काव्यमीमांसा (महाकवि राजशेखर - कवि-रहस्य एवं देश-विभाग सटीक)

APPENDIX I. 287 the modern Kulu in the Kangra district in the upper valley of the Bias in the Punjab. The kingdom of Kia-lu-to is placed by Hiuen Thsang at 700 li or 117 miles to the north-east of Jalandhar, which corresponds exactly with the present po- sition of the Kulu. Its old capital was at Nagarkot, while Sultanpur or Sthanpur is its present headquarters. 43. Kuśadvīpa ...One of the seven Dvīpas of the world, and this is said to be surrounded by the Sarpis-samudra. 44. Kuhū ... ...A river in the Uttarāpatha. This is very probably the same as the Kabul river which is also known as the Kubhā in the Vedas or Kophes of the Greeks. This is an affluent of the river Indus and rises at the foot of Kohi Baba. 45. Kṛṣṇaveṇā ...The Kṛṣṇā. This is also called the Kṛṣṇa- veṇā at the point where it is united with the river Veṇā. The river flows through the Dakṣiṇāpatha or the southern India. 46. Kekaya .. ...The country lying between the Bias and the Sutlej in the Punjab. 47. Kerala ... ...The Malabar coast or the Cera country comprising Malabar, Travancore and Co- chin states. 48. Kollagiri... ...Coorg which is now included in the Mysore state. The river Kāverī rises from this place. It is also known as Kolagiri or Koḍagu. 49. Kośala ... ...The southern part of the kingdom of Oudh. Kośala was divided into two kingdoms called Uttarakośala and Kośala. Ayodhyā and Kuśāvatī were the capitals of these two divisions respectively. 50. Kauṅkaṇa ...Same as the country known as Paraśu- rāmakṣetra. This is the tract of land

288 APPENDIX I. lying between the western Ghats and the Arabian sea. Kālidāsa names this country as Aparānta (Raghuvaṁśa IV. 58). 51. Krathakaiśika The country of Vidarbha is called the land of Krathakaiśikas (Raghuvaṁśa V. 39–40). But Rājaśekhara mentions these two coun- tries separately in the Dakṣiṇāpatha. Ac- cording to the Mahābhārata, a Vidarbha king had two sons Kratha and Kaiśika, and after their names the country was known as Krathakaiśika (see Sabhā. ch. 13). Rājaśekhara very probably means that Krathakaiśika was only a part of the Vidarbha country. 52. Krauñcadvīpa One of the seven Dvīpas of the world. It is said to be encircled by the Dadhi ocean. 53. Gaṅgā ... ...The river Ganges. Rājaśekhara mentions Gaṅgā in the list of rivers of the northern and western India, probably because the Ganges flows through both. 54. Gandharva ...One of the nine parts of the Bhāratavarṣa. In some Purāṇas, it is also mentioned as Gāndharva. On the authority of chapters cxiii, 10–11 and cxiv 11. of the Uttara- kāṇḍa of the Rāmāyaṇa, some scholars, identify this part as the country of Gān- dhāra or the valley of the Kabul, with a small tract of land to the east of the Indus. (see Cunningham's A. G. Notes. p. 752). 55. Gabhastimān ...One of the nine parts of the Bhāratavarṣa. Some scholars locate this part in the south- west of India following the order of the nine parts mentioned in the Purāṇas and the Kāvyamīmāṁsā. (see Cunningham's A. G. Notes p. 752). 56. Gāṅga ... ...This country is located in the Dakṣiṇā- patha. This may be identified as the Koṅgu country of the southern India

