नाट्यशास्त्रम् (प्रथम भाग - अभिनवभारती एवं हिन्दी टीका सहित)

-XV. 21 ] RULES OF PROSODY 251

(vivṛta) while semivowels (antaḥstha) are closed (saṃvṛta), ṅa, ña, ṇa, na and ma are nasal [sounds].

16-17. Śa, ṣa, and sa and ha are sibilants (ūṣman, lit. hot) ; ya, ra, la and va are semivowels (antaḥstha, lit. intermediate), ḫka from the root of the tongue (jihvāmūlīya) and ẖpa from the Upadhmā (upadhmānīya).

17-18. Ka, ca, ṭa, ta and pa are [simply] uttered (svarita), and kha, cha, ṭha, tha and pha are uttered [markedly] from the throat, and ga, gha, ja, jha, ḍa, ḍha, da, dha, and ba, bha from the throat as well as the breast (kaṇṭhorashya)¹.

18-19. The Visarjanīya should be known as a sound from [the root of] the tongue¹. These are the consonants which have been briefly defined by me. I shall now discuss the vowels with reference to their use in words.

Vowels : their quantity

20. ¹Of the above mentioned fourteen² vowels ten constitute homogenous pairs (samāna), of which the first ones are short and the second ones long.

The four kinds of word

21. ¹Constituted with vowels and consonants [described above] the words include verbs (ākhyāta), nouns (nāma), roots (dhātu), prepositions (upasarga) and particles (nipāta), nominal affixes (taddhita), euphonic combinations (sandhi) and case-terminations (vibhakti).

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16-17 (C.16b-17a; B.XIV.18b-19a).

17-18 (C.17b-18a, B.XIV.19b-20a). ¹ Read this couplet as follows : कचटतपाः स्वरिताः स्युः खछठथफाः स्पृष्टाः कण्ठ्याः । कण्ठोरस्यान् विद्याद् गजभडदघझढधभान् तु पाठ्ये.

18-19 (C.18b-19; B.XIV.20b-21). ¹ See note 1 to 12-14 above. Read 18b as follows : ज्ञेयो विसर्जनीयो जिह्वामूलस्थितो वर्णः. See the foot-note in B. under B. 20b.

20 (C.20; B.XIV.22b-23a). ¹ B. reads one additional hemistich (B 22a), before this. ² About the number of vowels see 8 note 1 above.

21 (C.21; B. foot note 4 in p. 231).