandering mendicants belonging to the fourth order COMPARISON Śaṁkara He takes it to be forming an adhikaraṇa by itself. Interpretation same. Bhāskara This sūtra is not found in his commentary. Baladeva Interpretation absolutely different, viz. "But what is preceded by 'upa' (i.e. upāsanā or meditation) (is the only object desired by a nirapekṣa devotee) some (branches declare so), (and) the sentiment (of devotion) is like food (to him), that has been said (in Scripture)" ¹. ¹ G.B. 3.4.42, pp. 286-287, Chap. 3. 19

764 VEDĀNTA-PĀRIJĀTA-SAURABHA [SŪ. 3. 4. 43. ADH. 10 ] CORRECT CONCLUSION (Sūtra 43) SŪTRA 43 "BUT (SUCH A TRANSGRESSOR IS) OUTSIDE (THE SPHERE OF KNOW- LEDGE), IN EITHER CASE EVEN, ON ACCOUNT OF SMṚTI AND ON ACCOUNT OF CONDUCT." Vedānta-pārijāta-saurabha Whether the deviation of perpetual religious students from their own stage of life be a major or a minor sin, "in either case even", they are "outside" the right to the knowledge of Brahman, "on account of the Smṛti passage: "I do not see any expiation whereby he, the killer of himself, may be purified" (Agni 165.24b ¹) "and on account of the conduct" of the good Vedānta-kaustubha Whether the deviation of those who are bound by chastity from their own stage of life be a major or a minor sin, "in either case even" they are to be kept "outside" ² indeed by the good. Why? "On account of Smṛti and on account of conduct," i.e. on account of the Smṛti passage censuring such a deviation, viz.: "I do not see any expiation whereby he, the killer of himself, may be purified" (Agni 165.24b), "If one sees a Brāhmaṇa who ascended (to a high stage) has fallen (therefrom), one should undergo the Cāndrāyaṇa ³ penance"; and on account of the conduct of the good who always shun one who has deviated from the vow of chastity. Hence it is established that those who have deviated from their stages of life are not entitled to the knowledge of Brahman. Here ends the section entitled "One who has become that" (10) ¹ Ś, R, Śk. ² Note that the interpretation of the term "bahiḥ" is different from Nim- bārka's. ³ An expiatory penance regulated by the moon's age. The method is to begin with taking fifteen mouthfuls of food at the full moon, and decrease it daily by one mouthful during the dark-half, and increase by one mouthful again during the bright-half. Vide Manu 6.20 and Kullukabhaṭṭa's commentary. 19B

[sū. 3. 4. 44. ADH. 11.] VEDĀNTA-PĀRIJĀTA-SAURABHA 765 COMPARISON Śaṃkara He takes it as forming an adhikaraṇa by itself, and interprets the work “bahiḥ” like Śrīnivāsa ¹ Bhāskara He omits the word “api” and interprets the word “bahiḥ” like Śrīnivāsa ² This is sūtra 41 in his commentary Baladeva He too omits the word “api” Interpretation absolutely different, viz “(The nirapekṣa devotee is) outside (all worldly entanglements) in both ways, (viz.) on account of Smṛti and on account of conduct” ³ Adhikaraṇa 11: The section entitled “The Lord”. (Sūtras 44-45) OPPONENT'S VIEW (Sūtra 44) SŪTRA 44 “OF THE LORD, ON ACCOUNT OF THE SCRIPTURAL STATEMENT ABOUT FRUIT, SO ĀTREYA (THINKS).” Vedānta-pārijāta-saurabha The meditation based on the subsidiary parts of sacrificial acts is performed by the sacrificer, “so Ātreya” thinks, on account of the scriptural statement about the result attained, viz “What alone one does with knowledge” (Chānd. 1.1.10 ⁴). ¹ Ś.B. 3.4.43, p. 888. ² Bh. B. 3.4 41, (written as 3.4.42), p. 214. ³ G.B. 3.4.43, pp. 287-288, Chap. 3. ⁴ Not quoted by others.

