प्रियदर्शिका नाटिका (सम्राट हर्षवर्धन - चतुरङ्क शास्त्रीय नाटिका सान्वय सटीक)

pp. 37-39 , 27' [ Act III. KING—( Hearing the song the very moment and suddenly going forth) Commendable, princess, commendable ! How charming the singing, how charming the playing (on the lute) ! For, Distinctness has now been attained here (in this performance) by the Vyañjana mode of playing (on the lute) in all its ten parts; this laya (tempo) here, distinguished by its three varieties of quick (allegro) intermediate (moderato) and slow (adagio) has been clearly marked in three ways; all the three pauses, Gopuchcha' and the rest, have been accomplished in due order: and the three modes of playing on instruments have been properly exhibited. (10) A'RANY.—(Clasping the lute rises from her seat and longingly looking at the King) Preceptor, I bow to you. KING—(With a smile) May you have that which I wish for you ! KA'NCH.—(Pointing to A'RANYIKA's seat) The preceptor should please sit just here. KING—(Having sat down) Where should the Princess sit now ? KA'NCH.—(With a smile) The Princess has just now been complimented by you with commendation of her skill. So she deserves to share the seat of the preceptor. KING—Let her sit here; she deserves (to occupy) half of the seat. Princess, sit down. (A'RANYIKA' looks at KA'NCHANAMA'LA'). KA'NCH.—(Smilingly) Princess, sit there. What is wrong in this ? (A'RANYIKA' sits down bashfully). VA'SAVA.—(Blushingly). The subject-matter has been added to by your reverence. I did not, at all, sit on the same seat with my husband at that time. KING—Princess, I wish to hear again. Play on the lute.

Act III ] 28 pp. 39-41 ARANY — (With a smile) Kánchanamálá, having played for a long time I feel exhausted So I shall not be able to play KANCH — Preceptor the Princess is greatly fatigued See how drops of perspiration are formed on her cheeks and her fingers (or fore-hands) tremble So let her be refreshed (by resting) for a short while KING — Kánchanamála you have said what is proper (Wishes to seize her by the hand Arany withdraws her hand) VASAVA — (Sarcastically) Lady this also has been overdone by you I am not certainly Kánchanamalá that can be misled by (such) composition [Or I should not be deceived (misrepresented) by Kánchanamalá's dramatic speech] SAMKR — (Smiling) O you of long life dramatic compo- sition must be of this nature ARANY — (With seeming anger) Go away Kanchan, go away I do not like you KANCH — (With a smile) If you do not like me standing here here I walk off (Starts to go) ARANY — (In confusion) Kánchana stay stay, here is the fore-hand offered to him KING — (Taking the hand of ARANYIKA) Can it be a lotus bud at once cooled by the contact of dew drops? Not such methinks is its power to delight (now) It has it at dawn only when it is left by (free from) the sun are there five moons in the form of fingers shedding a shower of coolness (or dew) Even that (the shower) burns (causes affliction) I know it—this is clearly ambrosia flowing under the guise of perspiration (11) By you moreover is implanted in my heart this Rága (passion—redness) with your hand clever in robbing the tender coral sprout of its beauty (12) ARANYIKA — (Exhibiting the peculiar sensation of touch) Oh fie oh fie! my limbs commit a havoc in me (experience a thrill of overpowering emotion) as I touch this Manoramá

pp 41–42. 29 [ Act III. Vᴀ'sᴀᴠᴀᴅᴀ.—(Rising suddenly) Revered lady, you see the representation. I, for myself, cannot bear to see what is false. Sᴀ'ᴍᴋʀ.—Princess, this Gandharva form of marriage is sanctioned by the religious codes of law. What is the matter for shame in this? This is a dramatic representation. So it is not proper to go away causing a break in the interest when there is no occasion for it. Vᴀ'sᴀᴠᴀ.—(Walks away). IɴᴅÍᴠᴀʀɪᴋᴀ'—(Looking on) Your Highness, Vasantaka, is lying in deep sleep at the door of the Picture-gallery. Vᴀ'sᴀᴠᴀ—(Observing carefully) This is Vasantaka, indeed. (Reflecting.) The King also must be here. So having roused him I will just ask him. (Wakes him up.) VɪᴅÛ.—(Rising dull with sleep and looking up suddenly) Manoramā, has my dear friend come back after having played his part; or is he acting still? Vᴀ'sᴀᴠᴀ.—(With dejection) What! My husband is acting? Where is Manorámá now? VɪᴅÛ.—Here, waiting in the Picture-hall. Mᴀɴᴏʀᴀᴍᴀ'—(With alarm, to herself) How was it that the Queen asked him taking quite a different view of the matter; and this foolish fellow too understanding her in quite a different way spoiled the whole matter? Vᴀ'sᴀᴠᴀ.—(Laughing angrily) Bravo! Manoramá, bravo! nicely have you acted! Mᴀɴᴏʀᴀᴍᴀ'—(Falling at her feet, trembling with fear.) Your Highness! It is not, indeed, my fault in this case. By this rascally fellow standing at the door I was detained here, after taking the decorations from me. And again, my voice, as I cried, was not heard by anyone, as it was drowned in the sound of the tabor. Vᴀ'sᴠᴀ.—Get up, girl, I know it all. Vasantaka is the chief manager in the play—The story of ^ --

