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VEDANTA-PARIJĀTA-SAURABHA OF NIMBĀRKA AND VEDĀNTA-KAUSTUBHA OF ŚRĪNIVĀSA (COMMENTARIES ON THE BRAHMA-SŪTRAS) TRANSLATED AND ANNOTATED BY ROMA BOSE, M.A., D.Phil. (Oxon.) VOLUME I PRINTED AT THE BAPTIST MISSION PRESS PUBLISHED BY THE ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL CALCUTTA 1940

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PREFACE Nimbārka's commentary on the Brahma-Sūtras known as the Vedānta-Pārijāta-Saurabha, and that of his immediate disciple Śrīnivāsa styled the Vedānta-Kaustubha are the chief works of the school of philosophy associated with the name of Nimbārka. The latter is not, however, a mere commentary on the former, as is some- times wrongly supposed, but a full exposition of the views expressed in the Vedānta-Pārijāta-Saurabha which is very terse and concise and is not always clear Both the treatises are therefore essential for the proper understanding of the doctrine of Nimbārka Hitherto no translation of either of these works was available in the English language, and the task was undertaken by Dr. Roma Bose (Chaudhuri) at the suggestion of Prof F W Thomas, Boden Professor of Sanskrit in the University of Oxford, under whose super- vision it was carried out during 1934--1936, as part of the thesis for the Degree of D.Phil. of that University. This authoritative English Edition of the Vedānta-Pārijāta- Saurabha has been prepared after carefully comparing the manuscripts Nos. E164, 2480, 2481 and 3273 of the India Office Library and the printed Sanskrit texts of the Kāśī, Brindāban and Chowkhāmbā Series. The translation of the Vedānta-Kaustubha was based on the Sanskrit texts of the Kāśī and Brindāban editions. Differences of readings of the various manuscripts and printed texts of both the treatises have been noted in the footnotes As is well-known the doctrine of Advaita, as developed by Śaṁkara, was the earliest of the Vedāntic systems, and in the great efflorescence of philosophic thought in India during the 9th–16th centuries, various schools of thought arose, mostly as protests against the extreme views held by the Advaita school. There is no doubt that by reason of its great metaphysical appeal and the rigid application of logical canons, Śaṁkara's Advaita-vāda exercised the most profound influence on Indian thought and marked him out as the greatest philosophical genius born in this country. His insistence, however, on the sole reality of 'Abheda' or non-difference and the unreality of Bheda or difference evoked strong reactions, the foremost of which was the Viśiṣṭādvaita-vāda of Rāmānuja, whose importance was only second to that of Śaṁkara. According to him the reality is not an abstract

vi PREFACE concept in the Śaṃkarite sense in which the non-difference completely loses its identity, but is a synthetic unity of both—the relation between the two being that of the substance-attribute. That is, the attribute is different from the substance in the sense that it inheres in it though the latter cannot be equated with any particular attribute and is not a mere assemblage of them all, but is something over and above. In other words, the substance and the attribute, or the unity and plurality are both real and form an organic whole, and the relation between them is the relation of non-difference, and not of absolute identity. Rāmānuja's doctrine is hence known as Viśiṣṭādvaita-vāda or qualified monism as against the absolutism of Śaṃkara. Śrīkaṇṭha, who followed Rāmānuja, agreed that the relation between the Brahman and the Universe was that of non-difference, but while the latter identified Brahman with Viṣṇu, according to Śrīkaṇṭha it was Śiva. His theory is therefore called Viśiṣṭa-Śivādvaita vāda. The school of Bhāskara holds that both the unity and plurality are real. The relation between the two is one of difference non-difference during the effected state of Brahman, i.e. during the cosmic existence and creation, but one of complete identity during the causal state of Brahman, i.e. during salvation and dissolution. In other words, the individual Soul or Jīva, during the state of Saṃsāra, is different from Brahman due to the presence of the Upādhis (limiting adjuncts) such as the body, the sense organs, etc., but when these are not present and it is Mūkta, the Jīva becomes absolutely identical with Brahman of which it is only the effect. Similarly, the world is both different and non-different from Brahman during creation, but identical with Him in Pralaya (dissolution). Hence Bhāskara's view is known as ‘Aupādhika-Bhedābheda-vāda’, i.e. the Bhedābheda relation between Brahman and the Universe is only Aupādhika or due to the limiting adjuncts only and therefore lasts as long as these adjuncts last. But when the Saṃsāra is over and the Upādhis are no more, there is no longer any Bhedābheda between Brahman and the Universe, the former alone becomes the reality and no separate soul or matter can then exist. Baladeva's school also admitted the reality of both the unity and plurality. In a sense, both the Jīva and the Jagat are different from Brahman but in another they are non-different as effects of Brahman. This relation of difference-non-difference is transcendental and cannot be comprehended by reason and must be accepted on the authority of the Scriptures (revelation). His doctrine goes, therefore,