766 VEDĀNTA-KAUSTUBHA [SŪ. 3. 4. 45. ADH. 11.] Vedānta-kaustubha The view of one who knows is acceptable, but not that of one who does not know. Hence in the previous section the view of Jaimini has been accepted, while that of others has been rejected. Now by showing that the meditation on the subsidiary parts is the work of the officiating priest, and having thereby rejected the view of one who does not know, the author is again demonstrating that the view of only one who knows is acceptable. On the doubt, viz. whether the meditation on the udgītha and the rest, the subsidiary parts of sacrificial acts, is the work of the sacrificer, the Lord, or of the sacrificing priest,—"of the Lord, so" the teacher "Ātreya" thinks. Why? "On account of the scriptural text about fruit," i.e. because in the text: "What alone one does with knowledge" (Chānd. 1.1.10) the result produced, viz. greater potency, is declared to be pertaining to the sacrificer. COMPARISON Baladeva He too begins a new adhikaraṇa here (three sūtras), but concerned with an entirely different topic, viz. the special favour shown by the Lord to His nirapekṣa devotees. Hence the sūtra: "From the Lord (arises the fulfilment of all the wants of the nirapekṣa devotee), on account of the scriptural text about fruit, so Ātreya thinks".¹ Hence he does not take this sūtra as representing the opponent's view. CORRECT CONCLUSION (Sūtra 45) SŪTRA 45 "THE WORK OF THE PRIEST, SO AUḌULOMI (THINKS), BECAUSE FOR THAT (HE) IS BOUGHT." Vedānta-pārijāta-saurabha The meditation based on the subsidiary parts of sacrificial acts is performed by the officiating priest, because the priest has been ¹ G.B. 3.4.44, pp. 289-290, Chap. 3.

[sū. 3. 4. 45. ADH. 11 ] VEDĀNTA-KAUSTUBHA 767 bought "for that" 1, i.e for the sacrificial act, and the result produced pertains to the sacrificer 2. Vedānta-kaustubha The meditation on the udgītha and the rest, which are subsidiary parts of sacrificial acts, is to be performed by the officiating priest— "so" the teacher "Auḍulomi" thinks. Why? The word "because" states the reason. That is, as the officiating priest, who performs the sacrificial act, has been "bought" with fees by the sacrificer "for that", i.e. for the sacrificial act together with its subsidiary parts, so it is to be performed by him alone If it be objected that the result produced, viz. greater potency, mentioned in the scriptural text: "What alone one does with knowledge, that alone becomes more potent" (Chānd. 1.1.10), can belong only to one who meditates,—we reply: not so. In accordance with the maxim · "The fruit mentioned in Scripture (accrues) to the instigator" (Pū. Mī. Sū. 3.7.18 3), and in accordance with the scriptural text: "What- ever blessing, forsooth, the priests pray for, all those accrue to the sacrificer" (Śat Br. 1.1 1, 26 4), the fruit belongs to the sacrificer alone Hence it is established that the meditation based on the subordinate members of sacrificial acts is the work of the officiating priest Here ends the section entitled "The Lord" (11). COMPARISON Śaṃkara After this sūtra, he reads a sūtra "Śruteś ca", not found in Nimbārka's commentary. Here he quotes some passages to the effect that the fruit belongs to the sacrificer himself 5 1 C.S.S. ed. reads "tasya", p 77. 2 This last portion· "and . sacrificer" not found in the C.S.S. ed. Brindāban ed. reads "phalasya", p. 1164. 3 P. 395, vol. 1. 4 P. 25, lines 7-8. 5 Ś.B. 3.4.46, p. 890.

768 VEDĀNTA-PĀRIJĀTA-SAURABHA [sū. 3. 4. 46. ADH. 12.] Baladeva Interpretation absolutely different, viz. “the work of the priest, so Auḍulomi (thinks), for (the Lord) is bought for him”. That is, just as an officiating priest sells himself, as it were, to the sacrificer, so the Lord sells Himself to the nirapekṣa devotees.¹ He too like Śaṁkara reads a sūtra “Śruteś ca” after this sūtra Adhikaraṇa 12. The section entitled “The injunction of another auxiliary”. (Sūtras 46– 48) SŪTRA 46 “(THERE IS) INJUNCTION OF ANOTHER AUXILIARY FOR ONE WHO POSSESSES THAT, AS IN THE CASE OF INJUNCTION AND SO ON, (THE TERM ‘MAUNA’ DENOTING), IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE OTHER ALTERNATIVE, A THIRD SOMETHING.” Vedānta-pārijāta-saurabha In the text: “Hence let a Brāhmaṇa, being disgusted with learning, desire to live in the childlike state; being disgusted with the states of childhood and learning, then he becomes an ascetic” (Bṛh. 3.5.1 ²), the term ‘ascetic’ may, of course, mean ‘one possessed of knowledge’, yet “according to the other alternative”, it may also mean ‘one given to profound reflection’. Hence, “another auxiliary”, “a third” something as distinguished from learning and childlike state, viz. asceticism, has been enjoined here, like sacrifice and the rest and like calmness and the rest. Vedānta-kaustubha Previously, sacrifices and the rest and calmness and the rest have been determined as auxiliaries to one who is possessed of know- ledge. Similarly, asceticism is another auxiliary to one possessed of knowledge. Now, a discussion relating to this is being undertaken. ¹ G.B. 3.4.45, p. 291, Chap. 3. ² Ś, R, Bh, Śk.

