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876 VEDĀNTA-PĀRIJĀTA-SAURABHA [SŪ. 4. 4. 17. ADH. 6.] manifest. Finally, the following texts declare that the soul is omni- scient during its state of release: “Verily, with this celestial eye, the mind, he sees desires, and enjoys in this world of Brahman” (Chānd. 8.12.5), “Verily, the seer sees everything, attains everything every- where” (Chānd. 7.26.2). Hence it is perfectly reasonable to hold that the freed soul possesses the instruments, such as the body and the rest, created by the Lord; may have, according to will, a body or not or many bodies; and is omniscient. Here ends the section entitled “Absence” (5). COMPARISON Śaṁkara He interprets the word “sampatti” as ‘final release’. His view is that the lower knowers who meditate on the qualified Brahman do not attain kaivalya or absolute isolation as the soul gets during deep sleep and release, but only a particular condition when the knowledge of difference still persists.¹ Adhikaraṇa 6: The section entitled “Exclusive of the activities in connection with the Uni- verse”. (Sūtras 17—22). SŪTRA 17 “EXCLUSIVE OF THE ACTIVITIES IN CONNECTION WITH THE UNI- VERSE, ON ACCOUNT OF THE SUBJECT-MATTER, AND ON ACCOUNT OF NON-PROXIMITY.” Vedānta-pārijāta-saurabha The lordship of the freed soul consists in something other than the activities in connection with the creation and the rest of the ¹ Ś.B. 4.4.16, p. 976. 26B

[SŪ. 4. 4. 17. ADH. 6.] VEDĀNTA-KAUSTUBHA 877 universe Why? Because in the text: "From whom, verily, these beings arise" (Tait 3.1 1), the Highest Brahman is referred to as the subject-matter, and because the individual soul has no place therein. Vedānta-kaustubha Now the question is being considered, viz. of what nature is the lordship of the freed soul, which has thus come to attain the highest identity The doubt is, viz Whether the lordship of the freed soul consists in the activities in connection with universe or is exclusive of it. The prima facie view is that like the Highest Person, the lordship of the freed soul too consists in the activities in connection with the creation, maintenance and so on of the entire universe With regard to this, we reply: "Exclusive of the activities in connection with the universe". That is, the lordship of the freed soul does not consist in the activities in connection with the controlling of the universe, such as its creation and so on. But the activities in connection with the creation of the universe belong to the Highest Brahman alone. Why? "On account of subject-matter," i.e. because in the texts designating creation snd so on, viz. "From whom, verily, those beings arise" (Tait 3.1) and so on, He alone is the subject- matter; "also on account of non-proximity", i.e. because in the texts designating creation and so on, the freed soul is never mentioned as the creator and the rest of the universe. COMPARISON Śaṁkara As pointed out above, he refers all these sūtras to the lower knowers only. Bhāskara He too refers this and the following sūtras to those who attain the effected Brahman only. 1 R, Śk, B.

878 VEDĀNTA-PĀRIJĀTA-SAURABHA [SŪ. 4. 4. 18. ADH. 6.] SŪTRA 18 “IF IT BE OBJECTED THAT ON ACCOUNT OF DIRECT TEACHING, NO, (WE REPLY:) NO, ON ACCOUNT OF THAT WHICH ABIDES WITHIN THE SPHERE OF THOSE ENTRUSTED WITH SPECIAL OFFICES BEING MENTIONED.” Vedānta-pārijāta-saurabha If it be objected: Since by the scriptural text: “He becomes a self-ruler. He comes to have freedom of movement in all the worlds” (Chānd. 7.25.2 ¹) the freed soul is proved to have the activities in connection with the universe, the stated view: “Exclusive of the activities in connection with the universe” (Br. Sū. 4.4.17) is not tenable,— We reply: “no”, since that text simply declares that the objects of enjoyments inhering in the worlds of Hiraṇyagarbha and the rest are the objects of the freed soul’s enjoyment. Vedānta-kaustubha If it be objected: The view, stated above, that the lordship of the freed soul is exclusive of the activities in connection with the universe, is not tenable. Why? “On account of the direct teaching”: “He becomes a self-ruler. He comes to have freedom of movement in all the worlds” (Chānd. 7.25.2). The word ‘direct’ means ‘Scriptural’. By Scripture, i.e. by the Chāndogya and the rest, the lordship of the freed soul is taught as consisting in the activities in connection with the universe,—on account of that,— We reply: “no”. Why? “On account of that which abides within the spheres of those who are entrusted with special offices being mentioned,” i.e. because “that which abides within the spheres of those who are entrusted with special offices”, or the objects of enjoyment inhering in the worlds of Hiraṇyagarbha and so on too “are mentioned”, i.e. established, by the Chāndogya-text, to be the objects of the freed soul’s enjoyment. 1 R.