PREFACE vii under the name of 'Acintya-Bhedābheda-vāda', i. e. the Bhedābheda relation of Brahman and the Universe is Acintya or incomprehensible by reason. The doctrine of Nimbārka, which developed in the atmosphere of general reaction against Śaṃkara's Advaitism, shared the views of the above schools in their insistence on the reality of the Many. According to Nimbārka, Brahman and Jīva-Jagat are equally real as was also held by Rāmānuja, but the difference between them is not superseded by non-difference as the latter supposed. In fact, the difference between the two is just as significant as their non-difference. While it is true, as Rāmānuja thought, that the Jīva-Jagat or the entire universe inheres in the unity of Brahman as an organic whole and as such can lay no claim to separate existence, yet as the effect is different from the cause, in the same sense is the Many different from the One, and their difference is as fundamental as their non-difference. Nimbārka's system has therefore been called the Svābhāvika-Bhedā- bheda-vāda in which the relation between Brahman and the Jīva-Jagat is regarded as one of eternal difference-non-difference during Saṃsāra or the cosmic existence as well as Pralaya or dissolution, and not only during the former state as Bhāskara thought. According to his view even the freed Soul (Mukta-Jīvātman) is both different and non- different from Brahman and even in Pralaya does the Jagat inhere in Brahman as a distinct entity. In her English rendering of the Vedānta-Pārijāta-Saurabha and Vedānta-Kaustubha, Dr. Bose has not only given Nimbārka's reading and interpretation of each Sūtra, but has compared them with those of Śaṃkara, Rāmānuja, Śrīkaṇṭha, Bhāskara and Baladeva belonging to the antagonistic and allied schools of the Vedānta Philosophy. Differences from the religious and ethical grounds have not either been ignored. The present work therefore is not to be considered as a mere translation, but it gives also reviews of the main tenets of the post-Śaṃkara theistic schools which arose in opposition to Advaita-Vedāntism, though the full philosophical exposition of Nimbārka's doctrine and the comparative study of the development of Indian thought during this period has been discussed by her in a separate work which will form the third and concluding volume of this series. The work consists of four chapters. In Chapter I (Samanvayādhyāya), it is sought to establish that Brahman is the sole subject of all Scriptures. The nature of Brahman, His attributes and