[sū. 3 4. 46. ADH 12.] VEDĀNTA-KAUSTUBHA 769 In the Bṛhadāraṇyaka, to the question of Kahola, it is said: “Hence let a Brāhmaṇa, being disgusted with learning, desire to live in the childlike state; being disgusted with the states of childhood and learning, then he becomes an ascetic; being disgusted with the non-ascetic and ascetic states, then he becomes a Brāhmaṇa” (Bṛh. 3.5.1). Here the doubt is as to whether here like the states of child- hood and learning, asceticism too is enjoined, or is only referred back (as something already enjoined) If it be suggested that ‘asceticism’ means knowledge, and that has indeed been already established by the phrase: ‘Being disgusted with learning’, and (hence) the word ‘ascetic’ simply refers back to this,— We reply: “For one who is possessed of that”, i.e. for one possessed of knowledge, “a third”, i.e. a means, viz. asceticism, a third some- thing as distinguished from learning and childlike state, is enjoined. This very thing the author states in the phrase. “An injunction of another auxiliary”. The states of learning and childhood are auxi- liaries to a direct vision of Brahman, the object to be attained, asceti- cism is another auxiliary as distinguished from them; and the word ‘ascetic’ is nothing but an injunction with regard to it. “As in the case of injunction and so on.” An injunction is what is enjoined as helpful, such as, all the duties incumbent on the stages of life, sacrifice, charity and so on, and calmness and the rest. By the words “and so on” the states of learning and childhood are understood. To the argument, viz. that ‘asceticism’ means knowledge, and that has indeed already been established by the phrase: ‘Being disgusted with learning’, and hence the word ‘ascetic refers back to this,—we reply: “In accordance with the other alternative”. That is, since the word ‘ascetic’ is well known to mean, alternately, ‘one given to profound reflection’, as in the statement “Among ascetics also, I am Vyāsa” (Gītā 10.37) ‘asceticism’ is a different thing, a third something, distinguished from the state of learning. Here although in the phrase: ‘Then an ascetic’, there is no employment of the imperative, yet this special kind of reflection, not enjoined before, must be taken as something to be enjoined. As in this way the previous Brāhmaṇas have attained their ends ‘so’ let another Brāhmaṇa too, ‘being dis- gusted with’, i.e. having succeeded with certainty, in ‘the state of learning’, i.e. the duties of a learned man, viz. hearing of the Veda, ‘desire to stay in the childlike state’, i e. wish to stay reflecting. Having succeeded in both, he may be an ‘ascetic’, i.e. given to profound

770 VEDĀNTA-PĀRIJĀTA-SAURABHA [SŪ 3 4. 47. ADH 12.] meditation. After that, having succeeded in non-asceticism, i e. in the group of means other than asceticism, as well as 'asceticism', he becomes a 'Brāhmaṇa', i.e comes to attain knowledge,—this is the meaning of the text.¹ COMPARISON Baladeva He too begins a new adhikarana here (one sūtra), but continues the topic of the nirapekṣa devotees. This is sūtra 47 in his com- mentary. Hence the sūtra: "(There is) the injunction of another third auxiliary (viz. meditation), an alternative (to hearing and thinking) for one who has that, (viz for the nirapekṣa devotees), as in the case of injunction and so on" That is, in the case of the svaniṣṭha and pariniṣṭha devotees, sacrifice and calmness, self-control and so on are enjoined as auxiliaries to knowledge But the nirapekṣa devotees already possess these, and so in their case these two sets of auxiliaries cannot be enjoined Hence in their case meditation is enjoined instead, and this they must practise necessarily, just as house-holders and the rest must necessarily perform the saṁdhyā-ceremony and so on ² SŪTRA 47 "BUT ON ACCOUNT OF THE EXISTENCE OF ALL (DUTIES INCUM- BENT ON THE DIFFERENT STAGES OF LIFE), (THERE IS) CONCLUDING WITH THE HOUSE-HOLDER." Vedānta-pārijāta-saurabha "The concluding with the house-holder" in the passage: "For- sooth, having stayed thus as long as he lives, he reaches the world of Brahman and does not return any more" (Chānd. 8.15.1³), is meant for exhibiting all religious duties, as in the stage of a house-holder the religious duties, incumbent on all the stages of life, are obligatory. 1 I.e. here pāṇḍitya means śravaṇa, bālya manana and mauna nididhyāsana. 2 G.B. 3.4.47, p. 293-294, Chap. 3. 3 Ś, R, Bh, Śk, B.

