द ब्यूटीफुल ट्री: १८वीं सदी में भारत की स्वदेशी गुरुकुल शिक्षा (धर्मपाल)

XI COLLECTOR, MADRAS TO BOARD OF REVENUE: 13.11.1822 (TNSA: BRP: Vol.931, Pro.14.11.1822 pp.10, 512-13 No.57-8)

1. I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter under date the 25th July last, with one from government and to forward the statement therein called for.
2. Adverting to the Orders of Government above referred to I beg leave to submit the information I have been able to obtain on the several questions connected with the system of education adopted in this Collectorate.
3. The schools enumerated in the statement comprise only those in which the various descriptions of the Hindoo and Mussulman children are educated.
4. These children are sent to school when they are above five years old and their continuance in it depends in a great measure on their mental faculties, but it is generally admitted that before they attain their thirteenth year of age, their acquire- ment in the various branches of learning are uncommonly great, a circumstance very justly ascribed to an emulation and perse- verance peculiar only to the Hindoo castes.
5. Astronomy, Astrology, etc., are in some instances taught to the children of the poorer class of Bramins gratis, and in certain few cases an allowance is given proportionate to the circumstances of the parents or guardians.
6. In this Collectorate there are no schools endowed by the public. Those denominated ‘Charity schools’ include a few insti- tutions of that description under the immediate control of the missionary society. The scholars in them are therefore of various sects and persuasions.
7. These Charity schools are abolished at the pleasure of their supporters.
8. The allowances paid to each of the teachers in a school seldom exceed 12 pagodas per annum for every scholar. Madras Cutcherry, L.G.K. Murray, 13th November 1822. Collector. (Statement on next page) 129

130

XII PRINCIPAL COLLECTOR, NORTH ARCOT DISTRICT TO BOARD OF REVENUE: 3.3.1823 (TNSA: BRP: Vol.944, Pro.10.3.1823, pp.2806-16 No.20-1)

1. Accompanying I have the honor to forward a statement of the colleges and other institutions in this District for the education of pupils.
2. In addition to the Form received with your Secretary’s letter I have prepared an abstract, showing the different descriptions of these institutions, and the means by which they are supported.
3. Those receiving endowments from the government are as follows. The Persian schools at Arcot, mention of which was made in Mr Chamier’s letter, transmitted by me to your Board under date 10th December 1822.
4. Some colleges (28) are established in different parts of the district, the expenses of which are defrayed from Mauneoms and Mairas, which have been granted by former governments on this account, and which are still appropriated to these purposes, the total of their amount is Rs.516-11-9.
5. A Persian School in the Sautgud talook is also supported on the grant of a Yeomiah of ¼ rupee per diem, where about 8 scholars are instructed in the Persian language, and a trifling Maira of rupees 5-8-4 is received for one of the colleges in the talook of Cauvareepauk. These form the whole of the expense defrayed by government on this account.
6. Certain of the institutions from different branches of learning will be seen entered as free of charge, these are conducted by persons of some acquirements and who voluntarily give up a part of their time for this purpose, but the greater portion of the seminaries are instituted by those gaining their livelihood by this means, and rates of charge are very variable, being according to the nature of the studies, or the means of the parties. 131

7. The Tamil, Taloogoo and Hindwy schools are the most extensive; to these the scholars are sent generally about the age of 5 and in the course of five or six years are generally found sufficiently forward to commence by assisting in the preparation or copying of the accounts, according to their different walks in life, sometimes as volunteers in the public Cutcherries or in the situations with Curnums, Shroffs, Merchants or others, whence they graduate to situations in the public service or their he- reditary occupations. Collector’s Cutcherry William Cooke, 3rd March, 1823. Principal Collector. (Statements on following pages) 132

STATEMENT OF THE NUMBER OF NATIVE SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES IN EACH DISTRICT OF THE NORTHERN DIVISION OF ARCOT AND OF THE NUMBER OF SCHOLARS

Name of the Schools & Colleges Bramin Scholars Vysea Scholars Soodra Scholars District S C T M F T M F T M F T