Act III. ] 30 pp 42-43 VIDÛ —Just think yourself—where is Âranyikâ and where Vasantaka ! VÂSAVA —Manoramâ, having well-secured him just come after me The acting he has arranged I will see now. MANÔRAMA—( To herself) Now life is put in me (Binds Vidu by the hand and then aloud) Miscreant, now reap the fruit of your evil policy VÂSAVA —(Approaching in a hurry) My lord, may this evil be averted ! (Removing with these words the garland of blue lotuses from his feet, ironically—) My Lord should forgive me that I, thinking that it was Manoramâ, caused you to be bound with a garland of blue lotuses (ARANYIKA stands, having moved away in fear) KING —(Rising suddenly and seeing MANORAMA , and VIDUSHAKA, to himself) How am I discovered by the Queen ? ( Acts being abashed) SÂMKRITYÂYANI—(Seeing all, with a smile) How has the representation turned out to be quite a different thing ? This is not the proper place for persons of my sort (Exit) KING—( To himself) Unusual is this way of showing anger I see that reconciliation is difficult to be brought about in this case (Musing) I will do this (Aloud) My Queen, let anger be set aside. VÂSAVADATTA —Husband, who is angry here ? KING—How, are you not angry ? Although your glance is affectionate, still the lustre of your eyes is red, this your choked voice, though there is sweetness in it, falters at every word, your hard breathings, though suppressed, are well observed from the heaving of your full bosom so this your anger, though restrained with evident effort, is clearly seen. (13) (Falling at her feet) Be pleased, my dear, be pleased.

pp. 43-44. 31 [ Act III. VA'SAVA.—A'raṇyikā, thinking that you are angry, my husband is saying to you—" Be pleased, my dear, be pleased. " So approach him. ( With these words she pulls her ). A'RAṆYIKĀ'—(In fright) Your Highness, I know nothing of this. VA'SAVA.—A'raṇyikā, how don't you know anything? Here I will teach you. Indīvarikā, seize her. VIDŪ.—Madam! To-day it being the Kaumudī festival, my friend performed the acting to divert your heart. VA'SAVA—When I see this misbehaviour of your both, I am moved to laughter. KING—My Queen, away with misconception. See— Why for nothing is this spot produced on the moon of your forehead by the knittings of the eyebrows? Why is this throbbing lip made to resemble the bandhujīva flower shaken by the breeze? And again this your waist is oppressed by the weight of your breasts throbbing all the more : give up your anger towards me : for the amusement of your mind alone this acting was performed by me. ( 14 ). Queen, be pleased, be pleased. (He falls at her feet.) VA'SAVA —Girl, the playing is over. Come then ; let us enter the inner apartment. (Exit). End of the mimic Play. KING—( Looking ) How is it that the Queen has gone without showing favour ? When I look at the face of the Queen and also at that of my beloved here pictured before me: the one streaked with the particles of perspiration and with eye-brows very fiercely contracted through anger, and the other with its lotus-like eyes greatly agitated through fear like those of a gazelle bounding with great speed, I, alarmed and yet having my mind full of longing, am thrown into a great difficulty. (15).

Act IV. ] 32 pp. 44-46. So I will just now go to my couch and think about the means of propitiating the Queen. ( Exeunt Omnes. ) END OF ACT III. ———— ACT IV ⸺o-o⸺ ( Enter MANORAMA' ) MANORAMA'—Oh the long continuity of the Queen's anger ! She does not take pity on my dear friend A'ranyikà, though confined for so long a time. The poor girl is not distressed so much by the hardships of her own imprisonment as by her despair to see the King. And such is her affliction that to-day I prevented her with great difficulty from killing herself. I have come having asked Vasantaka to communicate the matter to the King. ( Then enter KA'NCHANAMA'LA ). KA'NCHA—Strange that I did not find the revered Sàmkrityant though searching for her. ( Looking on ) I will then ask this Manoramà ( Going forth ) Manoramà, do you know where the revered Sámkrityā- yani is ? MANORAMA'—( Looking at her and wiping off her tears.) Friend, Kánchanamálà, I have seen her; but what have yon to do with her ? KA'NCHANA —To-day a lettor was sent by her Highness Angâravati. That being read, the Queen, with eyes filled with tears, began to feel greatly pained. So for her diversion I am searching for the venerable lady. MANORAMA'—Friend, but what was written in that letter ? KA'NCHANA.—She who is my sister is just like your mother; and her husband is ( as ) your father. So need this be told to you ? It is more than a year since