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[sū. 3. 4. 47 ADH. 12.] VEDĀNTA-KAUSTUBHA 771 Vedānta-kaustubha It may be objected: If the religious duties like sacrifice, charity, austerity, calmness, self-control and the like, as well as those called hearing, thinking and meditating,—duties that are to be performed by men of all stages of life who desire for salvation,—be auxiliaries to knowledge; and if knowledge, attainable through them and common to men of all stages of life, be the means to salvation, then there cannot be any justification for "concluding with the house-holder" in the Chāndogya-text, which beginning: "Having studied the Veda in the house of a teacher in accordance with rules, in time left over from doing work for the teacher; having returned to his own house, studying his sacred texts in a clean spot" (Chānd. 8.15.1), concludes: "Forsooth, having stayed thus as long as he lives, he reaches the world of Brahman and does not return any more" (Chānd. 8 15 1). Hence, such a conclusion clearly indicates that there are no other stages of life ¹. To this the author replies here. The word "but" is meant for disposing of the objection. That is, simply because the stage of a house-holder has been mentioned at the end, it is not to be thought that there are no stages of life other than that. "On account of the existence of all" religious duties therein, "the concluding with the house-holder" is meant for exhibit- ing all religious duties. COMPARISON Rāmānuja and Śrīkaṇṭha The phrase compound "kṛtsna-bhāvāt" interpreted differently, viz. 'on account of the existence (of knowledge) in all (the stages of life)'.² Śrīkaṇṭha takes this sūtra as constituting an adhikaraṇa by itself. Baladeva He too takes it as an adhikaraṇa by itself. Interpretation same.

¹ Vide the same objection raised on another ground in Br. Sū. 3.4.18. ² Śrī. B. 3.4.47, p. 394, part 2; Śk. B. 3.4.47, pp. 411-412, Parts 10 and 11

संस्कृत मूल एवं हिन्दी अनुवाद (Unicode Devanagari)

॥ ब्रह्मसूत्रम् ३.४.४७ ॥ कृत्स्नभावात्तु गृहिणोपसंहारः ॥ ४७ ॥ वेदान्तकौस्तुभः (श्रीश्रीनिवासाचार्यकृतः) पूर्वपक्षः — ननु यज्ञादीनि शमदमादीनि श्रवणादीनि च मुमुक्षूणां सर्वेषामाश्रमिणां धर्मा विद्याङ्गं भवन्ति, तन्निर्वर्त्यविद्या च सर्वाश्रमसाधारणी मुक्तिसाधनं चेत्, तर्हि छान्दोग्ये उपसंहारे गृहिण एव परिग्रहः कुतो न्याय्यः? यथा हि श्रूयते— «आचार्यात् कुलं वेदमधीत्य यथाविधानं गुरोः कर्मातिशेषेणाभिसमावृत्य कुटुम्बे शुचौ देशे स्वाध्यायमधीयानो... स खल्वेवं वर्तयन्यावदायुषं ब्रह्मलोकमभिसम्पद्यते न च पुनरावर्तते न च पुनरावर्तते» (छा० उप० ८.१५.१) इति। अनेन गृहिणैवोपसंहाराद् आश्रमान्तरं नास्तीति गम्यते। सिद्धान्तः — अत्र तु-शब्देन पूर्वपक्षं व्यावर्तयति। न ह्युपसंहारमात्रेणाश्रमान्तराभाव आशङ्कनीयः। यतः गार्हस्थ्ये सर्वधर्माणां ‘कृत्स्नभावात्’—सर्वेषामेवाश्रमाणां धर्माणां न्यूनाधिकभावेन गृहाश्रमेऽन्तर्भावात् सर्वधर्मप्रदर्शनाय गृहिणोपसंहारः कृतः। हिन्दी अनुवाद: आक्षेप (पूर्वपक्ष): यदि यज्ञ, दान, तप, शम, दम तथा श्रवण, मनन एवं निदिध्यासन आदि सभी आश्रमों के मुमुक्षुओं द्वारा अनुष्ठेय धर्म विद्या के अङ्ग हैं, और उनके द्वारा निष्पन्न विद्या सभी आश्रमों के लिए समान रूप से मुक्ति का साधन है, तो छान्दोग्योपनिषद् के उपसंहार में केवल गृहस्थ का ही उल्लेख क्यों किया गया? इससे प्रतीत होता है कि गार्हस्थ्य के अतिरिक्त अन्य कोई आश्रम नहीं है। समाधान (सिद्धान्त): सूत्रस्थ 'तु' शब्द इस पूर्वपक्ष के निराकरणार्थ है। केवल अन्त में गृहस्थ का वर्णन होने से अन्य आश्रमों का अभाव सिद्ध नहीं होता। 'कृत्स्नभावात्' अर्थात् गृहस्थाश्रम में सभी धर्मों (अहिंसा, दम, अध्ययन आदि) का समावेश होने के कारण समस्त आश्रम-धर्मों के उपलक्षण (प्रदर्शन) के लिए गृहस्थ के साथ ग्रन्थ का उपसंहार किया गया है।

