काव्यमीमांसा (महाकवि राजशेखर - कवि-रहस्य एवं देश-विभाग सटीक)

APPENDIX I. 293 77. Turuṣka... ...Eastern Turkistan. It is mentioned by Rājaśekhara in the groups of countries included in the northern India. 78. Tuṣāra ... ...Rājaśekhara located this country in the northern India. According to Dr. Stein, the upper Oxus valley, including Balkh and Badakshan was called Tukhāra or Tuṣāra. (Rājataraṅgiṇī, Vol. I., p. 136). 79. Tuṣāragiri ...A peak of the Himālayas near Gaṅgotri. Rājaśekhara states that Sarasvatī got a son Sārasvateya Kāvyapuruṣa here who was later, married to the daughter of Gaurī at this place. 80. Tosala ... ...It is identified with Dakṣiṇakośala, as Tosali is mentioned in the Aśoka inscription at Dhauli. Rājaśekhara includes this coun- try among the eastern countries of India. 81. Travaṇa... ...This country is located in the western India. Rājaśekhara informs us that the people in Surāṣṭra and Travaṇa countries could speak Sanskrit fluently with an Apabhraṁśa accent. 82. Dakṣiṇadeśa...Southern India bounded by the Narmadā in the north and the Cape Comorin in the south. 83. Dakṣiṇāpatha Same as Dakṣiṇadeśa. According to Rāja- śekhara this represents the portion of the Indian peninsula lying to the south of the Māhiṣmatī. 84. Daṇḍaka ...It is difficult to identify this with Daṇḍa- kāvana of the Rāmāyaṇa, since Rāja- śekhara mentions Mahārāṣṭra, etc. com- prising the real Daṇḍakāraṇya according to modern conceptions, as separate coun- tries. Thus, Toṇḍaimaṇḍala or Diṇḍi- vanam, which is situated in South

294 APPENDIX I. India between the countries of Cola and Kāñchī, may be identified with the Daṇ- ḍaka of Rājaśekhara. 85. Dardura... ...Kālidāsa mentions in his Raghuvaṁśa that both the mountains of Malaya and Dardura are situated in close proximity in the sou- thern-most part of India near Tāmraparṇī. (IV. 50-51). Mount Dardura, thus, can be with little difficulty identified with the Nilgiris in the Madras Presidency. But, since Rājaśekhara locates the Dardura hills in the eastern India, it ought to be identi- fied with the Deogarh peak in the eastern part of the Vindhyas. 86. Das'apura ...Mandasor in Malwa. It is locally known as Dasore from which the Dasora Brahmins derive their names. 87. Dās'eraka ...Malwa. 88. Devasabhā ...Rājaśekhara locates Devasabhā in the wes- tern India and from this point onwards, the whole of the western part of India is consi- dered by him to be the पश्चाद्देश. Devasabhā is also the name of a mountain in the western India, and as such this may be identified with the mountainous parts of either the Dewas state or Udaipur where the Dhebar lake is situated. The rivers Sarasvatī and Sabarmati rise from these parts near Udaipur and flow through the western India. Kauṭilya in his Arthaśāstra (p. 78) men- tions a variety of sandal as दैवसभेय. By this, he very probably means either the hills or the country of the same name देवसभा mentioned by Rājaśekhara where ex- cellent sandal wood may be obtained. 89. Devikā ... ...It is a river in the northern India, and