[SŪ. 4. 4. 19. VEDĀNTA-KAUSTUBHA 879 ADH. 6.] COMPARISON. Śaṁkara and Bhāskara Interpretation different, viz. The soul who has attained the effected Brahman has not unlimited lordship, since it depends on the Lord abiding in the disc of the sun and the rest.¹ SŪTRA 19 "AND THAT WHICH IS NOT SUBJECT TO CHANGE, FOR THUS (SCRIP- TURE) DECLARES (ITS) EXISTENCE." Vedānta-pārijāta-saurabha The freed soul intuits Brahman alone, free from the changes of birth and the rest, an ocean of natural, inconceivable and infinite attributes, and possessed of super-human power, "for" Scripture declares the soul's "existence" during salvation ² to be "thus": "For when, verily, he finds fearlessness as a foundation in that which is invisible, incorporal, undefined, unsupported, then he has gone to fearlessness" (Tait. 2.7 ³), "Verily, he is the essence, for on attaining this essence one becomes blissful" (Tait. 2.7). Vedānta-kaustubha It has been said the lordship of the freed soul is exclusive of the activities in connection with the universe. On the enquiry: In what, then, does it consist?—the author now shows that the lordship of the freed soul consists in a direct intuition of the Highest Brahman, possessed of super-human power, and thereby rejects the view—sug- gested by the statement made above that the objects of enjoyment, inhering in the spheres of those who are entrusted with special offices, are the freed soul's objects of enjoyment,—viz. that the freed soul is just like the soul in bondage. ¹ Ś.B. 4.4.18, pp. 977-978; Bh. B. 4.4.8, p. 248. ² C.S.S. reads "mukta-sthiti", (p. 91), also Brindāban ed. (p 1354). ³ R.

880 VEDĀNTA-KAUSTUBHA [SŪ. 4. 4. 19. ADH. 6.] The freed soul intuits the Highest Brahman alone, “not subject to change”, i e untouched by any change like birth and so on, free by nature from all faults, the one ocean of all auspicious qualities, and possessed of super-human powers. The word “and” implies emphasis. Scripture declares “the existence” of the freed soul to be “thus”: “For when, verily, he finds fearlessness as a foundation in that which is invisible, incorporal, undefined, unsupported, then he has gone to fearlessness” (Tait 2 7), “Verily, he is the essence, for on attaining this essence, one becomes blissful” (Tait 2.7), ‘ “Whereby the unheard becomes heard, the unthought thought, the unknown known” ’ (Chānd. 6 1.3). The sense is this Even when the soul in bondage happens to go to the world of Hiraṇyagarbha, it does not find freedom from fear, in accordance with the declaration by the Lord: ‘ “The worlds up to the world of Brahmā do return, O Arjuna!’ ” (Gītā 8.16). But the freed soul, on attaining the Lord, possessed of supreme power, enjoys the pleasures belonging to the worlds of Hiraṇya- garbha and others too, which are included within Him as His particular power. This is declared by the scriptural text: “He comes to have freedom of movement in all the worlds” (Chānd. 7.25.2). All the worlds, which are powers of the Highest Brahman, abide in Him. This is declared by the scriptural text: “That alone is the bright, that is Brahman, that alone is said to be immortal. In him all worlds rest. Nothing surpasses him” (Kaṭha 5.8; 6.1). It cannot be said that the individual soul being other than the Highest must be subject to some fear, in accordance with the declaration “Fear arises from a second” (Bṛh. 1.4.2),—because the freed soul is not a second something, distinct from the Lord, as a deer is from a tiger; and because it has been established many times before ¹ that the individual soul, because of having Brahman as its essence, is non-different from Him. COMPARISON Śaṁkara and Bhāskara “(The Highest Brahman) does not abide in effects (like the sun and the rest), for (Scripture) declares (His) existence (to be) thus.” That is, it has been said in the previous sūtra that those who attain the effected Brahman are subject to the Lord abiding within the sun ¹ Vide, e g., V P.S. 1.1.1, 1.1.7, 1.2.21, 1.4.9, 1.4.20, etc. etc.