[SŪ. 3. 4. 48. 772 VEDĀNTA-PĀRIJĀTA-SAURABHA ADH. 12] SŪTRA 48 “AS IN THE CASE OF ASCETICISM, ON ACCOUNT OF THE TEACHING OF OTHERS AS WELL ” Vedānta-pārijāta-saurabha In the very same manner, the teaching of asceticism in that text is meant for exhibiting all religious duties, since like the teaching of asceticism, there is the teaching of the duties incumbent on all stages of life in the text: “There are three branches of religious duty” (Chānd 2.23.1 ¹) Vedānta-kaustubha The author points out that similarly here too the teaching of asceticism in the passage. “Then an ascetic” (Bṛh. 3.5.1), preceded by that of the life of a mendicant: “Then they live the life of mendi- cants” (Bṛh. 3.5.1), is meant for exhibiting the religious duties in- cumbent on all stages of life. Thus, here too, the teaching of asceticism, preceded by that of the life of a mendicant, in the passage: “The Brāhmaṇas, having risen above the desires for sons, desires for wealth, desires for worlds, live the life of mendicants” (Bṛh. 3.5.1), is meant for exhibiting the religious duties incumbent on all the stages of life. Why ? “As in the case of asceticism,” i.e. because like the teaching of asceticism, there is the “teaching of other” stages of life too in the passage: “There are three branches of religious duty. Sacrifice, study and charity are the first; austerity alone is the second; a student of sacred knowledge living in the house of a preceptor and exhausting himself completely in the house of a teacher is the third. All these become possessors of meritorious worlds. One who stands on Brahman goes to immortality” (Chānd. 2.23.1) and so on. Hence it is estab- lished that the states of learning, childhood and asceticism are en- joined here. Here ends the section entitled “The injunction of another auxiliary” (12). ¹ Ś, R, B.

{SŪ. 3. 4. 49 ADH. 13.] VEDĀNTA-KAUSTUBHA 773 COMPARISON Śrīkaṇṭha He begins a new adhikaraṇa here (two sūtras), concerned with an entirely different topic, viz. whether those who practise the vow of Pāśupata and do not belong to any particular stage of life are entitled to salvation. The answer is that they are entitled. Hence the sūtra: "On account of the teaching of others too (viz. calmness and the like, etc.) like, asceticism". That is, asceticism, as well as calmness, self-control and the rest, which have been designated as auxiliaries to knowledge, the means to salvation, are enjoined in connection with the vow called Pāśūpata as well. Hence it follows that those who practise this vow, automatically practise asceticism and the rest, gain knowledge thereby, and attain salvation through it.¹ Adhikaraṇa 13: The section entitled "Non- manifestation". (Sūtra 49) SŪTRA 49 "NON-MANIFESTING, ON ACCOUNT OF CONNECTION." Vedānta-pārijāta-saurabha Without manifesting one's own greatness and so on, due to learning, let one remain in the childlike state, i.e. without pride, since it is possible for this alone to have a "connection" with the topic. Vedānta-kaustubha It has been established that in the text: "Hence let a Brāhmaṇa, being disgusted with learning desire to stay in the childlike state; being disgusted with the childlike state and learning, then he becomes an ascetic" (Bṛh. 3.5.1), asceticism too is something to be enjoined. Now the meaning of the phrase 'childlike state' is being considered. 1 Śk. B. 3.4.48, pp. 413-414, Parts 10 and 11.