pp. 46–47. 33 [ Act IV. he has been taken a captive by the accursed king of the Kalingas. It is not proper, therefore, for your husband, who is his neighbour and powerful, thus to observe indifference on hearing of this undesirable occhrrence. MANORAMA'.—Friend Kânchanamâlâ, but who read the letter to the Queen when, indeed, it was ordered by our lord that the matter should not be communicated by any one to Her Highness. KA'NCHANA.—As I remained silent after reading it to myself, the Queen took it from my hand and read it herself. MANORAMA'—Then go you; here is the Queen sitting with the very lady in the upper ivory chamber. KA'NCHANA.—I will go there to the Queen. (Exit). MA'NORAMA'.—It is a long time since I came leaving Ar'anyikâ. The poor girl is quite tired of her life. Something disastrous might perchance happen. So I will go just there. (Exit.) (Enter seated VA'SAVADATTA' in distress, SA'MKRITYA'YANI and the retinue in order of rank.) SA'MKRIT.—Princess, away with agitation. Vatsarâja is not such. How can Vatsarâja rest unconcerned on knowing very well that the husband of your mother's sister is in such a plight? VA'SAVADATTA'.—Holy lady, now you are extremely simple-minded. What can he, who has nothing to do with me, have to do with one connected with me? It was meet for my mother to write to me about this. But she does not know that Vâsavadattâ is not such now (as she was before). This A'ranyikâ affair again has been witnessed by you with your own eyes. How do you say this then? SA'MKRIT.—Since it was witnessed by me, for that reason I say so. He surely acted that way at the Kaumudî festival to make you laugh (enjoy the fun). VA'SAVA.—Holy dame, this much is true here. I was so made to be laughed at that it is with difficulty

[Act IV. ] 34 pp. 57-48. -that I stand before your reverence through shame. So why continue that topic ? Surely it is by this partiality that I have been raised to such a high level (reduced to this state). (Weeps). SA'MKRIT.—Do not weep, Princess. Vatsarâja is not such (as would remain indifferent). (Looking about). Or why ; here comes he who will himself remove your sorrow. VA'SAVA.—These are now your ladyship's fancies ! (Enter KING and VIDUSHAKA). KING.—Friend, what is the way now to get my beloved released ? VIDU.—Friend, give up your dejection. I will tell you the way. KING.—(With joy) Friend, mention it very quickly. VIDU.—Friend, in the first place you are distin- guished by your two arms that have proved their valour in conflicts with your enemies in many a battle ; and again rendered more powerful by (or, and again possess) an irreistable army consisting of numerous elephants, horsemen and foot-soldiers. So having now hardpressed the harem with the whole bulk of your forces, set Aranyikâ free. KING.—Friend, you have advised what is impracti- cable. VIDU.—What is impracticable in this (since there is surely not a single man there save the hunch-backs, dwarfs, and the old chamberlain. KING.—(Despisingly) Fool, what nonsense yon talk ! Excepting the Queen's favour there is no other means to procure her release. So tell me how I shall gain the Queen's favour. VIDU.—Sir, support your life observing a month's fast. Thus will the fierce Devi (wrathful Queen) be pleased. KING.—(Smiling) Do not joke. Tell me how I should propitiate the Queen ?

pp. 43-50. 35 [ Act IV 'Shall I, being bold, obstruct her (course) standing, before her and smiling, clasp the dear one at the neck ? Or shall I cause her to be delighted by framing a speech couched in hundreds of flattering expressions ? Or shall I remain with folded hands having fallen before the Queen at her feet ? Truly, truly, I know not how the Queen's conciliation is to be effected. (1). Come then; let us go into the Queen's presence. VIDU'.-Go you, yourself. As for me I have come just now having escaped from confinement with difficulty. So I will not go. KING.-(Smiling and clasping him by the neck, makes him turn back by force.) Fool, come on. (Walking round and looking on.) Here is the Queen sitting in the centre of the ivory-chamber. I will approach her. (Approaches abashed). (Vāsavadattā' rises from her seat languidly). Why have you left your seat ? away with this hurry to show respect to me. It is not proper thus to stand for me, O you with your waist wearied (thereby). Why is this person, who is won over by the favour of the mere casting of a glance, made to feel abashed by excessive courtesy ? (2). VĀ'SAVA.-(Closely observing his countenance.) Husband, you are now abashed (in deed) ! KING.-My dear, I am really abashed. For, although my guilt was visibly seen, I am endeavouring to appease you. SĀ'MKRIT.-(Pointing to a seat.) Sire, please sit down. KING.-(Pointing to a seat.) Let the Queen sit here. VĀ'SAVA.-Sits on the ground. KING.-Oh, the Queen has sat on the ground. I too will sit just here. (So sitting on the ground, with folded hands.) Beloved, be pleased, be pleased. Why do you cherish this deep-seated anger, when I have thus bowed to you ? O you with bewitching eyes, you do not knit your brows, but simply weep again and again ; with your T. 4