APPENDIX I. 289 which comprises the districts of Coimbatore and Salem. The name Gāṅga or Koṅgu seems to have been derived from the name of the dynasty of the Western Gāṅgas who ruled over the south of Mysore with Salem, Coimbatore, the Nilgiris and parts of Malabar, from the 2nd to the 9th century A. D. Evidently, therefore, it should not be identified, as some scholars have done, with the Rāḍha country and Saptagrāma which form part of South Bengal and which is also known as Gāṅge or Gāṅga according to Ptolemy and Hari- hara and Belur inscriptions (Rice's Mysore Inscriptions pp. 70,222). The Kaliṅga country which was also ruled over by the Eastern Gāṅga dynasty during the 7th century A. D. cannot be taken to re- present the Gāṅga country mentioned here by Rājaśekhara, as he had already included Kaliṅga, or the districts of Ganjam and Vizag. amongst the eastern countries of India. 57. Gādhipura ...According to the Bālarāmāyaṇa, (X 88) Gādhipura is another name of the city of Kānauj, while Kāvyamīmāṁsā takes it to be a suburb of Kanauj, and as situated on the northern side of the city. (see p. 243). 58. Girinagara ...Girnar. Rājaśekhara places this hill in the western India, and this has been identified with the well-known Girnar hills situated at a small distance from the town of Junagadh in Kathiawar. This is now presumed to be the Raivatakagiri of the Purāṇas. 59. Godāvarī ...A river in South India. Its source has been traced to the Brahmagiri situated on 37

290 APPENDIX I. the side of a village called Tryambak, twenty miles away from Nasik; the river flows eastward to the bay of Bengal. 60. Govardhana ...Mount Govardhana eighteen miles from Bṛndāvana in the district of Mathura. 61. Gauḍa ... ...According to Rājaśekhara, the Gauḍas are a people inhabiting the whole tract of country lying between Benares and the bay of Bengal. According to him the word Gauḍa is not the name of any par- ticular country. He describes the costume of the Gauḍa ladies and mentions the fondness of the Gauḍas for the Sanskrit language. Mr. N. L. Dey, however, thinks that the whole of Bengal is known as the Gauḍa country with its capital at Gauḍ, the ruins of which have been dis- covered near Malda in Bengal at a distance of about ten miles. He also thinks that the kings of the Pāla and Sena dynasties made this city of Gauḍ their capital on several occasions. This city was also known as Lakṣmaṇāvatī or Lakhnauti after the name of King Lakṣmaṇasena of the Sena dynasty of Bengal. 62. Cakora ... ...A mountain in the eastern India according to the Kāvyamīmāṁsā. It may be identi- fied as Caraṇādri or Cunar, the hill-fort in the district of Mirzapur, which was built by the Pāla Kings. 63. Cakravartikṣetra Rājaśekhara designates the whole country of India from Cape Comorin in the south to the Bindusaras in the Himālayas in the north, as the Cakravartikṣetra. This land consists of 1000 Yojanas. One who con- quers and rules over the whole of this land is called a Cakravartin. This seems to be the same as the Kumārīdvīpa, one of the

APPENDIX I. 291 nine parts of the Bhāratavarṣa. The Purāṇas as well as Rājaśekhara use the word Bhāratavarṣa in a wider sense, so as to include Greater India, that is to say, India proper along with her eight colonies, Indradvīpa, etc. These colonies are bounded by the southern sea or the Indian ocean and the Himālayan range and are separated from one another by oceans. 64. Candanagiri ... Malayagiri or the southern portion of the western Ghats. Rājaśekhara mentions that Rāmasetu was built in continuation of the Candanagiri. (see Bālarāmāyaṇa, VII. 45.) 65. Candrabhāgā... The river Chenab, a tributary of the river Indus. Rājaśekhara places this river in the Uttarāpatha. 66. Candrācala ... A peak of the Himālayas wherefrom the river Candrabhāgā rises. This is also called Candrabhāgā in the Purāṇas. The Candragiri, the sacred place to the Jains which is situated near Seringapatam is apparently different from this, since Rāja- śekhara locates this mountain in the nor- thern India. 67. Coḍa ... ... Rājaśekhara's Coḍa country is represented by the districts of Tanjore and south Arcot in the Madras Presidency, because the other parts of the Cola country are given different names, such as, Kāñchī and Kāvera. 68. Jambūdvīpa ... One of the seven Dvīpas of the world, situated in the middle, with three Dvīpas on both sides. The mountain Mahā- meru is situated in the middle of the Jam- būdvīpa and this Dvīpa may be identified with the Asia of the present day. Jambū- dvīpa, according to the Purāṇas and in the opinion of Rājaśekhara, consists of seven