[SŪ. 3 4. 49. 774 VEDĀNTA-KAUSTUBHA ADH. 13.] The doubt is whether the action of a child, i.e. nothing but wilful behaviour, is meant by the phrase 'childlike state', and that is to be practised by one desirous of salvation; or whether freedom from arrogance, pride, self-consciousness and so on are denoted by the phrase 'childlike state' here, and these are to be practised by one desirous of salvation. If it be suggested that 'childlike state' means the state of a child, i e. nothing but wilful behaviour, that is to be practised by one desirous of salvation, there being no reason for the restriction that only freedom from arrogance and the rest are to be practised and not simply wilful behaviour,— We reply: "Without manifesting" one's wisdom, generated through hearing and so on, one should desire to stay in the childlike state, i.e. be free from arrogance and the rest. Why? "On account of connection," i.e. because the state of freedom from arrogance and so on alone can have any "connection" with the topic of discussion, while wilful behaviour can have no connection whatsoever with it, in accordance with the scriptural text: "Not one who has not refrained from bad conduct, not one who is not tranquil, not one who is not composed, not one who is not of peaceful mind, can obtain Him even through intelligence" (Katha 2.24). Hence it is established that one desirous of salvation should have 'childlike state', i.e freedom from arrogance and the like. Here ends the section entitled "Non-manifestation" (13). COMPARISON Śrīkaṇṭha Here he concludes the topic, viz. whether those who practise the vow called Pāśupata are entitled to salvation or not. The prima facie view is that since such people do not belong to any stage of life, they are not so entitled. The answer is: "(Although the Pāśupata- āśrama) does not manifest itself, (i.e. is not, a particular āśrama, yet) owing to (its) connection (with all the requisites of the stage of asceticism, such as, chastity and so on, it is called an 'atyāśrama' or super-āśrama, and is the cause of salvation)"'.¹ ¹ Śk. B. 3.4.49, pp. 415-416, Parts 10 and 11.

[SŪ. 3. 4. 50 VEDĀNTA-KAUSTUBHA 775 ADH. 14.] Baladeva He, like Nimbārka, takes this sūtra (sūtra 50 in his commentary) as forming an adhikaraṇa by itself, but dealing with an entirely different topic, viz. the keeping of knowledge as secret. Hence the sūtra: "(Let one remain) without manifesting (i.e. revealing the knowledge attained), on account of connection (i.e. tradition)". That is, when a preceptor teaches his disciple, he should ask the disciple to keep what he has learnt a strict secret, for such is the tradition ¹. Adhikaraṇa 14: The section entitled "In this life" (Sūtra 50) SŪTRA 50 "(THERE IS THE RISE OF KNOWLEDGE) IN THIS LIFE IF OBSTRUC- TION BE NOT PRESENT, ON ACCOUNT OF THAT BEING SEEN." Vedānta-pārijāta-saurabha "If obstruction" be non-existent, then there is rise of knowledge "in this life"; if it be present, in the next, "on account of that being declared" by the text: "Then Naciketas, having obtained the know- ledge declared by Death" (Kaṭha 6.18 ²) and so on Vedānta-kaustubha Having stated the multitude of means that lead to the rise of knowledge, the author is now considering its time. On the doubt, viz. whether through the means, demonstrated in the group of aphorisms ending with "Non-manifesting, on account of connection" (Br. Sū. 3.4.49), knowledge arises in this life or in the next,—the prima facie view is that in accordance with the scriptural text: "Let one desirous of salvation perform sacrifices" (Tait. Saṁ. 2.5.5 ³) and so on, people strive for only prosperity ¹ G.B. 3.4.50, pp. 299-300, Chap. 3. ² B. ³ P. 208, line 27. vol. 2.