Chittoor Talook (Audayanum — 1 1 8 — 8 — — — — — — (Hindoovee 3 — 3 28 — 28 1 — 1 3 — 3 (Teloogoo 18 — 18 15 — 15 33 — 33 135 2 137 (Tamul 7 — 7 — — — — — — 72 — 72 (Persian 1 — 1 — — — — — — — — — (English 1 — 1 2 — 2 — — — 3 — 3

30 1 31 53 — 53 34 — 34 213 2 215

Tiruputty Talook (Audayanum — 2 2 57 — 57 — — — — — — (Hindoovee 1 — 1 5 — 5 — — — — — — (Teloogoo 16 — 16 48 — 48 51 — 51 160 — 160

17 2 19 110 — 110 51 — 51 160 — 160

Cauvarepauk (Audayanum — 9 9 69 — 69 — — — — — — Talook (Sausrapautum — 3 3 34 — 34 — — — — — — (Hindoovee 1 — 1 3 — 3 — — — 10 — 10 (Teloogoo 23 — 23 43 — 43 36 — 36 191 11 202 (Tamul 40 — 40 30 — 30 39 — 39 426 3 429 (Persian 6 — 6 — — — — — — 2 — 2 (English 1 — 1 — — — — — — 5 — 5

71 12 83 179 — 179 75 — 75 634 14 648

133

134

Name of the All other Castes Grand Total Musulman Total Hindoos & District Scholars Musalman M F T M F T M F T M F T

Chittoor Talook (Audayanum — — — 8 — 8 — — — 8 — 8 (Hindoovee — — — 32 — 32 — — — 32 — 32 (Teloogoo — — — 183 2 185 4 — 4 187 2 189 (Tamul — — — 72 — 72 — — — 72 — 72 (Persian — — — — — — 5 — 5 5 — 5 (English — — — 5 — 5 — — — 5 — 5

— — — 300 2 302 9 — 9 309 2 311

Tiruputty Talook (Audayanum — — — 57 — 57 — — — 57 — 57 (Hindoovee — — — 5 — 5 — — — 5 — 5 (Teloogoo 19 — 19 278 — 278 10 — 10 288 — 288

19 — 19 340 — 340 10 — 10 350 — 350

Cauverepauk (Audayanum — — — 69 — 69 — — — 69 — 69 Talook (Sausrapautum — — — 34 — 34 — — — 34 — 34 (Hindoovee — — — 13 — 13 — — — 13 — 13 (Teloogoo 91 1 92 361 12 373 1 — 1 362 12 374 (Tamul 46 — 46 541 3 544 4 — 4 545 3 548 (Persian — — — 2 — 2 66 — 66 68 — 68 (English — — — 5 — 5 — — — 5 — 5

137 1 138 1025 15 1040 71 — 71 1096 15 1111

(Other talooks follow)

135 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) Sholungeer Talook (Audayanum – 5 5 34 – 34 – – – – – – (Saustrapautum – 7 7 23 – 23 – – – – – – (Ganetesaaustrum – 2 2 3 – 3 – – – – – – (Hindoovee 1 – 1 6 – 6 – – – – – – (Teloogoo 16 – 16 29 – 29 8 – 8 83 – 83 (Tamul 19 – 19 19 – 19 7 – 7 183 – 183 (Persian 2 – 2 – – – – – – – – – 38 14 52 114 – 114 15 – 15 266 – 266 Tiruvullum Talook (Audayanum – 6 6 20 – 20 – – – – – – (Hindoovee 1 – 1 2 – 2 – – – – – – (Teloogoo 4 – 4 12 – 12 9 – 9 10 – 10 (Tamul 18 – 18 16 – 16 16 – 16 110 – 110 23 6 29 50 – 50 25 – 25 120 – 120 Sautgud Talook (Audayanum – 1 1 9 – 9 – – – – – – (Pautasalah – 4 4 13 – 13 – – – – – – (Grenthum 1 – 1 8 – 8 – – – – – – (Teloogoo 6 – 6 7 – 7 6 – 6 20 – 20 (Tamul 14 – 14 12 1 13 7 – 7 88 – 88 (Persian 10 – 10 – – – – – – – – – 31 5 36 49 1 50 13 – 13 108 – 108 Cuddapattum (Teloogoo 16 – 16 16 – 16 36 – 36 43 – 43 Talook