292 APPENDIX I. Varṣas or parts and seven mountains. The Bhāratavarṣa is the southern-most Varṣa or country in the Jambūdvīpa and includes within its boundary the mighty Himālayas. For other Dvīpas, Varṣas and mountains, see pp. 90-92 of the text. 69. Jānhavī ... ...The river Ganges. 70. Ṭakka ... ...The country lying between the two rivers, the Vipāśā and the Sindhu. It was the co- untry of Vāhīkas or Ṭakkas. Śākala was the capital of the Ṭakkadeśa which included the Madra and Āraṭṭa countries. The Rājataraṅgiṇī locates this country on the banks of the Chenab or Candrabhāgā. According to Rājaśekhara the people of this country used to talk in a language which had an admixture of Apabhraṁśa. 71. Taṅgaṇa... ...According to Rājaśekhara, this is a country in the Uttarāpatha. Mr. N. L. Dey identifies this as the land extending from the Rāṁgaṅgā river to the upper Sarayu. 72. Tāpī ... ...The river Tapatī or Taptī. It rises from the Vindhyas and falls into the Arabian sea near Surat. 73. Tāmraparṇa ...One of the nine parts of the Bhāratavarṣa. It is identified with Ceylon. 74. Tāmraparṇī ...The river Tāmraparṇī which rises from the Agastikūṭa on the Malaya hills and flows through the district of Tinnevelly in the Madras Presidency. 75. Tāmraliptaka...Tamluk, situated on the western bank of the Rūpnārāyaṇa in the district of Mid- napur in Bengal. 76. Tuṅgabhadrā ...A tributary of the Kṛṣṇā river. Kiṣ- kindhā is said to be situated on the banks of this river.

APPENDIX I. 293 77. Turuṣka... ...Eastern Turkistan. It is mentioned by Rājaśekhara in the groups of countries included in the northern India. 78. Tuṣāra ... ...Rājaśekhara located this country in the northern India. According to Dr. Stein, the upper Oxus valley, including Balkh and Badakshan was called Tukhāra or Tuṣāra. (Rājataraṅgiṇī, Vol. I., p. 136). 79. Tuṣāragiri ...A peak of the Himālayas near Gaṅgotri. Rājaśekhara states that Sarasvatī got a son Sārasvateya Kāvyapuruṣa here who was later, married to the daughter of Gaurī at this place. 80. Tosala ... ...It is identified with Dakṣiṇakośala, as Tosali is mentioned in the Aśoka inscription at Dhauli. Rājaśekhara includes this coun- try among the eastern countries of India. 81. Travaṇa... ...This country is located in the western India. Rājaśekhara informs us that the people in Surāṣṭra and Travaṇa countries could speak Sanskrit fluently with an Apabhraṁśa accent. 82. Dakṣiṇadeśa...Southern India bounded by the Narmadā in the north and the Cape Comorin in the south. 83. Dakṣiṇāpatha Same as Dakṣiṇadeśa. According to Rāja- śekhara this represents the portion of the Indian peninsula lying to the south of the Māhiṣmatī. 84. Daṇḍaka ...It is difficult to identify this with Daṇḍa- kāvana of the Rāmāyaṇa, since Rāja- śekhara mentions Mahārāṣṭra, etc. com- prising the real Daṇḍakāraṇya according to modern conceptions, as separate coun- tries. Thus, Toṇḍaimaṇḍala or Diṇḍi- vanam, which is situated in South

