नाट्यशास्त्रम् (प्रथम भाग - अभिनवभारती एवं हिन्दी टीका सहित)

250 THE NATYASASTRA [ XV. 10-

10. These¹ [consonants] are to be classified into (lit. known as) voiced and unvoiced, velar, labial, dental, lingual (jihvya)², nasal, sibilant, palatal and Visarjanīya.

11 In these groups [of consonants] ga, gha, ṅa, ja, jha, ñ, ḍa, ḍha, ṇa, da, dha na, ba bha, ma, ya, ra, la and va are voiced, while ka, kha, ca, cha, ṭa, ṭha, ta, tha, pa, pha, śa, ṣa, sa and ha are unvoiced.

12-14. Ka, kha, ga, gha, and ṅa, are velar (kaṇṭhastha)¹ ca, cha, ja, jha, ña, i, ī, ya and śa palatal, ṭa, ṭha, ḍa, ḍha, ṇa, ṛ, ra, and ṣa cacuminal (mūrdhanya), ta, tha, da, dha, na, la, and sa dental, pa, pha, ba, bha, and ma labial; a and ha are from the throat (kaṇṭhastha), o and au are throat-labial (kaṇṭhyoṣṭha-sthāna)², e and ai, throat-palatal (kaṇṭha-tālavya).

14-15. The Visarjanīya is from the throat, and ka and [kha] are from the root of the tongue¹. The place of articulation for pa and pha are lips, and the same will be for the closed (avivṛta) vowels u and ū².

15-16. [The group of sounds] beginning with ka and ending in ma are called stops (sparśa), śa, ṣa sa, and ha are open

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10 (C.10; B.XIV.13). ¹ Read the first hemistich as एते घोषाघोषाः कण्ठोष्ठदन्तजिह्वाग्रनासिकाः.

² The jihvya does not seem to occur in any well-known grammatical work. This is perhaps synonymous with mūrdhanya; for in the production of mūrdhanya sounds jihvā (tongue) plays the most important part. The Taittirīya. Pr. describes the manner of their production as follows : Jihvāgreṇa prativeṣṭya mūrdhani ṭa-vargasya (II.37). Curiously enough this term has never again been used in the NŚ.

11 (C.11; B.XIV.14).

12-14 (C.12-14a; B.XIV.15, 15 of p.230 and 16). ¹ For different traditional views about the places of articulation of consonants see PŚ. p. 62. Read 11b as follows :—कखचछटठतथपफ-शषसा इति वर्गेष्वघोषाः.

² Read 12a as follows :—कखगघङाः कण्ठस्थास्तालुस्थाना मतास्तु चछजझञाः.

³ Read 13b as follows :—तालव्या इचुयशाः स्युष्टं टुरषा मूर्ध्नि स्थिता ज्ञेयाः.

⁴ Read 14a as follows : चो चौ कण्ठ्योष्ठौ ए ऐ कारो च कण्ठतालव्यौ.

14-15 (C.14b-15a, B.XIV.16b-17a). ¹ See note 1 to 12-14 above.

² Read 14b-15a, as follows : कण्ठ्यो विसर्जनीयो जिह्वामूलीयौ कखयोः । पफयो-रोष्ठानौ भवे दुकारस्तथास्वरोऽविवृतः.

15-16 (C.15b-16a, B.XIV.17b-18a). ¹ C. saṃvṛtāḥ for saṃvṛtajāḥ.