136

(1) (2) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) (22) (23) (24) (25) (26)

Sholungeer Talook (Audayanum — — — 34 — 34 — — — 34 — 34 (Saustrapautum — — — 23 — 23 — — — 23 — 23 (Ganetesasutrum — — — 6 — 6 — — — 3 — 3 (Hindoovee — — — 3 — 3 — — — 6 — 6 (Teloogoo — — — 120 — 120 — — — 120 — 120 (Tamul 3 — 3 212 — 212 1 — 1 213 — 213 (Persian — — — — — — 9 — 9 9 — 9

3 — 3 398 — 398 10 — 10 408 — 408

Tiruvullum Talook (Audayanum — — — 20 — 20 — — — 20 — 20 (Hindoovee — — — 2 — 2 — — — 2 — 2 (Teloogoo 9 — 9 40 — 40 — — — 40 — 40 (Tamul 19 — 19 161 — 161 15 — 15 176 — 176

28 — 28 223 — 223 15 — 15 238 — 238

Sautgud Talook (Audayanum — — — 9 — 9 — — — 9 — 9 (Pautasalah — — — 13 — 13 — — — 13 — 13 (Grenthum — — — 8 — 8 — — — 8 — 8 (Teloogoo 14 3 17 47 3 50 — — — 47 3 50 (Tamul 1 — 1 108 1 109 29 — 29 137 1 138 (Persian — — — — — — 110 5 115 110 5 115

15 3 18 185 4 189 139 5 144 324 9 333

Cuddapattum Talook (Teloogoo 33 — 33 128 — 128 — — — 128 — 128 (Other talooks follow)

137

(Cols. 15-26 on next page)

(1) (2) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) (22) (23) (24) (25) (26) Arcot Talook (Audayanum — — — 16 — 16 — — — 16 — 16 (Saustrapautum — — — 28 — 28 — — — 28 — 28 (Hindoovee 17 — 17 29 — 29 — — — 29 — 29 (Teloogoo 8 1 9 169 1 170 — — — 169 1 170 (Tamul 63 — 63 773 — 773 8 — 8 781 — 781 (Persian — — — — — — 96 — 96 96 — 96 (English — — — 17 — 17 — — — 17 — 17 88 1 89 1032 1 1033 104 — 104 1136 1 1137 Pullecondah (Audayanum — — — 2 — 2 — — — 2 — 2 Talook (Hindoovee — — — 25 — 25 — — — 25 — 25 (Teloogoo 11 — 11 208 11 219 12 — 12 220 11 231 (Tamul 17 1 18 848 2 850 64 — 64 912 2 914 (Persian — — — — — — 81 4 85 81 4 85 (English — — — 32 — 32 2 — 2 34 — 34 28 1 29 1115 13 1128 159 4 163 1274 17 1291 Terwvttoor Talook (Audayanum — — — 16 — 16 — — — 16 — 16 (Pautasalah — — — 2 — 2 — — — 2 — 2 (Hindoovee — — — 8 — 8 — — — 8 — 8 (Teloogoo — — — 76 4 80 — — — 76 4 80 (Tamul 1 — 1 600 — 600 — — — 600 — 600 1 — 1 702 4 706 — — — 702 4 706 (Other talooks follow) 138