294 APPENDIX I. India between the countries of Cola and Kāñchī, may be identified with the Daṇ- ḍaka of Rājaśekhara. 85. Dardura... ...Kālidāsa mentions in his Raghuvaṁśa that both the mountains of Malaya and Dardura are situated in close proximity in the sou- thern-most part of India near Tāmraparṇī. (IV. 50-51). Mount Dardura, thus, can be with little difficulty identified with the Nilgiris in the Madras Presidency. But, since Rājaśekhara locates the Dardura hills in the eastern India, it ought to be identi- fied with the Deogarh peak in the eastern part of the Vindhyas. 86. Das'apura ...Mandasor in Malwa. It is locally known as Dasore from which the Dasora Brahmins derive their names. 87. Dās'eraka ...Malwa. 88. Devasabhā ...Rājaśekhara locates Devasabhā in the wes- tern India and from this point onwards, the whole of the western part of India is consi- dered by him to be the पश्चाद्देश. Devasabhā is also the name of a mountain in the western India, and as such this may be identified with the mountainous parts of either the Dewas state or Udaipur where the Dhebar lake is situated. The rivers Sarasvatī and Sabarmati rise from these parts near Udaipur and flow through the western India. Kauṭilya in his Arthaśāstra (p. 78) men- tions a variety of sandal as दैवसभेय. By this, he very probably means either the hills or the country of the same name देवसभा mentioned by Rājaśekhara where ex- cellent sandal wood may be obtained. 89. Devikā ... ...It is a river in the northern India, and

APPENDIX I. 295 may be identified with the present river the Deeg, which is a tributary of the Ravi. 90. Dramila ... ...Same as Draviḍa. 91. Draviḍa ... ...The words Dramila and Draviḍa are mentioned by Rājaśekhara to denote the inhabitants of the southern India, and not the name of the country. The use of these words is the same as in the case of the word Gauḍa. 92. Droṇācala ...The Doonagiri mountain in Kumaun. 93. Narmadā ...Rājaśekhara includes this amongst the rivers of South India. It rises from the Amrakaṇṭaka hills in the Vindhya range, and flows into the gulf of Cambay. 94. Nāgadvīpa ...One of the nine parts of the Bhāratavarṣa. It may be placed in the western part of India if we are to take into account the sequence of the nine parts mentioned in the Purāṇas. 95. Nāsikya ... ...Nasik. Same as Pañcavaṭī. 96. Niṣadha... ...This is mentioned as a mountain in the Jambūdvīpa or Asia, and as situated im- mediately to the south of the Mahāmeru. It is said to be the principal mountain of the Harivarṣa in the same way as the Himālayas may be called the principal mountain of the Bhāratavarṣa. It is iden- tified with Hindukush by Mr. N. L. Dey. 97. Nīlagiri ... ...One of the Varṣa mountains of Jambūdvīpa or Asia. Ramyakavarṣa is attached to this, and the position of the mountain is immediately to the north of the Mahāmeru. 98. Nepāla ... ...Nepal. Rājaśekhara includes this in the list of the mountains and also of the countries in the eastern India.

296 APPENDIX I. 99. Payoṣṇī ... ...A river in the southern India and may be identified with the Pūrṇā, a tributary to the river Tāpī. 100. Pallava ... ...This name often denotes a dynasty which ruled over the southern India from the 5th to the 9th century A. D. with the capital at Kāñchī. The country surro- unding Kāñchī very probably was known as the Pallava country after its rulers, because Kāñchi is mentioned by Rāja- śekhara as a separate country in the sou- thern India. 101. Pas'cāddes'a ... Western India. This comprises Sindh, Western Rajputana, Cutch, Gujarat and a portion of the adjoining coast on the lower course of the Narmadā. Devasabhā is mentioned as its eastern boundary. 102. Pāñcāla ... ...The Pāñcāla country is located in the Central India or Madhyadeśa which is ex- tended from the foot of Himālayas to the Yamunā and between Vinaśana and Pra- yāga. It is divided into north and south Pāñcālas with Ahiccatra and Kāmpilya as their respective capitals. The two portions of the Pāñcāla country are separated by the river Ganges. According to Rāja- śekhara, however, the Pāñcālas of Antar- vedī (see No. 2) were highly civilized and their capital was at Kanauj, On page 8 of this work he used the word Pāñcāla to denote the country comprising the whole of the northern and central India. 103. Pāṭaliputra ...Patna, the capital of Magadha. 104. Pāṇḍya ... ...The modern districts of Tinnevelly and Madura in the Madras Presidency. Kāli- dāsa mentions Uragapura as the capital of the Pāṇḍya king (Raghuvaṁśa. VI. 59-60).