[SŪ. 4. 4. 20. ADH. 6.] VEDĀNTA-KAUSTUBHA 881 and the rest. But here it is shown that the Highest Brahman, who is non-qualified, does not abide in sun and the rest, but only the qualified Brahman does.¹ SŪTRA 20 “AND THUS PERCEPTION AND INFERENCE SHOW.” Vedānta-pārijāta-saurabha Brahman alone is capable of the activities in connection with the creation and the rest of the entire universe The following scriptural Smṛti passages “show” the lordship of the freed soul to be exclusive of the activities in connection with the universe: “He is the cause, the lord of the lord of causes ²” (Śvet. 6 9 ³), “The controller of all, the ruler of all” (Bṛh. 4 4 22 ⁴), ‘“With me as the ruler, prakṛti brings forth the movable and the immovable”’ (Gītā 9.10 ⁵). Vedānta-kaustubha “Perception” means Scripture, “inference” Smṛti. These two, Scripture and Smṛti, “show” that Brahman alone, not subject to any change, is capable of the activities in connection with the universe. The scriptural texts are to the effect: “The lord of matter and souls, the controller of attributes” (Śvet. 6.16), “Supreme is His power, declared to be manifold” (Śvet. 6.8), ‘“The existent alone, my dear, was this in the beginning, one only, without a second”’ (Chānd. 6.2.1), “He is the Lord of all, he is the ruler of beings, he is the protector of beings, he is the bridge for keeping these worlds apart” (Bṛh. 4.4.22), ‘“Verily, at the command of the Imperishable, (Gārgī), the sun and the moon stand held apart”’ (Bṛh. 3.8.9), “Through fear the wind ¹ Ś.B. 4.4.19, p. 978; Bh. B. 4.4.19, p. 248. The difference between Śaṃ- kara and Bhāskara with regard to these two aspects of the Lord—non-qualified and qualified—is that while Śaṃkara takes the former alone to be true, the latter false, Bhāskara takes the former to be real and eternal, the latter, real and non-eternal. ² Correct reading. “Karnādhipādhipa”—the lord of the lord of sense-organs (or the individual soul). Vide Śvet. 6.9, p. 70 ³ Not quoted by others. ⁴ Op. cit. ⁵ R.