Act IV. ] 36 pp. 50-51. lower lip not much quivering you heave sighs without cessation; you do not give a reply, but remain with your face hung down in deep meditation: your suppressed anger greatly pains me like a hidden stroke (i. e. wound caused by it). (3) My beloved, be pleased. VA'SA.—You are surely very happy. Why do you now torment an afflicted person? Rise, who is angry here? SA'MKR.—Get up, sire; what is the use of this? Quite different is the cause of her affliction. KING.—(In haste.) Revered lady, what is that other cause? (SA'MKRITYA'YANI whispers it in the ear.) KING.—(Laughing.) If so, away with sorrow. I too knew it. But I did not say (anything about it) thinking that I should greet the Queen after the purpose had been accomplished. Otherwise how could I remain un- concerned in this Dhriḍhavarma matter? So several days have elapsed since tidings about it reached (here). This is the state of things there. With his outward territory overrun by our forces led by Vijayasena, and his power destroyed, the accursed Kalinga, rendered helpless, has been forced to seek protection from the rampart after having at once entered his fortress. (4) And him, Kalinga, thus situated—, rendered powerless by our attack as described above, with the activities of his warriors and servants decreasing day by day, and having his entire army routed as his elephants, horses and men are falling so as to be destroyed—, you will hear before long, O revered lady, as being either captured or slain in the battle, when in a day or two his fortress is levelled down from all sides by our forces. (5) SA'MKRIT.—Princess, I told your ladyship, at the earliest, that Vatsarāja would not remain without making a counter move. VA'SAVA.—If so, that is gratifying to me.

pp 51-52. 37 [ Act IV. (Enter Portress). PORTRESS.—Prosperity, prosperity to your Majesty! Here is Vijayasena, accompanied by Drdhavarman's Chamberlain, waiting at the door, with his eyes expanded through joy and wishing to communicate something agreeable. VA'SAVA —(With a smile) Revered lady, as I guess I am entirely compensated (lit., satisfied) by my lord. SA'MKR.—I am, indeed partial to Vatsarāja! So I say nothing. KING.—Quickly ask them to come in. PORTRESS.—I will. (Exit). (Enter VIJAYASENA and the CHAMBERLAIN.) VIJAYA.—Dear chamberlain, at the thought that I am to see my master's feet to-day, I am truly ex- periencing an ecstasy of joy, indescribable and beyond comparison. CHAMBER.—This is true. See— Even ordinarily (lit., otherwise) a servant is filled with joy on beholding his master : how much more then must be he who has fully carried out the responsible task entrusted to him by his lord, by routing the enemy's forces? (6) BOTH.—(Approaching.) Victory, victory, to our master! (The KING embraces them both). CHAMBER.—Sire, my congratulations to you. Having slain the cursed Kalinga at your Majesty's command, Vijayasena, the conqueror of the foes, has set our master on the throne. (7) VA'SAVA.—My revered lady, do you recognize this chamberlain? SA'MKR.—How shall I not recognize him? Surely this is he by whom your aunt sent the letter to you. KING.—A momentous business has been accomplished by Vijayasena. (VIJAYASENA falls at his feet). KING.—Queen, I congratulate you. Drdhavarman has been reinstated on his throne.

Act IV ] 38 pp 52-53 QUEEN.—(With joy.) It is a favour to me. VIDU.—At the time of such good fortune, this must be done in this royal palace—(Pointing to the KING and acting playing on the lute) worship of the Preceptor, (showing his sacred thread) honour to a Brahmana ; (indicating ARANYIKA) and the release of all in custody. KING —(Aside, with a fillip) Well done, friend, well done ! VIDU —Madam, how is it that you do not pass any orders in this case. VASAVA —(Looking at SAMKRITYANI, with a smile) The knave has, indeed, got Aranyaká out of prison. SAMKR —What is the use of keeping the girl in custody ? VASAVA —Just as your reverence likes. SAMKR —If so, I myself will go and set her free. (Exit) CHAMBERLAIN —Here is another message sent by Drdhavarman—By your favour everything has been accomplished as desired. So this my life is yours (at your disposal), you have the right to use it as you please. (The KING remains with his face hung down through modesty) VIJAYASENA.—Sire, it is not possible at all to describe the great affection Drdhavarman feels for Your Majesty. CHAMBERLAIN —(Continuing) And although pain was caused to me that there was no alliance formed with you on account of the loss of my daughter, Priyadarsiká, who was affianced to you, still the same has been removed by you as the husband of Vásavadattá. VASAVA —(Tearfully) Noble chamberlain, how was my cousin lost ? CHAMBERLAIN —Princess, when in the course of the attack by the accursed Kalinga the inmates of the harem had fled here and there I took her who was fortunately seen by me, and thinking—'It is no longer advisable to stay here now', started to come to