viii PREFACE the sources of our knowledge of Him are discussed in this chapter. In Chapter II (Avirodhādhyāya), Nimbārka first refutes the rival views of Sāṁkhya-Yoga, Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika, Buddhism, Jainism, Śaivism and Śāktaism, and considers the problems of Jīva and Jagat, their natures and attributes and the manner in which they are related to Brahman. These two chapters are purely metaphysical and supply the philosophical foundations of the doctrine of Nimbārka. The remaining ones are chiefly of devotional and ethical interests. In Chapter III (Sādhanādhyāya), for example, the means of attaining Mokṣa (salvation), the nature and importance of meditations as mentioned in the Upanishads are discussed. In Chapter IV (Phalādhyāya), Nimbārka gives his views on Mokṣa, the fruit and the conditions of the Mukta (released) Jīvātman or soul, etc. According to him Mokṣa or salvation implies two conditions, namely, the attain- ment of qualities and nature similar to Brahman (Brahma-Svarūpa- lābha), and the full development of one's own individuality (Ātma- Svarūpa-lābha). This full development means the complete manifesta- tion of one's real nature as consciousness (Jñāna-Svarūpa) and bliss (Ānanda), untainted and unimpeded by matter which screens it during Saṁsāra, and deceives it into believing that it is self-sufficient and independent of Brahman. When, however, Mokṣa is attained, it is realized that it is dependent on Brahman as His organic part and in that sense non-different from Him. It implies the destruction of narrow egoity, but not the annihilation of individuality as is the goal of the Advaita school. Nimbārka's ideas on Mokṣa or salvation therefore are the logical outcome of his theistic mind which seeks to find a place for the devotional soul without completely merging it in Brahman. The first two chapters containing the metaphysical portion of the work is now issued as Volume I consisting of 474 pages. Volume II will comprise the remaining two chapters and indexes for both the volumes. The latter is expected also to be published during this year. B. S. GUHA, 29th February, 1940. General Secretary, Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal.

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BIBLIOTHECA INDICA Work No. 259 VEDĀNTA-PĀRIJĀTA-SAURABHA OF NIMBĀRKA AND VEDĀNTA-KAUSTUBHA OF ŚRĪNIVĀSA (COMMENTARIES ON THE BRAHMA-SŪTRAS) (ENGLISH TRANSLATION)

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VEDANTA-PĀRIJĀTA-SAURABHA OF NIMBĀRKA AND VEDĀNTA-KAUSTUBHA OF ŚRĪNIVĀSA (COMMENTARIES ON THE BRAHMA-SŪTRAS) TRANSLATED AND ANNOTATED BY ROMA BOSE, M.A., D.Phil. (Oxon.) VOLUME II PRINTED AT THE BAPTIST MISSION PRESS PUBLISHED BY THE ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL CALCUTTA 1941

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FIRST CHAPTER (Adhyāya) FIRST QUARTER (Pāda) Adhikarana 1: The section ontitled 'Enquiry'. (Sūtra 1) SŪTRA 1 "THEN, THEREFORE, AN ENQUIRY INTO BRAHMAN." THE EXPLANATION OF THE BRAHMA-SŪTRAS ENTITLED VEDĀNTA- PĀRIJĀTA-SAURABHA, COMPOSED BY THE REVEREND NIMBĀRKA. An enquiry is to be instituted, at all times, into the Highest Person,—Ramā's Husband, denoted by the term "Brahman", the greatest of all because of His infinite, inconceivable and innate nature, qualities, powers and so on,—by one who has studied the Veda with its six parts¹; who has been assailed with doubt, arising from texts which teach² that the fruits of works are both transitory and eternal³; who has, for that very reason, enquired into the science which is concerned with the consideration of religious duties,⁴ and has, thereby, gained the knowledge determined therein⁵ regarding works, their kinds and their fruits; in whom, as a conse- quence, there arisen a disregard (for worldly objects), that is the result of a discrimination between the finitude and eternity of the ¹ The six parts are:—(a) Śikṣā or the science of proper articulation and pronunciation, comprising the knowledge of letters, accents, quantity, the use of the organs of pronunciation, and phonetics generally, but especially the laws of euphony peculiar to the Veda, (b) Chandahs or treatises on metre; (c) Vyākaraṇa or treatises on grammar; (d) Nirukta or treatises on the explanation of difficult words; (e) Jyotiṣa or treatises on astronomy; and (f) Kalpa or treatises on ceremonials. The first and second of these Vedāṅgas are said to be intended to secure the correct recitation of the Veda, the third and fourth the understanding of it, the fifth and sixth its proper employment at sacrifice. M.W, p. 1016 ² Prakṛṣṭena karoti iti prakaraṇam, tad-vad vākyam. ³ I.e. Whose mind is assailed with doubt owing to the contradictory teachings regarding the fruits of works, some texts declaring that the fruits of works are transitory, while others declaring that they are eternal. Cf. V.K., 1.1.1. ⁴ I.e. the Pūrva-mīmāṁsā. ⁵ I.e. the Pūrva-mīmāṁsā.