APPENDIX I. 295 may be identified with the present river the Deeg, which is a tributary of the Ravi. 90. Dramila ... ...Same as Draviḍa. 91. Draviḍa ... ...The words Dramila and Draviḍa are mentioned by Rājaśekhara to denote the inhabitants of the southern India, and not the name of the country. The use of these words is the same as in the case of the word Gauḍa. 92. Droṇācala ...The Doonagiri mountain in Kumaun. 93. Narmadā ...Rājaśekhara includes this amongst the rivers of South India. It rises from the Amrakaṇṭaka hills in the Vindhya range, and flows into the gulf of Cambay. 94. Nāgadvīpa ...One of the nine parts of the Bhāratavarṣa. It may be placed in the western part of India if we are to take into account the sequence of the nine parts mentioned in the Purāṇas. 95. Nāsikya ... ...Nasik. Same as Pañcavaṭī. 96. Niṣadha... ...This is mentioned as a mountain in the Jambūdvīpa or Asia, and as situated im- mediately to the south of the Mahāmeru. It is said to be the principal mountain of the Harivarṣa in the same way as the Himālayas may be called the principal mountain of the Bhāratavarṣa. It is iden- tified with Hindukush by Mr. N. L. Dey. 97. Nīlagiri ... ...One of the Varṣa mountains of Jambūdvīpa or Asia. Ramyakavarṣa is attached to this, and the position of the mountain is immediately to the north of the Mahāmeru. 98. Nepāla ... ...Nepal. Rājaśekhara includes this in the list of the mountains and also of the countries in the eastern India.

296 APPENDIX I. 99. Payoṣṇī ... ...A river in the southern India and may be identified with the Pūrṇā, a tributary to the river Tāpī. 100. Pallava ... ...This name often denotes a dynasty which ruled over the southern India from the 5th to the 9th century A. D. with the capital at Kāñchī. The country surro- unding Kāñchī very probably was known as the Pallava country after its rulers, because Kāñchi is mentioned by Rāja- śekhara as a separate country in the sou- thern India. 101. Pas'cāddes'a ... Western India. This comprises Sindh, Western Rajputana, Cutch, Gujarat and a portion of the adjoining coast on the lower course of the Narmadā. Devasabhā is mentioned as its eastern boundary. 102. Pāñcāla ... ...The Pāñcāla country is located in the Central India or Madhyadeśa which is ex- tended from the foot of Himālayas to the Yamunā and between Vinaśana and Pra- yāga. It is divided into north and south Pāñcālas with Ahiccatra and Kāmpilya as their respective capitals. The two portions of the Pāñcāla country are separated by the river Ganges. According to Rāja- śekhara, however, the Pāñcālas of Antar- vedī (see No. 2) were highly civilized and their capital was at Kanauj, On page 8 of this work he used the word Pāñcāla to denote the country comprising the whole of the northern and central India. 103. Pāṭaliputra ...Patna, the capital of Magadha. 104. Pāṇḍya ... ...The modern districts of Tinnevelly and Madura in the Madras Presidency. Kāli- dāsa mentions Uragapura as the capital of the Pāṇḍya king (Raghuvaṁśa. VI. 59-60).

APPENDIX I. 297 This may, therefore, bo identified with modern Nāgarkoil instead of Urayūr in the Trichinopoly district. 105. Pāriyātra ...One of the Kulaparvatas in the Kumārī- dvīpa. This may be identified with the north-western part of the Vindhya range extending right upto the gulf of Cambay. 106. Pāla ... ...The words Pāla and Mañjara occur in two places in this work, and in both the places they appear joined together, and are said to be the Janapadas as well as mountains situated in the Dakṣiṇāpatha. These two, therefore, may be taken as one word and identified with Pāl near Mahāḍ. The author of the Periplus mentions Palaipatmai as a sea-port in the Deccan and this is identified by Dr. R. G. Bhandarkar with Pāl near Mahāḍ (see Bhandarkar's History of the Deccan. VIII.). It is quite possible that Rājaśekhara's Pālamañjara represents the same place. But this word certainly does not denote the Pāla dynasty of Bengal since Rājaśekhara locates this Pāla in the southern India. An alternative identification of this obscure word may also be offered. The Janapada Pālamañjara may represent the Palaesimundus (of the Greeks) mentioned in the Periplus. It is commonly iden- tified with Pārasamudra and is supposed to have been the capital of Ceylon. (see Mr. N. L. Dey's Geo. Dictionary). 107. Puṇḍra ... ...Puṇḍravardhana. The district of Malda in East Bengal. 108. Puṣkaradvīpa One of the seven Dvīpas of the world. Jambūdvīpa is situated in the middle, while the Puṣkara is the third from Jambū. 109. Pūrvadeśa ...Eastern India. This portion lies to the 38

