काव्यमीमांसा (महाकवि राजशेखर - कवि-रहस्य एवं देश-विभाग सटीक)

२७४ श्लोकः पृष्ठम् श्लोकः पृष्ठम् शरीर ३८ सशमी० १०३ शाखा० ९७ स सधरिष्णुः ३६ शारदायाः ३४ संसंस्कृतम् ३३ शेताम् ८१ ससल्की० १०० शैल० ७३ सहकार० १०७ शोकाश्रुभिः ७० सह्याद्रेः ९६ शोभान्धो० १११ सा पत्युः ४७ श्यामम् ६९ सांयात्रिकैः ८४ श्यामेषु ९६ सा तत्र ९३ श्रान्ता ६० सा भाति १०१ श्रियः ४२ सामान्य० ३६ श्रीमन्ति २७ साम्यम् १०९ श्रुतीनाम् ३६ सारस्वतः १३ सकाकु० ३४ सारस्वतम् ११ सखञ्जरीटा १०१ सिद्धार्थ० १०४ सख्या ३२ सिद्धिः ५४ सङ्क्षिप्तं ८२ सुभ्रू ६१ सति २० सुराष्ट्र० ३४ सत्काव्ये १५ सुसज्जिताम् ३० स दक्षिणापाङ्ग० ४० सेयम् ३२ स देवः २४ सोऽयं करैः १०० सद्यः ६७ सोऽयं कवीनाम् ८९ सन्ति १५ सोऽयं भणिति० ७१ सन्मार्गालोकन० ७६ सोऽस्मिन् २४ स पातु वो यस्य जटा० ५७ स्तिमित० ४८ स पातु वो यस्य शिखा० ४४ स्तेमः २५, ८३ स पातु वो यस्य हता० ५७ स्तोकानुप्रास० २९ समम् ६७ स्त्रियः १०४ समासरूपक० ३० स्थिते ६५ समासव्याससंदब्धम् २९ स्थूलावश्याय० १०९ सम्यक् २१ स्नानाद्रीन्द्रैः ६७, ७६ संविधातु० ७३, ७४ स्फटिक० ७४ संस्तम्भिनी ९० स्फुटित० ३९ सरलकर ७१ स्मृत्वा ४२ सरस्वती ७५ स्रोतांसि १०६ सरिताम् ४ स्वामी १५ सर्गः प्रतिसंहारः ३ स्वास्थ्यम् ४९ सर्व० २८ हतत्विषोऽन्धाः १६

२७५ श्लोकः पृष्ठम् | श्लोकः पृष्ठम् हरहास० ९० | हारो ७७ हरोऽपि १२ | हिमवत् ९४ हर्म्यम् १०८ | हिरण्य० ३६ हलमनु ८९ | हृष्यति २४ हलम्पार० ५६ | हे नागराज ८८ हंस ३५ | ह्रस्वैः ३०

Index of Proper names occurring in the Kâvyamîmâmsâ. श्लोकः पृष्ठम् श्लोकः पृष्ठम् अमरः ५५ ध्रुवस्वामिनी ४७ अवन्तिसुन्दरी २०, ४६, ५७ नन्दिकेश्वरः १ आचार्याः ३, ९, १३, १६, २०, पतञ्जलिः ५५ २३, ३०, ३५, ५०, ५१, परमेष्ठी० १ ५६, ५७, ५८, ६१, ६२, पाणिनिः ५५ ७८, ९४, ९९. पाणिनीयाः २२ आनन्दः १६ पाराशरः १ आपराजितिः ४५ पाल्यकीर्तिः ४६ उक्तिगर्भः १ पिङ्गलः ५५ उतथ्यः १ पुलस्त्यः १ उपमन्युः १ प्रचेतायनः १ उपवर्षः ५५ प्राचेतसः ७ उशना ६ बार्हस्पत्याः ४ औद्भटाः २२, ४४ भरतः १ औपकायनः १ भवानी ८ औमेयौ ८, ९, १० भारविः ५५ औशनसाः ४ मङ्गलः ११, १४, १६, २० कर्णः ८८ मानवाः ४ कामदेवः १ मेण्ठः ५५ कालिदासः १४, ५५ मेधाविरुद्रः १२ काव्यपुरुषः ५, १० यायावरीयः २, ३, ४, १०, ११, १३, कुचमारः १ १४, १६, १७, २०, २३, कुड्डालैश्वरः ७९ २५, २६, २७, ३०, ३१, कुबेरः १ ३५, ४२, ४४, ४५, ४६, कुमारदासः १२ ५०, ५१, ५६, ५८, ६१, कुविन्दः ५० ६२, ६३, ७८, ९०, ९१, कौटिल्यः ४ ९४, ९९, १०० खसाधिपतिः ४७ राजशेखरः २ गोनर्दीयः २६ रुद्रटः ३१ गौरी ७, १० रूपः ५५ चन्द्रगुप्तः ५५ वररुचिः ५५ चित्रशिखः ३९ वर्षः ५५ चित्रसुन्दरी ४० वाक्पतिराजः ६२ चित्राङ्गदः १ वामनीयाः १४, २० द्रौहिणिः २, ४२ वाल्मीकिः ७ द्वैपायनः ७, ५८ वासुदेवः ५५ धिषणः १, ५ वैकुण्ठः १