2 VEDĀNTA-KAUSTUBHA [SŪ. 1. 1. 1. ADH. 1.] fruits of the knowledge of works and Brahman respectively, the former being surpassable, the latter non-surpassable ¹; who wishes for the grace of the Lord; who is covetous of having a vision of Him; to whom the spiritual preceptor is the only God; who has whole-hearted devotion for the holy spiritual teacher; and who is desirous of final release—this is the sense of the introductory text. The commentary entitled 'Vedānta-kaustubha', composed by the reverend teacher Śrīnivāsa. Panegyric

1. I worship the holy Swan ², Sanaka and others ³, the Divine Sage ⁴, and Nimbābhāskara ⁵. May a devotion for Lord Kṛṣṇa arise in us through their grace. 2 I bow down to the feet of Lord Kṛṣṇa, in reference to whom alone the mass of scriptural texts does not come into mutual conflict, whom those who are engaged in meditation and Yoga obtain, and who is to be worshipped constantly by Varuṇa and Indra with mind and speech. Finding that the people on earth were being deluded by various sorts of false arguments, Lord Vāsudeva, the Highest Person, the Lord of all, and the one identical material and efficient cause of the entire universe, assumed the form of the son of Parāśara ⁶ and com- posed the Vedānta-treatise, called the 'Śārīraka-mīmāṃsā' ⁷, with a ¹ I. e. in whose mind has arisen a disgust for all worldly pursuits and objects, since he has apprehended the great distinction between the fruits of works, viz. ordinary worldly objects and heaven, and the fruit of the knowledge Brahman, viz salvation. Even heaven has an end, but not so salvation, and even heaven is not the highest end, but salvation is. See V.K. 1.1.1. ² The Swan Incarnation of Brahmā is supposed to be the Founder of the sect of Nimbārka ³ The Four Kumāras, Sanaka and others, the second spiritual teachers of the sect. ⁴ I.e. Nārada, supposed to be the third spiritual teacher of the sect and the immediate guru of Nimbārka. ⁵ I e. Nimbārka. ⁶ Parāśara is supposed to be the father of Vyāsa, the reputed author of the Brahma-sūtras. ⁷ There is difference of opinion as to why the Vedānta-sūtras or the Brahma-sūtras are called the 'Śārīraka-mīmāṃsā'. According to the Ratna-