APPENDIX I. 297 This may, therefore, bo identified with modern Nāgarkoil instead of Urayūr in the Trichinopoly district. 105. Pāriyātra ...One of the Kulaparvatas in the Kumārī- dvīpa. This may be identified with the north-western part of the Vindhya range extending right upto the gulf of Cambay. 106. Pāla ... ...The words Pāla and Mañjara occur in two places in this work, and in both the places they appear joined together, and are said to be the Janapadas as well as mountains situated in the Dakṣiṇāpatha. These two, therefore, may be taken as one word and identified with Pāl near Mahāḍ. The author of the Periplus mentions Palaipatmai as a sea-port in the Deccan and this is identified by Dr. R. G. Bhandarkar with Pāl near Mahāḍ (see Bhandarkar's History of the Deccan. VIII.). It is quite possible that Rājaśekhara's Pālamañjara represents the same place. But this word certainly does not denote the Pāla dynasty of Bengal since Rājaśekhara locates this Pāla in the southern India. An alternative identification of this obscure word may also be offered. The Janapada Pālamañjara may represent the Palaesimundus (of the Greeks) mentioned in the Periplus. It is commonly iden- tified with Pārasamudra and is supposed to have been the capital of Ceylon. (see Mr. N. L. Dey's Geo. Dictionary). 107. Puṇḍra ... ...Puṇḍravardhana. The district of Malda in East Bengal. 108. Puṣkaradvīpa One of the seven Dvīpas of the world. Jambūdvīpa is situated in the middle, while the Puṣkara is the third from Jambū. 109. Pūrvadeśa ...Eastern India. This portion lies to the 38

298 APPENDIX I. cast of Benares and includes within it Assam and Burma. 110. Pṛthūdaka ...Pehoa in the Karnal district of the Punjab on the river Sarasvatī. Rājaśekhara men- tions that the Uttarāpatha or the northern India is to be considered as the country lying beyond Pṛthūdaka. Modern Pehoa is on the northern side of the Sarasvatī and is fourteen miles to the west of Thanesvar. 111. Prayāga ... ...Allahabad. This is the eastern boundary of the Madhyadeśa or Central India which is bounded by the Himālayas, the Vin- dhyas and the Vinaśana. 112. Prāgjyotiṣa ...Kāmarūpa or Kāmākhyā in Assam. Ac- cording to Kālidāsa (Raghuvaṁśa. IV. 83–84) Prāgjyotiṣa and Kāmarūpa are the same. Rājaśekhara mentions Kāmarūpa as one of the mountains in the eastern India. (see Kāmarūpa). 113. Plakṣadvīpa ...One of the seven Dvīpas constituting the world. This is the first Dvīpa from the Jambū which is in the middle of the earth. 114. Barbara ... ...It is mentioned as one of the countries in the northern India. The Purāṇas also locate this country in the north or in the north- western provinces. Ptolemy and the author of the Periplus mention the Barbari and Barbarike as an emporium in India, and Cunningham identifies this with Bhambūra (see Cunningham's A. G. p. 339.) on the bank of Sindhu. The country of Barbara is said to be a famous place for sandal-wood which was known as Barbarikacandana. (Ibid. Notes, p. 695). Thus, the country of the Barbaras may be identified with the Barbari, Barbarike, or Barbaricum which is situated in the north-west province on the bank of the river Indus on its western