298 APPENDIX I. cast of Benares and includes within it Assam and Burma. 110. Pṛthūdaka ...Pehoa in the Karnal district of the Punjab on the river Sarasvatī. Rājaśekhara men- tions that the Uttarāpatha or the northern India is to be considered as the country lying beyond Pṛthūdaka. Modern Pehoa is on the northern side of the Sarasvatī and is fourteen miles to the west of Thanesvar. 111. Prayāga ... ...Allahabad. This is the eastern boundary of the Madhyadeśa or Central India which is bounded by the Himālayas, the Vin- dhyas and the Vinaśana. 112. Prāgjyotiṣa ...Kāmarūpa or Kāmākhyā in Assam. Ac- cording to Kālidāsa (Raghuvaṁśa. IV. 83–84) Prāgjyotiṣa and Kāmarūpa are the same. Rājaśekhara mentions Kāmarūpa as one of the mountains in the eastern India. (see Kāmarūpa). 113. Plakṣadvīpa ...One of the seven Dvīpas constituting the world. This is the first Dvīpa from the Jambū which is in the middle of the earth. 114. Barbara ... ...It is mentioned as one of the countries in the northern India. The Purāṇas also locate this country in the north or in the north- western provinces. Ptolemy and the author of the Periplus mention the Barbari and Barbarike as an emporium in India, and Cunningham identifies this with Bhambūra (see Cunningham's A. G. p. 339.) on the bank of Sindhu. The country of Barbara is said to be a famous place for sandal-wood which was known as Barbarikacandana. (Ibid. Notes, p. 695). Thus, the country of the Barbaras may be identified with the Barbari, Barbarike, or Barbaricum which is situated in the north-west province on the bank of the river Indus on its western

APPENDIX I. 299 course. In this connection, it is worthy of note that since Rājaśekhara places this country in the exact north, the northern part of Baluchistan may also be taken as the Barbara country. 115. Bālhaveya ...Rājaśekhara locates this country in the northern India. This may be the same as Bhāṭia near Multan. Native historians and the early Arab geographers mention Bhātia as a strong fortress near Multan on the Indus. Cunningham also mentions it as Bhātia or Bāhiya or Bāhatiya and locates it between Multan and Alor or Aror. (see Cunningham's A. G. p. 294 and Map. ix. ). 116. Bālhīka ... ...See Vāhīka. 117. Bindusaras ...A sacred spot in the Himālayas two miles south of Gaṅgotrī. ( see Cakravartikṣetra ). 118. Bṛhadgṛha ...Rājaśekhara calls it a mountain in the eastern India. This may represent the mount Everest in the eastern range of the Himālayas. 119. Brahma ... ...A country in the eastern India. This is presumably the modern Burma including the upper and lower portions. 120. Brahmaśilā ...Brahmaśilā formed the eastern boundary of the city of Kanauj ( see Notes p. 244 ). 121. Brahmottara ...A country in the eastern India. The northern portion of the Brahma country or the Upper Burma. It may be noted that the Brahma country included both the upper and lower Burma. 122. Brāhmaṇavāha Rājaśekhara mentions this as one of the co- untries in the western India. Cunningham identifies this as the city of Brāhmaṇa captured by Alexander, and called by the

300 APPENDIX I. Greek historians as Harmatalia, a corrupt or foreign pronunciation of the Sanskrit word Brāhmaṇasthala. Brāhmaṇavāha seems to be the Hindu name of the city which the Muhamadans afterwards called Brāhmanābād. It was situated on the eastern reaches of the river Indus. Its present position seems to be in the neigh- bourhood of Hala in Sindh at two-thirds of the distance from Multan to the mouth of the Indus and it lies parallel to Hala. Here, the ruins of a large city have been excavated recently, where various pre- historic remains have been discovered. This ruined city lies at a distance of 47 miles to the north-east of Hyderabad, and 28 miles north-east of Hala. The place is now known as Bambhraka-thul or the ‘Ruined Tower’ and this name is derived from a broken brick tower which is the only building now standing. It was un- doubtedly one of the oldest cities in India; the historian Bilādhura writing a thousand years ago calls it ‘Brāhmaṇābād-al atiqah’ or Brāhmaṇābād the ancient. (see Cun- ningham’s A. G. pp. 306-318; Map. ix., and Ibid. Notes p. 691). 123. Bhādānaka ...Rājaśekhara does not give its exact location but mentions that the people of Bhādānaka talked a language which had an admixture of Apabhraṁśa like the people of Maru and the Ṭakkas. Bhādānaka, therefore, appears to be the same as the Bhādiya or Bhādiyanagara of the Pāli books. Mr. N. L. Dey identifies this Bhādiya with Bha- daria eight miles to the south of Bha- galpur in Bihar. Mahāvīra, the last Jain Tīrthaṅkara is said to have visited this