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) Poloor Talook (Audayanum — 1 1 9 — 9 — — — — — — (Saustrapautum — — — 4 — 4 — — — — — — (Teloogoo 1 — 1 11 — 11 5 — 5 4 — 4 (Tamul 48 — 48 29 — 29 42 — 42 414 — 14 (English 2 — 2 — — — — — — — — — 51 1 52 53 — 53 47 — 47 418 — 418 Wundawash (Audayanum — 6 6 38 — 38 — — — — — — Talook (Saustrapautam — 2 2 6 — 6 — — — — — — (Teloogoo 9 — 9 29 — 29 5 — 5 33 — 33 (Tamul 47 — 47 31 — 31 8 — 8 404 — 404 56 8 64 104 — 104 13 — 13 437 — 437 Sutawaid Talook (Audayanum — 3 3 6 — 6 — — — — — — (Saustrapautum — — — 2 — 2 — — — — — — (Teloogoo 15 — 15 25 — 25 45 — 45 25 — 25 (Tamul 10 — 10 — — — 39 — 39 12 — 12 25 3 28 33 — 33 84 — 84 37 — 37 Bungauree Talook (Audayanum — 2 2 8 — 8 — — — — — — (Caveapautum — 1 1 1 — 1 — — — — — — (Teloogoo 9 — 9 19 — 19 25 — 25 25 — 25 (Tamul 1 — 1 — — — — — — 4 — 4 10 3 13 28 — 28 25 — 25 29 — 29 (Cols. 15-26 on next page) 139

(1) (2) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) (22) (23) (24) (25) (26) Poloor Talook (Audayanum — — — 9 — 9 — — — 9 — 9 (Saustrapautum — — — 4 — 4 — — — 4 — 4 (Teloogoo — — — 20 — 20 — — — 20 — 20 (Tamul 25 — 25 510 — 510 11 — 11 521 — 521 (English — — — — — — 18 2 20 18 2 20 25 — 25 543 — 543 29 2 31 572 2 574 Wundawash (Audayanum — — — 38 — 38 — — — 38 — 38 Talook (Saustrapautam — — — 6 — 6 — — — 6 — 6 (Teloogoo — — — 67 — 67 — — — 67 — 67 (Tamul 4 — 4 447 — 447 — — — 447 — 447 4 — 4 558 — 558 — — — 558 — 558 Sutawaid Talook (Audayanum — — — 6 — 6 — — — 6 — 6 (Saustrapautum — — — 2 — 2 — — — 2 — 2 (Teloogoo 83 1 84 178 1 179 1 — 1 179 1 180 (Tamul 40 — 40 91 — 91 1 — 1 92 — 92 123 1 124 227 1 228 2 — 2 279 1 280 Bungauree Talook (Audayanum — — — 8 — 8 — — — 8 — 8 (Caveapautum — — — 1 — 1 — — — 1 — 1 (Teloogoo — — — 75 — 75 — — — 75 — 75 (Tamul — — — 4 — 4 — — — 4 — 4 — — — 88 — 88 — — — 88 — 88 (Other talocks follow) 140

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) Mogaraul Talook (Audayanum — 1 1 6 — 6 — — — — — — (Saustrapautum — 1 1 4 — 4 — — — — — — (Hindoovee 2 — 2 15 — 15 — — — — — — (Teloogoo 30 — 30 15 — 15 64 — 64 86 — 86 32 2 34 40 — 40 64 — 64 86 — 86 Venkatagery Coteh (Teloogoo 2 — 2 — — — 2 — 2 6 — 6 Talook Abstract (Audayanum — 43 43 298 — 298 — — — — — — (Saustrapautum — 24 24 117 — 117 — — — — — — (Ganatesaustrum — 2 2 3 — 3 — — — — — — (Grenthem 1 — 1 8 — 8 — — — — — — (Hindoovee 16 — 16 92 — 92 1 — 1 25 — 25 (Teloogoo 201 — 201 312 — 312 395 — 395 1142 28 1170 (Tamul 365 — 365 280 1 281 234 — 234 3634 4 3638 (Persian 40 — 40 — — — — — — 5 — 5 (English 7 — 7 6 — 6 — — — 53 — 53 Grand Total 630 69 699 1116 1 1117 630 — 630 4856 32 4888 Total Population Male Female Total Total Population Male Female Total

1. Chittoor Talook 2835 2618 5453 5. Tiruvallam Talook 2732 2314 5096
2. Tiruputty Talook 1814 1536 3350 6. Sautgud Talook 2172 1682 3854
3. Cauverepauk Talook 5580 4578 10758 7. Cuddapanuttum Talook 1001 780 1781
4. Sholunger Talook 2575 1791 4366 8. Arcot Talook 6254 5915 12169 141