APPENDIX I. 299 course. In this connection, it is worthy of note that since Rājaśekhara places this country in the exact north, the northern part of Baluchistan may also be taken as the Barbara country. 115. Bālhaveya ...Rājaśekhara locates this country in the northern India. This may be the same as Bhāṭia near Multan. Native historians and the early Arab geographers mention Bhātia as a strong fortress near Multan on the Indus. Cunningham also mentions it as Bhātia or Bāhiya or Bāhatiya and locates it between Multan and Alor or Aror. (see Cunningham's A. G. p. 294 and Map. ix. ). 116. Bālhīka ... ...See Vāhīka. 117. Bindusaras ...A sacred spot in the Himālayas two miles south of Gaṅgotrī. ( see Cakravartikṣetra ). 118. Bṛhadgṛha ...Rājaśekhara calls it a mountain in the eastern India. This may represent the mount Everest in the eastern range of the Himālayas. 119. Brahma ... ...A country in the eastern India. This is presumably the modern Burma including the upper and lower portions. 120. Brahmaśilā ...Brahmaśilā formed the eastern boundary of the city of Kanauj ( see Notes p. 244 ). 121. Brahmottara ...A country in the eastern India. The northern portion of the Brahma country or the Upper Burma. It may be noted that the Brahma country included both the upper and lower Burma. 122. Brāhmaṇavāha Rājaśekhara mentions this as one of the co- untries in the western India. Cunningham identifies this as the city of Brāhmaṇa captured by Alexander, and called by the

300 APPENDIX I. Greek historians as Harmatalia, a corrupt or foreign pronunciation of the Sanskrit word Brāhmaṇasthala. Brāhmaṇavāha seems to be the Hindu name of the city which the Muhamadans afterwards called Brāhmanābād. It was situated on the eastern reaches of the river Indus. Its present position seems to be in the neigh- bourhood of Hala in Sindh at two-thirds of the distance from Multan to the mouth of the Indus and it lies parallel to Hala. Here, the ruins of a large city have been excavated recently, where various pre- historic remains have been discovered. This ruined city lies at a distance of 47 miles to the north-east of Hyderabad, and 28 miles north-east of Hala. The place is now known as Bambhraka-thul or the ‘Ruined Tower’ and this name is derived from a broken brick tower which is the only building now standing. It was un- doubtedly one of the oldest cities in India; the historian Bilādhura writing a thousand years ago calls it ‘Brāhmaṇābād-al atiqah’ or Brāhmaṇābād the ancient. (see Cun- ningham’s A. G. pp. 306-318; Map. ix., and Ibid. Notes p. 691). 123. Bhādānaka ...Rājaśekhara does not give its exact location but mentions that the people of Bhādānaka talked a language which had an admixture of Apabhraṁśa like the people of Maru and the Ṭakkas. Bhādānaka, therefore, appears to be the same as the Bhādiya or Bhādiyanagara of the Pāli books. Mr. N. L. Dey identifies this Bhādiya with Bha- daria eight miles to the south of Bha- galpur in Bihar. Mahāvīra, the last Jain Tīrthaṅkara is said to have visited this

APPENDIX I. 301 place. But this identification is open to objection since Rājaśekhara mentions Bhā- dānaka along with Ṭakka and Maru coun- tries, which are situated in North India. Bhādānaka, therefore, may be the same as Bhāṭadhāna, a country mentioned in the Mahābhārata (Sabhā. ch. 32.) as situated in the northern India. It may be located somewhere between the river Śatadru and Vinaśana. (see Pargitar's map. J. R. A. S. 1908). 124. Bhāratavarṣa This is one of the Varṣas in the Jambū- dvīpa or Asia with the Himālayas as the Varṣaparvata. The Himālayas is the third mountain on the southern side of the Mahāmeru which is situated exactly in the middle of the Jambūdvīpa. The Bhāratavarṣa again is divided into nine parts. India is one of them, and is called the Kumārīdvīpa. 125. Bhṛgukacca ...Broach and its surrounding parts. 126. Bhaimarathī ...The river Bhīmā in the Dakṣiṇāpatha which joins with the Kṛṣṇā. 127. Magadha ...The province of Bihar or South Bihar. 128. Mañjara... ...See Pāla. 129. Madhyades'a ...The country bounded by the river Sara- svatī in Kurukṣetra, Allahabad, the Himā- layas and the Vindhyas. 130. Maru ... ...Rājaputana or Marwar. 131. Malada ... ...A portion of the district of Shahabad in Bihar. Rājaśekhara mentions this as one of the eastern countries. 132. Malaya ... ...The southern ranges of the western Ghats lying south of the river Kāverī.