[sū. 1. 1. 1. ADH. 1.] VEDĀNTA-KAUSTUBHA 3 view to augmenting in the people knowledge and devotion regard- ing Himself and establishing the Highest Brahman in a manner beyond doubt. Then, the supremely merciful reverend Nimbārka, the founder of the sect of the reverend Sanatkumāra, composed a commentary, very difficult to understand, called the ‘Vedānta-pāri- jāta-saurabha’ (Fragrance of the Heavenly Flower of the Vedānta), as an explanation of the texts of the Śārīraka-mīmāṁsā. Then, again, through his command, and with a view to benefiting the wise, the ‘Vedānta-kaustubha’ (Gem of the Vedānta), which is easy, concise and explains the sense of the ‘Vedānta-pārijāta-saurabha’, is being composed by me, his disciple, following the path recommended by him and wishing to obtain his favour. If it be argued : our purpose being served through an enquiry into religious duties simply, what is the use of an enquiry into Brah- man ?—we reply : since religious duties yield non-permanent fruits, an enquiry into Him is to be undertaken for the sake of obtaining unsurpassed and infinite bliss. Here the word “then” implies ‘succession’, and not any other sense, there being no previous distinct mention. It cannot be said that in conformity with the statement, viz. ‘The word “om” and the word “atha” formerly issued forth from the throat of Brahman, and hence both are auspicious’, (the word “atha”) here indicates aus- piciousness,—because this treatise being auspicious by itself in sound as well as in meaning, does not await any other auspiciousness ; because good luck is obtained through the mere hearing of it ; and because in the very same way, the other meanings of the term “then”, viz. special prerogative and the rest ¹ are not appropriate here. Moreover, a word, pronounced with one particular sense in view, should not be employed in any other sense. Here the intended sense is ‘succession’, since the word “therefore” refers to something prabhā commentary on Ś.B., they are so called because they treat of the Brahman-hood of the embodied soul. (‘Śārīrako jīvas tasya Brahmatva vicāro mīmāṁsā.’ P. 64, Kāsī ed., Part I.) According to Baladeva, however, Brahman is ‘śārīra’ or embodied since Scripture declares that the whole universe is the body of the Lord. Hence the Vedānta-sūtras are called the ‘Śārīraka-mīmāṁsā’, because they deal with Brahman, the śārīra (the embodied). G.B. 1.1.12. ¹ For the different meanings of the term ‘atha’ vide A K., p. 311, line 8.

[SŪ. 1. 1. 1. 4 VEDĀNTA-KAUSTUBHA ADH. 1.] previous. Hence, the word "then" has the sense of 'succession' only; the word "therefore" implies the reason. The reality which is obtainable by one who is devoted to the sound-Brahman,—in accordance with the following and other scriptural and Smṛti texts, viz. 'He who does not know the Veda does not know Him, the Great', 'There are two Brahmans to be known, the sound-Brahman and what is Higher. Those who know the sound-Brahman go to the Higher Brahman'. (Maitrī 6 22),— and which is possessed of the characteristics to be mentioned here- after, is the object denoted by the term 'Brahman'. The word "enquiry" denotes a desire for the knowledge of the desired Brahman. Although the supplial of the verb (in the indicative mood, viz. 'arises') is appropriate here thus: "Then", i.e. afterwards, "there- fore", i.e. for this reason, an "enquiry into Brahman" arises, it being possible for people with insight to have a spontaneous desire for enquiring into a particular object (viz. Brahman) (without being definitely told or enjoined by Scripture to do so), yet in concordance with the text: 'O, the self verily is to be seen, to be heard, to be thought, to be meditated on, it is to be enquired into' (Bṛh. 2.4.5; 4.5 6), we must understand here a grammatical concordance with a word implying injunction, viz. 'should arise'.¹ In accordance with the scriptural text: 'Desiring for release, one should see the self in the self alone' (Bṛh. 4.4.23), the words 'one who desires for release' in the instrumental case, are implied here—such is the construction of the words (in the sūtra) ². Here the term "then", implying 'succession', means: After the knowledge regarding the nature of religious duties, the means thereto, the mode of performing them and their fruits—which form the subject of the enquiry into religious duties.³ Thus, having studied the Veda with its parts,⁴—being first properly ¹ That is, we can of course make the sūtra complete thus: 'Then, there- fore, an enquiry into Brahman (arises)', but it is better to complete it thus: 'Then, therefore, an enquiry into Brahman (should arise)', and make the sūtra an injunction and not a plain statement. ² Thus, the entire sūtra really means: '(Mumukṣuṇā) athāto Brahma- jijñāsā (kartavyā)', or '(By one who desires salvation) then, therefore, an enquiry into Brahman (should be made)'. ³ I.e. the Pūrva-mīmāṁsā. ⁴ See footnote (¹), p. 1.