142

(1) (2) (3) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) 2 Rajasambapoorama Venkobahchary — 1 — — 1 Annachetterum Soobahbutt — 2 — — 2 5 Sakoovarumbapporam Jeagnadavadiar — 5 — — 5 Jyahsastry — 17 — — 17 Narayanasastry — 5 — — 5 Rajasastry — 2 — — 2 Town & Villages Rajasambahpettah Appausastryvadiar — 1 — — 1 belonging to His Mulliamanachatram Punchanadyvudiar — 2 — — 2 Highness the Rajah 2 Dropdambapooram Soobramenysasstry — 8 — — 8 2 Soolachnamcapooram Yeganarainsastry — 4 — — 4 Lingyah — 4 — — 4 Sydambayeepooram Ramasashasastry — 15 — — 15 Vedarinyavadiar — 10 — — 10 Yemoonam— Soobaditchetar — 2 — — 2 4 Cahpettah Vengoosastry — 3 — — 3 Mohanam Ragoonadiengar — 3 — — 3 4 Cahpooram Rajakomarambah- Ragoonadachary — 3 — — 3 pooram Annahvedauny — 2 — — 2 Auyaloowadiar — 4 — — 4 Sashavadiar — 2 — — 2 Umbaviyas — 3 — — 3 Jyahavadiar — 5 — — 5 Jyahovingar — 5 — — 5 Jyahviengar — 8 — — 8 Total 71 71 — 407 — — 407 Grand Total 109 769 — — 769

Tanjore Nagapatam 28th June 1823 J. Cotton, Principal Collector

ABSTRACT SHOWING THE DIFFERENT DESCRIPTIONS OF Schools | Col- | To- | No. of | The time which | Col- | leges | tal | Schol- | scholars usually | leges | | | ars | continue at school | Audayanum | - | 43 | 43 | 298 | 10 or 12 years | 7 or Theologi- | | | | | | 1 cal Studies | | | | | | 7 | | | | | | 28 | 43 | 43 | 298 | | 43 Sastrapottom | - | 24 | 24 | 117 | 8 or 9 years | 18 (a) | | | | | | 2 Hindoo law | | | | | | 1 etc.) | | | | | | 3 | - | 24 | 24 | 117 | | 24 Ganeeta | - | 2 | 2 | 3 | 10 or 12 years | 2 Sastrum | | | | | | or Astronomy) | | | | | | Grundum | 1 | - | 1 | 8 | 5 or 6 years | 3 Hindvee | 16 | - | 16 | 135) | | 580 Teloogoo | 201 | - | 201 | 2218) | | Tamil | 365 | - | 365 | 4506) | | 143

INSTITUTIONS AND THE MEANS BY WHICH THEY ARE SUPPORTED ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ Schl-        Remarks               Amount ars                          Rs. A. P. ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 84 Free of charge                   —  —  — 12 Ditto - the teacher being their own relatives      —  —  — 39 The monthly charge to each scholar being from 1 Annah and 2 pice the lowest rate and 2 Rs the highest rate making the yearly charge to each scholar of the lower class 14 Annas and 24 Rs as the higher Class Total monthly receipts of the 7 colleges Rs.2.9.6 or yearly charge of -ditto-         331  2  — 163 Public Colleges Csw. Annas Teerwa Maniem Poorjee 12  4 ¾ 36.12.6} Nunjee     26  4 ¾ 342.13.8} 38  8 ¾ 379.10.2} Mairah    —   —  137.01.7} ━━━━ Rupees 516.11.9}         516 11  9 The Annual Allowance to each teacher in the Col- leges is from Rs.3.8 the lower class and 36 Rs. and 12 as. the higher class. ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── 298 Yearly charge                   847 13  9 ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── 81 Free of Charge                   —  —  — 14 Ditto - the teachers being their own relatives     —  —  — 4 Public Colleges Mairah in Umbee Village amounts to                     5  8  4 18 The monthly charge to each Scholar is from 2 Annas and 6 pice the lower rate and 1 Rs the higher rate making the yearly charge to each scholar of the lower class 1 Rs. and 14 Annas, and 12 Rs. as the higher rate-Total monthly Rs.8-11-6 or yearly charge of Ditto             104 10  — ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── 117                           110  2  4 ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── 3 Free of Charge                   —  —  — ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 131 Free of Charge                   —  —  — 6736 The Monthly charge to each Scholar being from 1 a. and 3 pice the lower rate and 1 Rs 12 as. the higher rate making the yearly charge to each scholar of the (Continued) 144

Schools Col- Total No. of The time which Col- leges Schol- scholars usually leges ars continue at school

[...contd.]