776 VEDĀNTA-KAUSTUBHA [sū. 3. 4. 50 ADH. 14.] in the next life, but not for the rise of knowledge, knowledge being possible in this very life With regard to it, we reply: “If obstruction”, i.e. if the obstruc- tion to knowledge, viz works which are dependent on particular place and time and are about to produce results other than knowledge, “be not present” That is, if the group of means which lead to knowledge be performed well, there is the rise of knowledge “in this life”; if any obstruction to such works be present, then in the next. Why ? “On account of that being seen,” i.e. because the rise of knowledge is found to take place in both ways. That in the absence of any obstruction, there is the rise of knowledge in this life is declared by the text: “Then Naciketas, having attained the knowledge declared by Death and this rule ¹ of the Yoga entirely, attained Brahman and became stainless, deathless” (Kaṭha 6.18). That through the means, practised in one life, there is the rise of knowledge in another life is declared by the text: “Even when in the womb, Vāmadeva perceived”. If there be a large number of obstructions, the attain- ment of knowledge is indeed very difficult, in accordance with the scriptural text. “He whom many, though hearing, know not” (Kaṭha 2.7). Hence it is established that the rise of knowledge takes place on the removal of obstructions. There is no fixed rule that knowledge arises in that very life in which the means were performed. Here ends the section entitled “In this life” (14) COMPARISON Śaṁkara He reads: “Aihikam api aprastuta-pratibandhe....” ². Inter- pretation same. This is sūtra 51 in his commentary. Rāmānuja He reads: “Aihikama aprastuta-pratibandhe....”. Interpreta- tion of the word “aihikam” different, viz. “What belongs to this ¹ Our text reads “yoga-siddhi”—a mis-quotation. Correct one “Yoga- vidhi”. Vide Kaṣha, p. 120. ² Ś.B. 3.4.51, p. 894.

[sū. 3. 4. 50. ADH. 14.] VEDĀNTA-KAUSTUBHA 777 world (i.e. meditation aiming at worldly prosperity)". That is, there are two kinds of meditation, viz. that which aims at worldly prosperity only ("aihikam") and that which aims at final release The former may or may not arise in this life according to the absence or presence of obstruction ¹, and similarly there is no fixed rule with regard to the latter also as will be shown in the next sūtra. Bhāskara He reads: "Aihikam aprasutam pratibandhena darśānat" Accord- ingly the sūtra means: "(There is the rise of knowledge) in this life, (if the works which obstruct it have) not sprung up, through (the presence of such an) obstruction (however, there is the rise of know- ledge in the next world), because (that) is seen".² Thus, the import is the same as Nimbārka's This is sūtra 48 in his commentary Śrīkaṇṭha His reading of the sūtra is like Rāmānuja's reading. Interpreta- tion different, i.e. he is here speaking of the time of the rise of salva- tion and not of knowledge. Nimbārka speaks of this in the next sūtra. Śrīkaṇṭha interprets the sūtra thus. "(The result of medita- tion, viz. salvation, arises) in this life (i.e. as soon as the present body ceases), if obstruction be not present, on account of that being seen". That is, if there be no contrary karmas, then a knower attains release as soon as he dies. But it there be such karmas, he has to be re-born and exhaust them before he can attain release. Hence it is that even knowers like Vāmadeva are seen to have re-births ³. Baladeva His reading too is like Rāmānuja's reading Interpretation same. ¹ Śrī. B. 3.4.50, p. 398, Part 2. ² Bh. B. 3.4 48, (written as 3.4.49), p. 216. ³ Śk. B. 3.4.50, pp. 416-418, Parts 10 and 11.

778 VEDĀNTA-PĀRIJĀTA-SAURABHA [sū. 3. 4. 51. ADH. 15 ] Adhikaraṇa 15 · The section entitled "The fruit, viz. salvation" (Sūtra 51) SŪTRA 51 "SIMILARLY, (THERE IS) NON-RESTRICTION WITH REGARD TO THE FRUIT, VIZ. SALVATION, ON ACCOUNT OF ONE HAVING THAT STATE BEING ASCERTAINED, ON ACCOUNT OF ONE HAVING THAT STATE BEING ASCERTAINED." Vedānta-pārijāta-saurabha Likewise, there is "non-restriction with regard to the fruit, viz. salvation", in accordance with the statement: "For him there is delay so long" (Chānd. 6.14.2 ¹). Here ends the fourth quarter of the third chapter in the Vedānta- pārijāta-saurabha, an interpretation of the Śārīraka- mīmāṁsā texts by the reverend Nimbārka. Vedānta-kaustubha The question as to when a seeker attains knowledge, whether here or hereafter, has been considered above. Now, the question as to when one who has attained knowledge and is a seeker of salvation attains salvation is being considered. The doubt is as to whether or not there is any universal rule that the fruit of knowledge, viz. salvation, arises only after the knower is freed from the body in which he has attained knowledge. The prima facie view is as follows:— As soon as the means are accomplished, the fruit may be attained at that very moment; hence the fruit arises immediately after he is freed from the body. With regard to it, we reply: "There is non-restriction with regard to the fruit, viz. salvation". That is, just as there is non-restriction or no universal rule with regard to the rise of knowledge,—viz. in the absence of obstructions, there is the rise of knowledge here; in their presence elsewhere,—"so" there is "non-restriction" with regard to the fruit of knowledge, viz. "salvation", belonging to one who ¹ B.