302 APPENDIX I. 133. Mallavartaka...Rājaśekhara mentions this among the ea- stern countries. This, therefore, cannot be identified with either Malladeśa or Mul- tan, or Malava or the country inhabited by the Mallois of the Greek historians, since we have to seek for its identification a country situated in the eastern part of India. It is, therefore, probable that the Mallavartaka represents the country in which Mallaparvata or Pārśvanātha hills are situated, namely the portion now for- ming the districts of Hazaribagh and Man- bhum in the province of Bihar and Orissa. 134. Mahārāṣṭra ...The Marāṭhā country or the country watered by the upper Godāvarī, or the land lying between this river and the Kṛṣṇā. This was also called Daṇḍakāraṇya in ancient days. (see Rāmāyaṇa, Āraṇya, ch. I. and Bhandarkar's Hist. of Deccan. II.). 135. Mahī ... ...The river Mahī which springs in Malava and falls into the gulf of Cambay. 136. Mahendra ...Rājaśekhara mentions Mahendra among the mountains of South India. According to Kālidāsa(Raghuvaṁśa. iv. 39-40)Mahendra is situated in the Kaliṅga country. But Rājaśekhara includes Kaliṅga both in the group of eastern as well as southern coun- tries. It, thus, appears probable that Ma- hendragiri near Ganjam was the northern boundary of the Kaliṅga country. 137. Mahodaya ...Kanauj or Kānyakubja. 138. Mālava ... ...Malwa or Avanti. Its capital was Ujjayinī. 139. Mālyaśikhara Rājaśekhara mentions this as a mountain in the western India. It cannot, there- fore, be identified with mount Mālyavān supposed to be situated near Kiṣkindhā in

APPENDIX I. 303 South India. According to the Rāmāyaṇa, Rāma stayed on this mountain at the request of Sugrīva during the rainy season. Mālyaśikhara of Rājaśekhara, therefore, seems to be different from the mount Mālyavān of the Rāmāyaṇa, and its identi- fication may be sought for in the Vindhya range, as a peak near about the Mālava country on the west. 140. Māhiṣaka ...This is a country on the lower Narmadā with Māhiṣmatī as its capital. 141. Māhiṣmatī ...Maheśvara or Mahesh on the right bank of the Narmadā forty miles to the south of Indore. From this city onwards to the south, begins the Dakṣiṇāpatha of Rāja- śekhara. 142. Mudgara ...The country of Mudgara is identified with Monghyr in Bihar. Rājaśekhara locates this in the eastern India. 143. Murala ... ...Rājaśekhara locates this country in South India and characterises the complexion of the ladies of this country as black. It cannot be identified with Kerala, as Kerala is mentioned separately by him. Muralā is the name of a river in South India and it is different from the Narmadā. Kāli- dāsa mentions (Raghuvamśa. iv. 53-55) the river Muralā as flowing near the Sahya mountain and the Aparāntadeśa. The land lying between Kerala and Aparāntaka near Sahya on the Muralā may, therefore, be taken to be the present equivalent of the Murala country. The country of Murala may, therefore, be identified with the country of Miraj through which the river Mūlamuthā or Muralā flows and joins as a tributary with the river Bhīmā.

304 APPENDIX I. 144. Mekala ... ...It is a part of the Vindhya range called Amarakaṇṭaka wherefrom the river Nar- madā rises. This fact accounts for its name Mekalakanyakā. 145. Meru ... ...Mahāmeru, or the mountain situated in the middle of the Jambūdvīpa. It is encircled by the Ilāvṛtavarṣa. 146. Yamunā ... ...The river Jumna. 147. Yavana ... ...Rājaśekhara locates the Yavana country in the western India. It is well known that the Yavanas were foreigners and they were originally living in countries beyond the Indus. Kālidāsa mentions in his Mā- lavikāgnimitra that the Yavanas were ruling in the western bank of the river Sindhu. Very probably, the south-eastern part of Baluchistan may represent the Yavana country as mentioned by Rāja- śekhara and not Girnar, Saurāṣṭra, etc. since they are mentioned by him separately. 148. Ratnavatī ...A city on the southern ranges of the Malaya mountain. 149. Ramaṭha ...This country is situated according to Rāja- śekhara in the northern India. (see Bāla- bhārata I. 7.). This may represent the country parts near the Raumaka mountain. (see Cunningham's A. G. map vi.) The Viṣṇu-Purāṇa mentions Rāmas along with the Hūṇas, Sālvas, S'ākalas and others in the northern India. These Rāmas may belong to a foreign tribe and may be iden- tified with the people living at Aornos or the ruined fortress of Ranigat according to Cunningham's A. G. pp. 67-84. In that case, it is also probable that Ramaṭha of Rājaśekhara may represent the Rāma tribe of the Viṣṇu Purāṇa.