[sū. 1. 1. 1. ADH. 1] VEDĀNTA-KAUSTUBHA 5 initiated, as enjoined by the text 'One's own scripture should be studied' ¹; having found, in a general way, the texts which are mutual- ly contradictory, some depicting the non-permanence and others the permanence of the fruits of works thus : 'Undecaying, indeed, is the good deed of one who performs the Cātur-māsya ² sacrifices' (Āp Ś.S. 8.1.1 ³), 'We have drunk the soma-juice, we have become immortal' (Ṛg. V. 8.48.3 ⁴), 'Where there would be no heat, no cold, no weakness, no opponents' and so on ⁵, and, 'Just as here the world, obtained through merit perish' (Chānd. 8.6.1), 'That (work) of his has an end' (Bṛh. 3.8.10), 'The permanent, verily, cannot be obtained through the non-permanent (Kaṭha 1 2.10), 'What is not made is not (obtained) through what is made' (Muṇḍ. 1.2.12), 'Frail, indeed, are these boats of sacrifices' (Muṇḍ. 1.2.7), and so on; ⁶ being thereby assailed with doubt; and unable to determine (the exact nature of the fruits of works) in particular, one, with a view to re- moving it (viz the doubt), proceeds to make an enquiry into religious duties, and having, through such an enquiry, determined properly the nature of works, the mode of performing them and their fruits, one comes to have such a knowledge,—after that, this is the sense ⁷ The word "therefore" means 'because of the reason'. That is, the enquiry into Brahman should be undertaken, because the fruit of works are ascertained to be finite and surpassable from the scriptural passage : 'Just as here the world acquired by work perishes, so exactly hereafter, the world acquired by merit perishes' (Chānd. 8.1.6), and from the Smṛti passage : '"The worlds beginning with the world of Brahmā come and go, O Arjuna"' (Gītā 8.16); secondly, because ¹ A similar passage is found in Tait. Ār. 2.15, p. 153. ² Name of the three sacrifices performed at the beginning of the three seasons of four months. Vide Ved. In., p. 259, vol. 1. ³ P. 1, vol. 1 ⁴ P. 139, line 3. ⁵ These texts denote the permanence of the fruits of work. ⁶ These texts denote the non-permanence of the fruits of works. ⁷ That is, first a man studies (a) the Veda and finds mutually contra- dictory statements about the fruits of works. (b) This leads him to study the Pūrva-mīmāṁsā, with a view to learning the real nature of works and their fruits, and he finds that the fruits of works are not everlasting. (c) This leads him to study the Vedānta, with a view to attaining what is permanent, viz. salvation. Hence the term 'atha' means that the Vedānta is to be studied after the study of the Veda and the Pūrva-mīmāṁsa.

[SŪ. 1. 1. 1. 6 VEDĀNTA-KAUSTUBHA ADH. 1.] that the knowledge of Brahman has a fruit which is unsurpassed and endless is ascertained from the following scriptural and Smṛti passages : ‘Knowing him alone, one surpasses death, there is no other road to salvation’ (Śvet. 3 8.), ‘When men will roll up the sky like a piece of leather, then there will be an end of misery, (even) without knowing the Deity’ ¹ (Śvet. 6.20), ‘Knowing the Deity, they are free from all fetters’ (Śvet. 1.8; 2 15), ‘He who, having searched the self, knows it, attains all the worlds and all objects of desires’ (Chānd. 8.7 1.3), ‘The person, of the size of a thumb only, abides in the self’ (Katha 4.12), ‘Knowing him one surpasses death, there is no other path to salvation’, ‘ “Many people, purified by the penance of knowledge, have come to be of my nature” ’ (Gītā 4.10), ‘He who possesses knowledge attains me’ (Gītā 7.19), ‘ “Knowing me one attains peace” ’ (Gītā 5.20) and so on; and, finally, because we find that one who is unacquainted with the self has been censured in Scripture as a wretched fellow and a self-killer, in the passages : ‘Verily he who, O Gārgī, departs from this world, without knowing this Imperishable, is a vile and wretched creature’ (Bṛh. 3.18.10) ; ‘Those worlds are said to be sunless, surrounded by blind darkness. To them they go, after death, whosoever are destroyers of the self.’ (Īśā. 3) and so on.² Anticipating the question: By whom (is this enquiry to be undertaken) ? (we reply) : By one, who has grown indifferent to the fruits of works and so on because of those reasons (stated above); who, on hearing that the direct vision of the Lord is the special cause of salvation, has come to be seized with a strong inclination to have such a direct vision, which inclination is generated by proper discrimination, itself generated through it (viz. hearing); who is desirous of the grace of the Highest Person alone; who looks upon the spiritual preceptor as the only God; who has approached the spiritual teacher; who has whole- hearted devotion for the spiritual teacher; and who is desirous of final ¹ I.e. When the impossible will be possible, the sense being that the knowledge of Brahman is the only means of putting an end to miseries. ² That is, the enquiry into Brahman is to be undertaken because of three reasons, viz. : (1) because the fruits of works are not lasting and unsurpassed, (2) because the knowledge of Brahman leads to infinite bliss, i.e. salvation, and (3) because those who do not know Brahman, their self, are censured as worthless creatures. The word “atah” (=therefore) in the sūtra implies these three reasons.