APPENDIX I. 301 place. But this identification is open to objection since Rājaśekhara mentions Bhā- dānaka along with Ṭakka and Maru coun- tries, which are situated in North India. Bhādānaka, therefore, may be the same as Bhāṭadhāna, a country mentioned in the Mahābhārata (Sabhā. ch. 32.) as situated in the northern India. It may be located somewhere between the river Śatadru and Vinaśana. (see Pargitar's map. J. R. A. S. 1908). 124. Bhāratavarṣa This is one of the Varṣas in the Jambū- dvīpa or Asia with the Himālayas as the Varṣaparvata. The Himālayas is the third mountain on the southern side of the Mahāmeru which is situated exactly in the middle of the Jambūdvīpa. The Bhāratavarṣa again is divided into nine parts. India is one of them, and is called the Kumārīdvīpa. 125. Bhṛgukacca ...Broach and its surrounding parts. 126. Bhaimarathī ...The river Bhīmā in the Dakṣiṇāpatha which joins with the Kṛṣṇā. 127. Magadha ...The province of Bihar or South Bihar. 128. Mañjara... ...See Pāla. 129. Madhyades'a ...The country bounded by the river Sara- svatī in Kurukṣetra, Allahabad, the Himā- layas and the Vindhyas. 130. Maru ... ...Rājaputana or Marwar. 131. Malada ... ...A portion of the district of Shahabad in Bihar. Rājaśekhara mentions this as one of the eastern countries. 132. Malaya ... ...The southern ranges of the western Ghats lying south of the river Kāverī.

302 APPENDIX I. 133. Mallavartaka...Rājaśekhara mentions this among the ea- stern countries. This, therefore, cannot be identified with either Malladeśa or Mul- tan, or Malava or the country inhabited by the Mallois of the Greek historians, since we have to seek for its identification a country situated in the eastern part of India. It is, therefore, probable that the Mallavartaka represents the country in which Mallaparvata or Pārśvanātha hills are situated, namely the portion now for- ming the districts of Hazaribagh and Man- bhum in the province of Bihar and Orissa. 134. Mahārāṣṭra ...The Marāṭhā country or the country watered by the upper Godāvarī, or the land lying between this river and the Kṛṣṇā. This was also called Daṇḍakāraṇya in ancient days. (see Rāmāyaṇa, Āraṇya, ch. I. and Bhandarkar's Hist. of Deccan. II.). 135. Mahī ... ...The river Mahī which springs in Malava and falls into the gulf of Cambay. 136. Mahendra ...Rājaśekhara mentions Mahendra among the mountains of South India. According to Kālidāsa(Raghuvaṁśa. iv. 39-40)Mahendra is situated in the Kaliṅga country. But Rājaśekhara includes Kaliṅga both in the group of eastern as well as southern coun- tries. It, thus, appears probable that Ma- hendragiri near Ganjam was the northern boundary of the Kaliṅga country. 137. Mahodaya ...Kanauj or Kānyakubja. 138. Mālava ... ...Malwa or Avanti. Its capital was Ujjayinī. 139. Mālyaśikhara Rājaśekhara mentions this as a mountain in the western India. It cannot, there- fore, be identified with mount Mālyavān supposed to be situated near Kiṣkindhā in