APPENDIX I. 305 150. Ramyakavarṣa This is the first Varṣa to the north of the Mahāmeru which is situated in the middle of the Jambūdvīpa. Mount Nīla forms the principal mountain of this Varṣa. 151. Rāvaṇagaṅgā According to Rājaśekhara, this is a river in South India. It is difficult to identify this river, but it is likely that it was situated in Ceylon or the Laṅkā of Rāvaṇa. The Rāvaṇahrada situated in the Himālayas with an image of Rāvaṇa on its bank seems, however, to be different from this Rāvaṇagaṅgā. 152. Laṅkā ... ...This Laṅkā seems to be situated in the southern-most parts of the Indian penin- sula, as an island somewhere in the Indian ocean. The description of this island in the Rāmāyaṇa as well as in the Kāvya- mīmāṁsā and the Bālarāmāyaṇa, does not favour its identification with Ceylon or Siṁhala. In the Rāmāyaṇa, it is stated that the river Tāmraparṇī has to be crossed in order to reach Laṅkā, but this river does not lead to Ceylon. In the Kāvya- mīmāṁsā, it is said that the monsoon current starts from Laṅkā and reaches the Kerala country immediately after. This will not be possible should Ceylon be identified with Laṅkā. In the Bālarāmāyaṇa also, while describing the returning journey of Rāma on the Puṣpaka chariot towards Ayodhyā, Rājaśekhara mentions Laṅkā and its surrounding places first, then in succession the ocean, the bridge or the Setu and the Siṁhala island. He also states that Rāma and others espied Siṁ- hala when the Vimāna deviated from the original path in a different direction. cf. तिर्यग्विमानगतिनाटिकेन विभीषणः—पश्यस्यग्रे जलधिपरिखं मण्डलं सिंहलानाम् etc. It is clear from this sta- 39

306 APPENDIX I. tement that according to Rājaśekhara the island of Laṅkā is situated on the western side of the peninsula beyond Travancore, while Siṁhala or Ceylon is on the eastern side of it. The identification thus seems to be improbable. 153. Lāṭa ... ...Southern Gujarat including Khandesh or the tract of territory situated between the river Mahī and the lower Narmadā. Ac- cording to the Kāvyamīmāṁsā, the Lāṭas talked in Prākṛta language and hated Sanskrit. According to the Bālarāmāyaṇa, also, Lāṭa is situated in the western India to the north of the lower Narmadā. 154. Limpāka... ...Rājaśekhara places this country in North India. Cunningham identifies (A.G. p. 49) this with the Lapo of Hiuen Thsang and Lambatoe of Ptolemy or the present Lam- ghan which is a small tract of country lying along the northern bank of the Kabul river and bounded on the west and east by Alingar and Kunar rivers and on the north by the snowy mountains. 155. Lohitagiri ...One of the mountains of the eastern India. This perhaps represents the eastern range of the Himālayas through which the river Lauhitya or Brahmaputra flows. 156. Lauhitya ...The river Brahmaputra. 157. Vaṅga ... ...The name Vaṅga is only applied to the eastern portion of the delta of the Ganges on the coast of the bay of Bengal. 158. Vañjurā ... ...Known also as Bañjulā or Mañjulā, a tributary of the Godāvarī. The Sahyapāda mountain or western Ghats is said to be the source of the two rivers. 159. Vatsagulma ...According to Rājaśekhara's conception Vatsagulma is a city in the country of Vidarbha (see also Karpūramañjarī I.).