[sū. 1. 1. 1. ADH. 1.] VEDĀNTA-KAUSTUBHA 7 release,—such is the construction,—in accordance with the following scriptural passages: viz. ‘Having examined the worlds acquired by work, let a Brāhmaṇa be indifferent to them’ (Muṇḍ. 1.2.12), ‘When the seer sees the golden-coloured Creator, the Lord, the Person, the source of Brahmā, the wise man, having discarded merit and demerit, and stainless, attains supreme identity’ (Muṇḍ. 3.1.3), ‘When he sees the other, the Lord who is propitious and His great- ness, he comes to be freed from sorrow’ (Muṇḍ. 3 1.2; Śvet. 4.7), ‘Thinking itself and the Mover as different, then favoured by Him, it goes to immortality’ (Śvet. 1.6), ‘The knot of the heart is broken, all doubts are solved and his works perish, when He, who is high and low, is seen’ (Muṇḍ. 2.2 8), ‘He can be obtained by him alone whom He chooses. To him this self reveals its own form’ (Kaṭha 2 23), ‘One who has come to be freed from sorrow sees Him who is without active will and His greatness, through the grace of the Lord’ (Śvet. 3.20), ‘For the sake of this knowledge, let him, with fuel in hand, approach the teacher alone, who is versed in Scripture, and devoted to Brahman. To him, who has approached him, whose mind is completely calm, and who is endowed with tranquillity, the wise teacher truly told that knowledge of Brahman, through which he knows the Imperishable, the Person, the True’ (Muṇḍ. 1.2.12-13), ‘Be one to whom the preceptor is a God’ (Tait. 1.11), ‘To one who has the highest devotion for the Lord, as for God so for his teacher, to that great-souled one these matters which have been declared become manifest’ (Śvet. 6.23). The compound “Brahma-jijñāsā” is to be explained as ‘The enquiry concerning Brahman’¹ The genitive case: ‘concerning Brahman’² expresses the object, in accordance with the rule ‘The subject and the object (take the genitive case) when they are used along with a word ending with a kṛt-affix’ (Pāṇ. 2.3.65, SD.K. 623).³ ‘The enquiry concerning Brahman’ is a compound with the object- genitive,⁴ in accordance with the rule ‘The genitive is compounded, when used along with a word ending with the kṛt-affix (and the compound comes under the category of the Ṣaṣṭhī-tat-puruṣa)’ (K.V.S. 1317, quoted in SD.K. 703).⁵

¹ Brahmaṇo jijñāsā. ² Brahmaṇaḥ. ³ P. 452, vol. 1. ⁴ I e. a genitive denoting an object. ⁵ P. 496, vol. 1.