[SŪ. 4. 4. 21. 882 VEDĀNTA-PĀRIJĀTA-SAURABHA ADH. 6.] blows, through fear the sun arises, through fear fire, the moon and death as the fifth speed on” (Tait. 2.8), “He is the cause, the Lord of the lord of causes” (Śvet 6 9), “In whom all the worlds rest None, surpasses him” (Kaṭha 5 8; 6 1), “Kṛṣṇa, the one, the controller, moving everywhere, is to be worshipped:” (G P.T.1) The Smṛti passages are to the effect ‘“With me as the ruler, prakṛti brings forth the movable and the immovable”’ (Gītā 9.10), ‘“Pervading the entire universe with a part of mine, I abide”’ (Gītā 10.42), ‘“I am the source of all, everything originates from me”’ (Gītā 10 8), ‘“On me all this is strung, like gems on a piece of thread”’ (Gītā 7 7), ‘“There is nothing else higher than me, O Dhanañjaya”’ (Gītā 7.17) The freed soul, however, though similar to the Highest Brahman, yet cannot possibly be the lord of all the sentient and the non-sentient, their controller, their supporter, all-pervasive and so on; and hence its lordship is exclusive of the activities in connection with the universe. SŪTRA 21 “AND ON ACCOUNT OF THE INDICATION OF EQUALITY IN POINT OF ENJOYMENT ONLY.” Vedānta-pārijāta-saurabha “And on account of the indication of equality in point of enjoy- ment only,” viz. ‘“He enjoys all pleasures together with Brahman, the all-knowing” (Tait. 2 12), the lordship of the freed soul is exclusive of the activities with regard to the universe. Vedānta-kaustubha “And on account of the indication” to the effect that the freed soul has similarity with the Lord in point of enjoyment only, viz.: “He enjoys all desires together with Brahman, the all-knowing” (Tait. 2.1), it is known that the lordship of the freed soul is exclusive of the activities in connection with the universe. 1 P. 195. 2 R, Bh, Śk, B.

[SŪ. 4. 4. 22. ADH. 6.] VEDĀNTA-KAUSTUBHA 883 SŪTRA 22 "NON-RETURN, ON ACCOUNT OF TEXT" Vedānta-pārijāta-saurabha There is no return for the soul which has attained the form of the highest light and has become free from transmigratory existence. Why? "On account of the texts": "Those who proceed by this do not return to this human whirlpool, return not" (Chānd. 4.15.6 ¹), ' "But on attaining me, O son of Kuntī, there is no re-birth" ' (Gītā 8 16 ²). Here ends the fourth quarter of the fourth chapter in the Vedānta- pārijāta-saurabha, an interpretation of the Śārīraka- mīmāṁsā texts by the reverend Nimbārka. Vedānta-kaustubha By demonstrating that the freed soul has similarity with the Lord in point of enjoyment alone, it has been shown there is no simi- larity of nature between the two. It is to be known that the freed soul, different from Brahman, has no return, "on account of texts", i e. in accordance with following scriptural and Smṛti texts: "Those who proceed by this, do not return to this human whirlpool, return not" (Chānd 4 15.6), "They attain the world of Brahman, and do not return" (Chānd. 4.15.1), "This is immortal, fearless, this is the highest abode From this, one does not return" (Praśna 1.10), ' "On attaining me, the great-souled ones who have attained supreme perfection, are not subject to re-birth, the abode of miseries and non-eternal" ' (Gītā 8.15), ' "But on attaining me, O son of Kuntī, there is no re- birth" ' (Gītā 8 16), ' "Resorting to this knowledge, they have come to attain similarity with me They are not born at the time of creation, nor suffer at the time of dissolution" ' (Gītā 14.2) and so on. The repetition of the aphorism indicates the completion of the treatise. ¹ Ś, Bh, B. ² R, B.

[SŪ. 4. 4. 22. 884 VEDĀNTA-KAUSTUBHA ADH. 6.] It is established that the lordship of the freed soul consists in a direct intuition of the Highest Brahman, the Highest Self, the soul of all. Here ends the section entitled “Exclusive of the activities in connection with the universe (6). I bow down to the author of the aphorisms and to him who explained them, through whose grace the Vedānta-kaustubha has been churned out of the ocean of Scripture for the well-being of knowers. Here ends the fourth quarter of the fourth chapter in the holy Vedānta-kaustubha, a commentary on the Śārīraka-mīmāṁsā texts and composed by the reverend teacher Śrīnivāsa, dwelling under the lotus-feet of the venerable Nimbārka, the founder and teacher of the sect of the holy Sanatkumāra This fourth chapter entitled “The fruit” is completed. Résumé According to Nimbārka and others, the fourth quarter of the fourth chapter contains 22 sūtras The number of adhikaranas is 6 according to Nimbārka and Rāmānuja, 7 according to Śaṁkara and Bhāskara, 8 according to Śrīkaṇṭha and 10 according to Baladeva. THE END

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