APPENDIX I. 303 South India. According to the Rāmāyaṇa, Rāma stayed on this mountain at the request of Sugrīva during the rainy season. Mālyaśikhara of Rājaśekhara, therefore, seems to be different from the mount Mālyavān of the Rāmāyaṇa, and its identi- fication may be sought for in the Vindhya range, as a peak near about the Mālava country on the west. 140. Māhiṣaka ...This is a country on the lower Narmadā with Māhiṣmatī as its capital. 141. Māhiṣmatī ...Maheśvara or Mahesh on the right bank of the Narmadā forty miles to the south of Indore. From this city onwards to the south, begins the Dakṣiṇāpatha of Rāja- śekhara. 142. Mudgara ...The country of Mudgara is identified with Monghyr in Bihar. Rājaśekhara locates this in the eastern India. 143. Murala ... ...Rājaśekhara locates this country in South India and characterises the complexion of the ladies of this country as black. It cannot be identified with Kerala, as Kerala is mentioned separately by him. Muralā is the name of a river in South India and it is different from the Narmadā. Kāli- dāsa mentions (Raghuvamśa. iv. 53-55) the river Muralā as flowing near the Sahya mountain and the Aparāntadeśa. The land lying between Kerala and Aparāntaka near Sahya on the Muralā may, therefore, be taken to be the present equivalent of the Murala country. The country of Murala may, therefore, be identified with the country of Miraj through which the river Mūlamuthā or Muralā flows and joins as a tributary with the river Bhīmā.

304 APPENDIX I. 144. Mekala ... ...It is a part of the Vindhya range called Amarakaṇṭaka wherefrom the river Nar- madā rises. This fact accounts for its name Mekalakanyakā. 145. Meru ... ...Mahāmeru, or the mountain situated in the middle of the Jambūdvīpa. It is encircled by the Ilāvṛtavarṣa. 146. Yamunā ... ...The river Jumna. 147. Yavana ... ...Rājaśekhara locates the Yavana country in the western India. It is well known that the Yavanas were foreigners and they were originally living in countries beyond the Indus. Kālidāsa mentions in his Mā- lavikāgnimitra that the Yavanas were ruling in the western bank of the river Sindhu. Very probably, the south-eastern part of Baluchistan may represent the Yavana country as mentioned by Rāja- śekhara and not Girnar, Saurāṣṭra, etc. since they are mentioned by him separately. 148. Ratnavatī ...A city on the southern ranges of the Malaya mountain. 149. Ramaṭha ...This country is situated according to Rāja- śekhara in the northern India. (see Bāla- bhārata I. 7.). This may represent the country parts near the Raumaka mountain. (see Cunningham's A. G. map vi.) The Viṣṇu-Purāṇa mentions Rāmas along with the Hūṇas, Sālvas, S'ākalas and others in the northern India. These Rāmas may belong to a foreign tribe and may be iden- tified with the people living at Aornos or the ruined fortress of Ranigat according to Cunningham's A. G. pp. 67-84. In that case, it is also probable that Ramaṭha of Rājaśekhara may represent the Rāma tribe of the Viṣṇu Purāṇa.

APPENDIX I. 305 150. Ramyakavarṣa This is the first Varṣa to the north of the Mahāmeru which is situated in the middle of the Jambūdvīpa. Mount Nīla forms the principal mountain of this Varṣa. 151. Rāvaṇagaṅgā According to Rājaśekhara, this is a river in South India. It is difficult to identify this river, but it is likely that it was situated in Ceylon or the Laṅkā of Rāvaṇa. The Rāvaṇahrada situated in the Himālayas with an image of Rāvaṇa on its bank seems, however, to be different from this Rāvaṇagaṅgā. 152. Laṅkā ... ...This Laṅkā seems to be situated in the southern-most parts of the Indian penin- sula, as an island somewhere in the Indian ocean. The description of this island in the Rāmāyaṇa as well as in the Kāvya- mīmāṁsā and the Bālarāmāyaṇa, does not favour its identification with Ceylon or Siṁhala. In the Rāmāyaṇa, it is stated that the river Tāmraparṇī has to be crossed in order to reach Laṅkā, but this river does not lead to Ceylon. In the Kāvya- mīmāṁsā, it is said that the monsoon current starts from Laṅkā and reaches the Kerala country immediately after. This will not be possible should Ceylon be identified with Laṅkā. In the Bālarāmāyaṇa also, while describing the returning journey of Rāma on the Puṣpaka chariot towards Ayodhyā, Rājaśekhara mentions Laṅkā and its surrounding places first, then in succession the ocean, the bridge or the Setu and the Siṁhala island. He also states that Rāma and others espied Siṁ- hala when the Vimāna deviated from the original path in a different direction. cf. तिर्यग्विमानगतिनाटिकेन विभीषणः—पश्यस्यग्रे जलधिपरिखं मण्डलं सिंहलानाम् etc. It is clear from this sta- 39