pp. 53–55. 39 [Act IV. Vatsarāja. Then after due consideration I committed her to Vindhyaketu's care and went away. Just as I returned I found the place made, along with Vindhya- kètu, a matter of memory by some people. KING.—(With a smile.) Vijayasena, what do you say (to this) ? CHAMBERLAIN—There although I searched for her I did not find her. And from that time to this day it is not known where she is— (Enter MANORAMA'). MANORAMA'.—Your Highness, the poor girl is in danger of life. VA'SAVA'.—(Weeping.) What! Do you know what has happened to Priyadars'ana' ? MANORAMA—Certainly I do not know what has happened to Priyadars'ana'. This A'ranyiká here drank the poison brought to her under the guise of wine and is in peril of life. This is what I humbly said So your Highness should save her. (Falls at her feet weeping). VA'SAVA'.—(To herself.) Oh fie, fie! my grief for Priyadars'aná has been hidden (eclipsed) by this account of A'ranyiká. People are, to be sure, extremely wicked. They might, perchance, mis-judge me. So this is proper to be done in this case. (Loudly and with concern.) Manoramá, bring her quickly just here. My husband who has learnt the art of poison-curing in the world of the Nàgas is an expert in this matter. (Exit Manoramá; then enter Aranyiká, supported by Manoramá, and exhibiting herself as suffering from the effects of the poison.) A'RANYIKA'.—Dear Manoramá, why are you leading me into darkness? MANORAMA'.—(With dismay.) Alas, alas! Her sight also is affected by the poison. (To Vāsavadattá) Mistress, quickly save her, quickly save her. The poison has affected her seriously. VA'SAVADATTA'.—(Taking the KING by the hand, in

Act IV. ] 40 pp 55-56. agitation.) Rise, rise, my lord. The poor girl is fast dying. CHAMBERLAIN.—(Observing her.) She surely resembles very much our princess, Priyadarśikā. (Referring to VĀSAVADATTĀ.) Princess, whence is this maiden? VĀSAVA.—Sir, she is Vindhyaketu's daughter, brought here by Vijayasena after slaying him. CHAMBER.—Whence could he have a daughter. This is the same, my princess. Alas! I am undone, a luck- less man! (Falling on the ground and rising up.) Princess, this is that Priyadarśikā, your cousin VĀSAVA'.—Husband, save her, save her. My cousin is dying. KING.—Be calm, be calm. Let me see first. (Aside) Pity, oh pity! The bee in its course went to drink the lotus bud having abundant floral juice formed in it; and at the same time it was scorched up by the frost having suddenly fallen on it. When fate is adverse desires bear no fruit. (8) (Aloud) Manoramā, ask her if she has consciousness. MANORAMĀ.—Friend, are you conscious! (Shaking her again, with tears.) Friend, I say, I ask you if you are conscious. PRIYADAR.—(Indistinctly.) I say, even such as I am, I did not see His Majesty. (With this half-uttered she falls on the ground.) KING.—(With tears, aside.) She is closing this pair of her eyes (but) the quarters have been dark to me; her throat is choked; these words of mine escape me with difficulty; her breathing has stopped (lit. is taken away); my body has become paralysed (lit. come to be in a state of motionlessness); I think the effect of poison only is hers; but mine is all the affliction caused by it. (9) VĀSAVA.—(Weeping) Priyadarśikā, rise, oh rise. See; here is the King sitting. How is it that her con- sciousness is also lost? What wrong have I done you

pp. 56-57. 41 Act IV. unknowingly, angry at which you do not talk to me? Be pleased, then, be pleased. Arise, arise. I will not give offence again, Ah, cursed fate! What evil deed was done by me now that my cousin is presented to me reduced to this plight? VIDU.—My friend, why do you stand like one bewil- dered? This is not the time for dejection! Very serious, indeed, is the working of the poison. So show the power of your art. KING.—This is quite true. (Looking at PRIYADARS'IKA'.) I remained stupefied all this while. So I will restore her to life. Water, water. VIDU.—(Going out and coming back again.) O here is water. (The King advancing and placing his hand on Priyadars'ika, acts the silent repeating of the incantation; Priyad'arsika' slowly rises up.) VA'SAVA.—My lord, thank God, my cousin has revived. VIJAYASENA.—Oh the power of his Majesty's know- ledge! CHAMBERLAIN.—Oh, unobstructed everywhere is the power of His Majesty as Narendra (sovereign— Poison-physician)! PRIYADARS'IKA'.—(Slowly rising up and sitting, indicates yawning, then with dejection indistinctly.) Manorama, I have, indeed, slept long. VIDU.—O friend, your skill as a physician has been fully proved. (PRIYADARS'IKA', gazing longingly at the KING stands up bashfully, her face hung down a little.) VA'SAVA.—Husband, why does she still act differently (like one not fully restored to sense)? KING.—(With a smile). Since her eye-sight is not restored to its natural state, her words are not very distinct; this her body reels, with horripilation and the drops of perspiration clearly