583 — 583 6867 583

Persian 40 — 40 398 1 1 7 or 8 years 6 1 31 40

40 40 398

English 7 — 7 61 6 or 7 years 3 4

7 — 7 61 7

Collectors Cutcherry, 3rd March 1823 145

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ Schol- Remarks Amount ars Rs. A. P. ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ lower class 15 annas and 21 Rs as the higher rate- Total monthly receipts of the 580 Schools is Rs. 1795-0-5 ¼ or yearly charge of -ditto- 21540 5 4 ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── 6867 21540 5 4 ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 13 Free of Charge — — — 2 -do- teachers being their own relatives — — — 68 Public schools-1 School consists of 8 scholars established at Paranambut in Sautgud talook- Mahomed Ghouse is the teacher who receives a Yeomiah-¼ Rupee per diem-7½ Rupees per month-or yearly allowance is Rs..90 90 — — Cusba Arcot Schools consist of 60 scholars @12 per each School-5 Tutors @4 Rupees each per month-Rs.20 20 — —

1. Darogah Gholum Mahuddeen @20 Rs. per month-Expence 20 — — Keechudu or boiled rice allowed once per day is 63 7 8
2. Cook 2 8 — Monthly 105 15 8 or yearly charge 1271 12 — 1361 12 — 7 Nabobs-1. Tutor named Moollah Saheb at Mailcoopum Village Yearly allowance granted to him is Rupees 28 7 11 308 The monthly charge-to each scholar being from 2 annas and 6 pice the lower rate and 2 Rs. the higher rate making the yearly charge to each scholar of the lower class. 1 Rupee and 14 annas and 24 Rs. as the higher rate-Total monthly 398 receipts of the 31 Schools Rs. 119-4-2 or 1431 2 — ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── Yearly charges 2822 5 — ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 17 Free of charge — — — 44 The monthly charge to each scholar being from 10 annas the lower rate and 3 Rupees 8 Annas the higher rate-Making the yearly charge to each Scholar of the lower Classes 7½ Rs., and 42 Rs. as the higher rate-Total monthly receipts of the 4 schools is Rupees 45 — — ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── 61 Yearly charge is 540 — — ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 146

XIII COLLECTOR OF CHINGLEPUT TO BOARD OF REVENUE: 3.4.1823 (TNSA: BRP: Vol. 946, Pro. 7.4.1823 pp.3493-96 No.25)

1. I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your Secretary’s letter of the 25th of July last, and to transmit a state- ment in the prescribed Form, respecting the places of tuition and number of scholars in the this district.
2. There are no colleges properly so called but there are a few places in which the higher branches of learning are taught to a small number of pupils which I have classed separately.
3. A village school master earns from 3½ to 12 rupees per month. I think the average is no more than 7 rupees. The scholars are subsisted in their own houses and only attend the school during a part of the day. For the most part their attendance is very irregular. Few of the school masters are acquainted with the grammar of the language which they profess to teach, and neither the master nor scholars understand the meaning of the sentences which they repeat.
4. I do not find that any allowance has been made by the Native Governments for education in this district, but in some villages there are trifling Mauneoms, from a quarter of a Cawny to two Cawnies of land, for Vaidavartyars or Theological teachers.
5. I have published in the district that there is no intention to interfere with the people in the mode of education, and that no change is contemplated except it be to aid existing institutions.
6. Education cannot well, in a civilized state, be on a lower scale than it is and I much fear there does not exist the same desire for improvement as is reported of the natives of Bengal. Zillah Chingleput, Poodooputnum, S. Smalley, 3rd April 1823. Collector. (Statement on next page) 147

148