306 APPENDIX I. tement that according to Rājaśekhara the island of Laṅkā is situated on the western side of the peninsula beyond Travancore, while Siṁhala or Ceylon is on the eastern side of it. The identification thus seems to be improbable. 153. Lāṭa ... ...Southern Gujarat including Khandesh or the tract of territory situated between the river Mahī and the lower Narmadā. Ac- cording to the Kāvyamīmāṁsā, the Lāṭas talked in Prākṛta language and hated Sanskrit. According to the Bālarāmāyaṇa, also, Lāṭa is situated in the western India to the north of the lower Narmadā. 154. Limpāka... ...Rājaśekhara places this country in North India. Cunningham identifies (A.G. p. 49) this with the Lapo of Hiuen Thsang and Lambatoe of Ptolemy or the present Lam- ghan which is a small tract of country lying along the northern bank of the Kabul river and bounded on the west and east by Alingar and Kunar rivers and on the north by the snowy mountains. 155. Lohitagiri ...One of the mountains of the eastern India. This perhaps represents the eastern range of the Himālayas through which the river Lauhitya or Brahmaputra flows. 156. Lauhitya ...The river Brahmaputra. 157. Vaṅga ... ...The name Vaṅga is only applied to the eastern portion of the delta of the Ganges on the coast of the bay of Bengal. 158. Vañjurā ... ...Known also as Bañjulā or Mañjulā, a tributary of the Godāvarī. The Sahyapāda mountain or western Ghats is said to be the source of the two rivers. 159. Vatsagulma ...According to Rājaśekhara's conception Vatsagulma is a city in the country of Vidarbha (see also Karpūramañjarī I.).

APPENDIX I. 307 This may be identified with the Vaṁśa- gulma of the Mahābhārata and from this place the river Narmadā rises. In that case, this would be situated in the Vidarbha country. Vātsyāyana in his Kāmasūtra mentions one Vatsagulmaka as different from the Vidarbha (see Notes. p. 148). 160. Varuṇa ... ...One of the nine divisions of the Bhārata- varṣa. From the order in which the names are mentioned both in the Purāṇas as well as in the Kāvyamīmāṁsā, some are inclined to surmise that Varuṇa was situated in the north-eastern direction of India, and that it may represent an Indian colony in Central Asia (see Cunningham's A. G. Notes p. 754). 161. Varṇā ... ...According to Rājaśekhara, this is a river in South India, its source being the Sahya mountain. It may be identified either with the river Kṛṣṇā or Beṇā which is a branch of the Kṛṣṇā and rises from the western Ghats. 162. Vallāra ... ...The country ruled by the Vallāla dynasty in South India seems to be called Vallāra. It represents the country near Veṅkaṭagiri including Chittoor and Vellore in the Madras Presidency. 163. Valhava ... ...One of the countries in the northern India. It may be identified with the Valla- pura (Ballawar) one of the hill states mentioned in the Rājataraṅgiṇī. It is in the south-eastern direction of Kashmir. 164. Vāṇāyuja ...A country in the north, generally identified with Arabia (see N. L. Dey). Kauṭilya considers the horses of this country as best. (Kauṭilya-Aśvādhyakṣa). 165. Vānavāsaka ...North Kanara was known by this name. Ptolemy refers to a town called Banaouasei (Benavas) on the left bank of the Varadā