IMPORTANT ABBREVIATIONS. —oOo— Ak., Amara.—Amarakośa. Bg.—Bhagavadgītā Bhav.—Bhartṛihari's Śatakas (N. and V.).* Bhaṭṭi—Bhaṭṭikāvya (I.—V.).* Bṛih.-S—Bṛihatsaṁhitā. Col. U. Ed.—Columbia Uni- versity Edition of the Play. Cf.—Compare. Ch.—Chapter. Bṛ K. M.—Bṛhatkathāmañjarī. Com.—Commentary; commen- tator. D. K.—Daśakumāracharita. D.-R.—Daśa-Rūpaka. Gīt.—Gītagovinda. Hitop.—Hitopadeśa. Kād.—Kādambarī. Kathā.—Kathāsaritsāgara. Kāv., K.-D—Kāvyādarśa. K.-P.—Kāvyaprakāśa. Kum.—Kumārasambhava. (I—VII). Mālav.—Mālavikāgnimitra. Malli.—Mallinātha Māl.-Mādh.—Mālatī- Mādhava. M.-S.—Manusmṛiti. Megh.—Meghadūta*. Mṛich.—Mṛichchhakaṭika.* Mudrā.—Mudrārākshasa*, Nāg.—Nāgānanda.* Pañchar.—Pañcharātra of Bhāsa.* Priy.—Priyadarśikā. Pt.—Pañchatantra.* Ragh.—Raghuvamśa. (I.-X.)* Rām.—Rāmāyaṇa. Ratn.—Ratnāvalī.* Ṛitus.—Ṛitusaṁhāra.* S.—Sūtra. Śāk.—Śākuntala of Kālidāsa.* S.-D.—Sāhityadarpaṇa. Sid.-Kau.—Siddhānta- Kaumudī. Śree—Śreenivāsachariar. Śiś.—Śiśupālavadha. Subhā.—Subhāshita. Svap-Vās.—Svapnavāsava- datta of Bhāsa. Uttar.—Uttararāmacharita.* Vārt.—Vārttika. Veṇī.—Veṇīsaṁhāra.* Vikr.—Vikramorvaśīya.* Vikr.-Ch.—Vikramāṅkadeva- charita of Bilhaṇa. *Annotated by the Editor.

NOTES. —————— ACT I. P. 1. प्रियदर्शिका—Properly the name of the heroine; it then metaphorically (by the metaphorical transference of an epithet अभेदोपचार) signifies the play of which Priya. is the Heroine. The poet's other play, Ratnâvalî, is similarly named. Following the custom of previous writers the poet begins his work with the usual Mangala, which consists of a salutation to the favourite deity or a benediction, and which is believed to have the power to remove obstacles in the way of, and to lead to a safe completion, the work undertaken. This is techni- cally called Nândî in the case of dramas. The efficacy of a Mangala is thus stated by Patanjali in his Mahâbhâshya— मङ्गलादीनि मङ्गलमध्यानि मङ्गलान्तानि च शास्त्राणि प्रथन्ते वीरपुरुषकाण्यायुष्मत्पुरुषकाणि च भवन्त्यध्येतारश्च प्रवक्तारो भवन्ति । Śrîharsha has glorified Pârvatî and Śiva in this play, as he has done in the Ratnâ. also. He pays his veneration to Pârvatî first, owing to her being the more respect- able of the two, as being the mother of the world (मातुरभ्यर्हितत्वात् as remarked by Malli. in his com. on Ragh. I. 1.). Śl 1. The śl. describes the emotion of Gaurî (Pârvatî) at the time of her marriage with Śiva, wherein Brahmâ, as was meet, was the officiating priest joining their hands. Cf. Śiva Pu.—ब्रह्मा सर्वं च तत्रत्यं कारयामास वै तदा । आवाहनं तथा पाद्यं सर्वं च विधिपूर्व- कम् ॥......... संस्थाप्याग्निं पुनस्तत्र वैवाहमकरोद्विधिम् ॥ &c. Construe—करग्रह- विधौ धूमव्याकुलदृष्टिः पुनः इन्दुकिरणैः आह्लादिताक्षी उत्सुका वरं पश्यन्ती भूयः ब्रह्मणः ह्रिया आनतमुखी पादनखेन्दुदर्पणगते गङ्गां दधाने हरे सेर्ष्या स्पर्शाद् उत्पुळका गौरी वः शिवाय अस्तु । धूमव्या०—The smoke was due to the offerings made into the fire that witnessed the match; for the offerings cf. हविःशमीवृक्षलता- जगन्धी पुण्यः कृशानोरुदियाय धूमः । Ragh. VII. 26. व्याकुल pained or disturbed. This was because the bride is required to inhale the smoke. लाजाहोमं कृत्वा धूममाजिघ्रेत् इति गृह्यविदः । Cf Ragh. VII. 27. आचारधूमग्रहणाद्बभूव (वृद्धाचाराद्धूमग्रहणमित्येके); see Kum. VII. 81. and cf. for the smoke Par. p. I. 1. इन्दुकिरणैः—When she looked up the pain was removed by the soothing rays of the moon on Śiva's head. उत्सुका—This description is rather conventional. The bride is anxious to see her husband and gets the first opportunity to see him after the removal of the cloth held between the two when the Mangaḷâshtakas are over. But in