[SŪ. 3. 4. 51. ADH. 15.] VEDĀNTA-KAUSTUBHA 779 has attained knowledge If the works which have begun to bear fruits be absent, then the fruit of knowledge, viz. salvation, belonging to the knower, arises after he is freed from the present body; but if they be present, then after he is freed from still another body,—thus there is no fixed rule here. Why? “On account of one having that state being ascertained,” i.e. because the Chāndogya text: “For him there is delay only so long as I am (i e. he is) not free, then I shall (i e. he will)¹ attain (Brahman)” (Chānd 6.14.2) speaks of “one having that state”, i.e. one having the state of a knower, or, one by whom knowledge has been obtained. Hence it is established that there is no fixed rule with regard to the fruit, viz. salvation. The repetition of the last words indicates the completion of the chapter Here ends the section entitled “The fruit, viz. salvation” (15). Here ends the fourth quarter of the third chapter in the Vedānta- kaustubha, a commentary on the Śārīraka-mīmāṁsā by the reverend teacher Śrīnivāsa, dwelling under the lotus-feet of the reverend Nimbārka, the founder and the teacher of the sect of the holy Sanatkumāra. And this third chapter, entitled “The means”, concerned with the discussion about the knowledge of Brahman, is completed. COMPARISON Śaṁkara Interpretation different, viz. “Similarly, (there is) no fixed rule with regard to the fruit, viz. salvation, on account of such a state being ascertained (to be Brahman)”. That is, the result of know- ledge is not subject to the same rule as the origin of knowledge. The latter may vary, i.e. take place here or hereafter; but the former is not subject to any variations, but is the same always, since Scripture declares salvation to be Brahman, the UNCHANGEABLE.² Rāmānuja Interpretation same. He points out that just as there is no fixed rule with regard to the rise of the fruit of that kind of meditation ¹ See V.K. 1.1.7. ² Ś.B. 3.4.51, pp. 896 ff. 20

[SŪ. 3. 4. 51. 780 VEDĀNTA-KAUSTUBHA ADH. 15.] which aims at worldly prosperity (considered in the previous sūtra), so there is no fixed rule with regard to the rise of the fruit of that of meditation which aims at salvation.¹ Bhāskara He interprets the first part, viz. “muktiphalāniyamaḥ” like Nimbārka, the second part, viz “tadavasthāvadhṛteḥ” like Śaṁkara Thus, according to him the sūtra means: although there is no fixed rule as to whether salvation is to arise here or hereafter, yet there is no non-fixity in the very nature of salvation, for salvation is nothing but the state of the Highest Lord.² Śrīkaṇṭha Interpretation different, viz. “(There is) no fixed rule that the fruit, viz. salvation (has grades like the fruit of karma) since (salva- tion) is ascertained to be that condition (viz. the state of Brahman)”. That is, salvation means attaining similarity with the Lord; hence the Lord being the same, salvation does not vary, though there may be gradations in the meditations.³ Résumé The fourth quarter of the third chapter contains: (1) 51 sūtras and 15 adhikaraṇas, according to Nimbārka; (2) 52 sūtras and 17 adhikaraṇas, according to Śaṁkara; (3) 51 sūtras and 15 adhikaraṇas, according to Rāmānuja; (4) 49 sūtras and 16 adhikaraṇas, according to Bhāskara; (5) 51 sūtras and 17 adhikaraṇas, according to Śrīkaṇṭha; (6) 52 sūtras and 16 adhikaraṇas, according to Baladeva. Sūtra 46 in the commentaries of Śaṁkara and Baladeva is not found in Nimbārka’s commentary. Bhāskara takes sūtras 23 and 24 in Nimbārka’s commentary as forming a single sūtra, and omits sūtra 42.

¹ Śrī. B. 3.4.51, p. 399, Part 2. ² Bh. B. 3.4.49, (written as 3.4.50), p. 217. ³ Śk. B. 3.4.51, pp. 418-419, Parts 10 and 11. 20B