308 APPENDIX I. river which is a tributary of the river Tuṅgabhadrā in North Kanara. Vanavāsī was the capital of the Kadamba dynasty and was founded by the king Mayūrvarman. 166. Vāmanaswāmi This is a temple of Vāmana situated in the western part of the city of Kanauj (see Notes p. 243). 167. Vārāṇasī ...Benares. 168. Vārtaghnī ...A river in the western India according to Rājaśekhara. It may be identified with the river Vātrak a tributary of the Sābarmatī. The two rivers meet near Kaira. 169. Vālhīka ... ...The country between Bias and Sutlej north of Kekaya (see Rāmāyaṇa II. 78.). According to the Trikāṇḍaśeṣa, it is Tri- garta. Bāhīkas, Vāhīkas and Jartikas are identical with the people of this country. According to the Mahābhārata (Karṇa, ch. 44) Bālhīkas living in Balkh are foreigners who invaded into India. They had S'ākala or Sialkot as their capital which was to the west of the Ravi. (see Cunningham's Notes p. 686). Kātyāyana derived this word from बहिस्. Bāhīkas were contem- ptuous in the public eye, and were com- pared to cows. Cf. बाहीको गौः । 170. Vāhīka ... ...Same as Vālhīka. 171. Vitastā ... ...The river Jhelum. 172. Vidarbha ...In ancient days, the country of Vidarbha comprised the whole of Berar, Khandesh and portions of the Nizam's territory and Central Provinces. (see Krathakaiśika). 173. Videha ... ...Tirhut or Tirabhukti. 174. Vinaśana ...The spot where the Sarasvatī disappears in the desert after taking a westerly course from the Thāneśvar. It may be located in Sirhind (Patiala state).

APPENDIX I. 309 175. Vindhya... ...The Vindhya range or Vindhyadakṣiṇapāda or the Satpura hills between the Tāpī and Narmadā. 176. Vipās'ā ... ...The Bias or Beas, a tributary of the Sutlej. 177. Vis'ālā ... ...The city of Ujjain, the capital of Avantī. 178. Veṇā ... ...A tributary of the river Kṛṣṇā (see Varṇā). 179. Vaidis'a ... ...Vidiśā. Bhilsa in Mālwa in the kingdom of Bhopal on the river Betwa or Vetravatī 26 miles to the north-east of Bhopal. It was the capital of ancient Daśārṇa, and Agnimitra ruled in this city as a Viceroy of his father Puṣyamitra (see Mālavi- kāgnimitra). 180. Vokkāṇa ... ...Rājaśekhara mentions this as one of the countries in North India. This country may be identified with Hiuen Thsang's O-po-kien which he places between Felana and Ghazni in Afghanistan. Cunningham is, however, inclined to identify O-po-kien of Hiuen Thsang with the name "Afghan" as the Chinese syllable 'kien' represents 'ghan'. The Indian pronunciation for 'ghan' is kkana and O-po or Ava may stand for Vo. Thus Vokkāṇa may be the same as the O-po-kien or Afghan. The country of Vokkāṇa may also represent the Wakhan Pamirs which lies beyond the Hindukush and the Badaksan. 181. S'aka ... ...Sakasthan where the S'akas first settled after coming to India. S'ākala or Sialkot in the Lahore division, Punjab, may be identified with this S'aka of Rājaśekhara. S'ākala was first made the capital by Greek king Demetrius; Mihirakula, the Huṇa, also made S'ākala as his capital in 510 A. D. S'ākala was in ruins when Hiuen