2 Gauri's case she had already seen S'iva before the marriage ह्रिया--She felt shame for fear of being observed by Brahmá who was there serving as the uniting priest. आनत०—may also be separated as नत०. भूयोह्न्रिया may also be taken as a comp. word (through excessive shame); but this is not very satisfactory. सेर्ष्या--Full of jealousy; for she saw Gangá on the head of S'iva's image as mirrored in her bright nails. At first she had not seen her as she dared not look long at S'iva in the presence of Brahmá. Párvati is often represented as jealous of Gangá regard- ed as her co-wife. Cf. Mud. I. 1; तद्युक्तं वधूपार्श्वं मम पुरो निर्लज्ज- योद्युताय; Ratná. I. śl. between 2 and 3. पादनखेन्दु०—For comp. see com.; the double comparison is rather unpoetic. Strangely enough Sans. poets represent the nails of fine ladies (and also of men) as lustrous enough to take in images. Cf. तिङ्मणिमुकुरपुटेन ........अनुचेनाह्वत इव चरणनखेषु निपपात । Kád. p. 292. स्पर्शोत्पुलका—The standing of the hair on end caused by touch is one of the eight Sátvika Bhávas (or involuntary manifesta- tions of strong feeling). It is considered as the first outward indication of love and is often referred to by poets; cf. Vik. I. 11; Kum. VII. 77 (रोमोद्गमः प्रादुद्भूदुमायाः), Ragh. VII. 22. &c. Cf. with this śl. आदौ वेगफणायिता हरमुखव्यापारलोला शनैर्ब्रीडाभारविघूर्णिता मुकुलिता तूष्णीदमव्याभृतः । पत्युः संमिलिता दृशा सरभसव्यापर्तनव्याकुला पार्वत्याः परिणतिमङ्गलविधौ दृष्टिः शिवायास्तु वः ॥ Pár. p 1. l. 1. कैलासाद्रौ &c.—The reference here is to Rávana's lifting up the mountain Kailása when it was shaken to its foundation, causing alarm to Párvatí and others who lived on it. To quiet Párvati's fear S'iva pressed down the mountain with his foot and Rávana escaped being crushed under it only by pacifying the deity. This is also constantly referred to by poets; cf. कैलासशिखरेण दशमुखीमपूतनखोन्निपातिता; Kád. p. 211; समुत्सिपन्धः पृथिवीभृतां वरे शरप्रदानस्य चकार शूलिनः । असमुपाराद्धिसुताससंभ्रम- स्वदोर्महाक्षेपसुखेन निष्कयम् ॥ Sis.' I. 50; गावा चोर्ध्वं दशमुखभुजोच्छ्वासितप्रस्थसन्धेः कैलासस्य &c. Meg. I. 61; see also Rámá, Uttar. K. canto XVI. Construe उद्गस्ते कैलासाद्रौ सचलति सति गणेषु सत्रासकौतुकेषु सत्सु, कुमारे मातुः क्रोडं विशति सति विभूषने सरोषं पश्यति सति पादाङ्गुष्ठे दशमुखे पातालमूलं याति सति क्रुद्धोपि उमया भयघनम् आलिङ्गितः अतः तुष्टः शिवः वः पातु.

• उद्गस्ते—Trown or torn up. गणेषु—The gaṇas are the atten- dants of Śiva, being a race of demigods called Pramathas and are under the superintendance of Ganeśa, one of the demigods. They are thus described in the Káliká P.—विचित्रकुसुमाभरणा जटाश्चन्द्रार्धमण्डि- ताः । आकाशमार्गे गच्छन्तमब्रुवञ्छान्ति निग्रहाः ॥ ध्यानस्थं परिचर्यन्ति ललिताङ्गिमिरौ- श्वरम् । मानाशस्त्रधराः शम्भोर्गणास्तु प्रमथाः स्मृताः ॥ &c. सत्रास०—Their

curiosity was roused by the sudden shaking of the mountain. कुमारे—Kārttikeya, when an infant. विशति—i. e. through fear. विषमुचि—The serpent on the body of Śiva. Śiva is described as having huge serpents on his person, coiled round his neck, or arms, &c; cf हित्वा तस्मिन् भुजगवलयं शंभुना दत्तहस्ता Meg. I. 63; करेण शम्भोर्वलयीकृतद्विजिह्वा Kum. V. 66. श्मशानचारी सततं व्यालाभरणभूषणः Śiva P. P. 2. पादावष्टम्भ०—पादेन अवष्टम्भः—supporting i. e. steadying it by the (pressure of the) foot., तेन; or पादस्य अवष्टम्भः the firm planting of. Śiva planted his foot firmly on the mountain to make it steady, which pressed down Rāvaṇa and-hence सीदद्वपुषि whose body was pained or afflicted. पाताल०—He was sinking down to the surface of Pātāla under the pressure exerted on the mountain by Śiva's foot. क्रुद्ध—He was angry that his moun- tain should have been torn up and his peace disturbed. आविर्भू- तधृतिः असन्तुष्ट—For idea cf. the śl. from Śiś. quoted above. नान्द्यन्ते—नान्दी is the stanza or stanzas of benediction. For its difinition see com.; it is derived as नन्दन्ति देवता अस्यामिति नान्दी; fr. नन्द् and aff. घञ् (अ) with the fem ई added. Another way is— आशीर्वादादिना नन्दयतीति नन्दः; नन्द एव नान्द्यः by adding अ (अण्) स्वार्थे (प्रज्ञादिभ्योऽण् ); ततः स्त्रियां ङीप्. As the drama developed the cumbrous preliminaries of the prelude (पूर्वरङ्ग) were dispensed with, नान्दी the most important of them being retained. It then formed an essential part of the prologue. This Nāndi is of four kinds, viz. नमस्कारात्मिकाऽऽशीर्वाचिकी चासौ. वस्तुवती तथा । नान्दी चतुर्धा निर्दिष्टा नाटकादिषु धीमद्भिः ॥ The subject matter of the plot ought to be slightly indicated in the Nāndī; and it is done in the present Nāndī also. Thus धूमध्वजः suggests Priya.'s long sorrow caused by her own state and her father's overthrow by the Kalinga-king. इन्दुकिरणैः &c.—refers to the delight caused to her eyes by the sight of the king and later of her father's chamberlain. पश्यन्ती पदं refers to her looking longingly at the king Vatsa, and her desire for a union with him. आनतमुखी shows that she had to observe reserve for concealing her love from the Queen and her servants. The second śl. refers to Dṛḍhavarman's overthrow and his being restored to power again by the interference of king Vatsa; as also to the queen's anger and her final reconcili- ation with him. See com. नान्द्यन्ते सूत्र०—supply आह, ब्रूते or some such word to complete the sense. Now the question arises—Who recited the Nāndī? If the Sūtra., according to the precept,—सूत्रधारः पठेत्तत्र मध्यमं स्वरमाश्रितः । नान्दीं पदैर्द्वादशभिः &c. (Nāt. Śā. V. 98), his name should have preceded the ślokas of the Nāndī.

4 Two explanations are offered. The name of the Sūtra. is not put first because nothing but auspicious words can begin a work. Cf. in this connection the Sutra of Pān. वृद्धिरादैच् which begins his अष्टाध्यायी (and not अदेङ्गुण् like अदेङ् गुण ). The other is—The Sutra or manager of the पूर्वरङ्ग recited the Nándi. And he having retired, the manager of the play (नाटकस्य सू०) entered and began the play. But as the discussion is immaterial to the ordinary reader we do not further enter into it here. सूत्रधार—The chief manager of the play, who held as it were the threads of the business of the play. He assigned to the various actors the parts they were to play, instructed them and took a leading part in the prologue. वसन्तोत्सवे—The vernal festival seems to have been one of the occasions on which plays were publicly staged. The spring festival was formerly celebrated from about the middle of the bright half of Chaitra to the full moon day to mark the return of spring, when Kāmadeva or the god of love was worshipped with great pomp. According to some, the festival began from the 5th of Māgha and lasted for about two months. It is now identified with the Holi festival in which people of all grades of society mix with one another and make merry. The Bhavish- yottara Purāna gives a full description of this, for which see Wilson's H. T. p. 264. The passage from अद्य तु to सर्वो गुणानां गणः is almost the same in all the three plays of the poet, with इन्द्रोत्सवे instead of वसन्तोत्सव (which is an optional reading there also) in the Nagananda. श्रीहर्ष—For Harsha see Introd., देवस्य-देव fr. दिव् to shine originally meant one shining or brilliant, then it came to mean 'a god' (Lat. deus), and lastly came to be added to the names of kings as a term of respect and greatness, cf. Vikramadeva, Vikramānkadeva, &c. पादपद्मो०—living or subsisting by (the support of) the lotus like-feet &c.—a respectful way of saying —the humble servants or vassals of. राजसमूहेन—This refers especially to the eighteen kings that owed allegiance to Harsha and his two allies the king of Valabhi and Bhāskaravarman, king of Prāgjyotisha (Assam). अपूर्व—goes with रचना, such as has not been shown before, novel, extraordinary. We cannot take अपूर्व as qualifying वस्तु as the theme of the play was not invented by the poet. रचना is the skilful arrangement of the various parts and incidents leading to a charming end. The poet means that he has borrowed the theme but presented it in a new