310 APPENDIX I. Thsang was on his travels in India (c. 630 A. D.). It is probable that before his time several Hindu kings had attacked the S'akas and destroyed their capital at S'ākala. 182. S'atadru... ...The river Sutlej. 183. S'ālmalidvīpa...One of the seven Dvīpas constituting the world. This is said to be surrounded by the ocean of Surā. According to Mr. N. L. Dey this represents Chaldea in Mesopotamia. 184. S'iprā ... ...A river on which Ujjayinī is situated. 185. S'uktimān ...The portion of the Vindhya range which connects the Pāriyātra and the Ṛkṣa- parvata. This is regarded as one of the Kulaparvatas of the Kumārīdvīpa or India. 186. S'ūrasena ...Mathura or Muttra was the capital of the kingdom of S'ūrasenas. Rājaśekhara in- cludes S'ūrasena among the countries in North India and mentions that king Kuvinda once ruled over S'ūrasena. 187. S'ṛṅgavān ...This is said to be the third mountain to the north of the Mahāmeru which is situa- ted in the middle of the Jambūdvīpa. It is regarded as the principal mountain of the continent Uttarakuruvarṣa. 188. S'oṇa ... ...Rājaśekhara mentions S'oṇa as a Nada in the eastern India. This is the same Sone which meets the Ganges near Patna. 189. S'rīparvata ...Rājaśekhara locates this mountain in South India. S'rīśaila which is situated near Kurnool and at a distance of 50 miles from the Kṛṣṇā station of the G. I. P. Railway appears to be the same as S'rīparvata. It is a sacred spot and two temples, one dedicated to Mallikārjuna Mahādeva and the other to Bhramarāmbā Devī, are situated here.

APPENDIX I. 311 190. S'vabhravatī ...A river in the western India. This may be identified with the river Sābarmatī in North Gujarat which flows into the gulf of Cambay. 191. S'vetagiri ...This is said to be the second mountain to the north of the Mahāmeru which is situ- ated in the middle of the Jambūdvīpa. It is regarded as the principal mountain of the continent known as Hiraṇmaya Varṣa. 192. Sarayū ... ...A river in the United Provinces. The town of Ayodhyā is situated on the bank of this river and it meets the Ganges near Chāprā. 193. Sarasvatī ...Rājaśekhara mentions two rivers of the same name Sarasvatī ; one, he places in the northern India, while the other in the west. The first, in the north, is the river which flows alongside Thāneśvara and Pṛthūdaka and disappears into the sandy desert at Vinaśana. The second, in the west, may be identified with the river which flows by Pattan in the Baroda terri- tory and into the little Rann of Cutch. The source of the latter seems to be the hills near Udaipur where the Dhebar lake is situated. (see Devasabhā). 194. Sahuda ... ...Rājaśekhara includes this among the coun- tries in North India. This may represent the western Afghanistan where the present Safadkoh and Sabzawar are situated. 195. Sahya ... ...The northern portion of the western Ghats situated between the river Kāverī in the south and the Godāvarī in the north. 196. Sindhu ... ...The river Indus. Rājaśekhara locates this in North India. 197. Siṁhala ... ...Ceylon. It is different from the Laṅkā. (see Laṅkā).

312 APPENDIX I. 198. Surāṣṭra... ...Kathiawad and other portions of northern- most Gujarat. 199. Sumha ... ...Rājaśekhara mentions this as one of the eastern countries. According to Kālidāsa's descriptions, the country of Sumha is situ- ated on the coast of the bay of Bengal near Vaṅga on the Gangetic delta. He also states that the river Kapiśa is to the south of this country. (see Raghuvaṁśa iv. 35–38). The river Kapiśa is, there- fore, to be located in the land intermediate between Vaṅga and Utkala on the eastern coast. (see Kapiśa). 200. Sūrpāraka ...This is a country in South India according to Rājaśekhara. This is identified with S'opārā in the district of Thāṇā 37 miles north of Bombay and 4 miles north-west of Bassein. 201. Saumya ... ...One of the nine parts of the Bhāratavarṣa. Saumya seems to be a country situated in the north-west direction of India, if we are to rely on the order of sequence as given in the Purāṇas, while enumerating the different parts constituting the Bhā- ratavarṣa. 202. Haṁsamārga...This is also called as Krauñcarandhra or Haṁsadvāra, in the Himālayas; it is said to have been opened by Paraśurāma with an arrow. This is identified with the Niti pass, in the district of Kumaon, connecting Tibet with India. 203. Harahūrava ...The country lying between the Indus and the Jhelum, the Gandgarh mountain and the salt range. (see Cunningham's map. vi.). Rājaśekhara places this country in the northern India.