२७७ {lr|lr} श्लोक: & पृष्ठम् & श्लोक: & पृष्ठम्

व्याडि: & ५५ & सातवाहन: & ५०, ५५

शिशुनाग: & ५० & सारस्वतेय: & १, ५, ६, ७, ८, १०

शूद्रक: & ५५ & साहसाङ्क: & ५०, ५५

शेष: & १ & साहित्यविद्यावधू: & ७

श्यामदेव: & ११, १३, १७ & सुरानन्द: & ७५

श्रीकण्ठ: & १ & सुवर्णनाभ: & १

श्रीकेशव: & ७९ & सूर: & ५५

श्रीशर्मगुप्त: & ४७ & हरिचन्द्र: & ५५

सरस्वती & ५, ६, १० & हर्ष: & ९०

सहस्राक्ष: & १ & हली० & ५६

Index of Geographical names occurring in the Kâvyamîmâmsâ. श्लोकः पृष्ठम् | श्लोकः पृष्ठम् अङ्ग ८, ९३ | काश्मीर ८, ३४ अन्तर्वेदी ९४ | किम्पुरुषवर्ष ९२ अन्ध्र. ८४, १०० | कीर ९४ अयोध्या ८५ | कुन्तल ९, ३९, ५०, ६१, ९३ अर्बुद ९, ९४ | कुमारीद्वीप ९२ अवन्ती ९, ५१ | कुमारीपुरम् ९२ अश्मक ९३ | कुलूत ९४ आनर्त ९४ | कुशद्वीपः ९० आर्यावर्त ९३ | कुहू ९४ इन्द्रकील ९४ | कृष्णवेणा ९४ इन्द्रद्वीप ९२ | केकय ९४ इरावती ९४ | केरल ९, ९३, १०० इलावृतवर्ष ९२ | कोल्लगिरि ९३ उज्जयिनी ५०, ५५ | कोसल ९३ उत्कल ९३ | कौङ्कण ९३ उत्तरकोसल ९६ | क्रथकैशिक ९३ उत्तराः कुरवः ९२ | क्रौञ्चद्वीपः ९० उत्तरापथ ३४, ९४ | गङ्गा ९३, ९४ उत्तरलावती ९४ | गन्धर्वः ९२ ऋक्षपर्वत ९२ | गभस्तिमान् ९२ कच्छीय ९४ | गाङ्ग ९३ कपिशा ९३ | गाधिपुर ९४ करकण्ठ ९४ | गिरिनगर ९४ करतोया ९३ | गोदावरी ९४, ९६ कर्णाटाः ३४ | गोवर्धन ९४ कलिङ्ग ९, ९३ | गौड ८, ३३, ३४, ५१ कलिन्द ९४ | चकोर ९३ कसेरुमान् ९२ | चक्रवर्तिक्षेत्रम् ९, १०, ९२ काञ्ची ९३, ९६ | चन्दनगिरि ९६ कामरूप ९३ | चन्द्रभागा ९४, ९९ काम्बोज ९४ | चन्द्राचल ९४ कार्तिकेयनगरम् ४७ | चोल ९३ कालप्रिय ९४ | जम्बूद्वीपः ९०, ९१ कावेर ९३ | जाह्नवी ७९, ८५ कावेरी ९४, ११० | टक्क ५१

२७९ श्लोकः पृष्ठम् श्लोकः पृष्ठम् तङ्गण ९४ पूर्वदेश ९३, ९७ तापी ९४ पृथूदक ९४ ताम्रपर्ण ९२ प्रयाग ९४ ताम्रपर्णी १९, ४५, ८०, ९४ प्राग्ज्योतिष ९३ ताम्रलिप्तक ९३ प्लक्षद्वीपः ९० तुङ्गभद्रा ९४ बर्बर ९४ तुरुष्क ९४ बाहुवेय ८ तुषार ९४ बाहीक ८ तुषारगिरि ५, १० बिन्दुसर ९२ तोसल ९३ बृहद्गृह ९३ त्रवण ३४, ९४ ब्रह्म ८ दक्षिणदेश ९७ ब्रह्मशिला ९४ दक्षिणापथ ९३ ब्रह्मोत्तर ९३ दण्डक ९३ ब्राह्मणवाह ९४ दर्दुर ९३ भादानक ५१ दशपुर ७१, ८६ भारतवर्ष ९२ दशेरक ९४ भृगुकच्छ ९, ९४ देवसभ ९४ भैमरथी ९४ देविका ९४ मगध ३३, ५०, ९३ द्रमिल ३९ मञ्जर ९, ९४ द्रविड ३४ मध्यदेश ५१, ९४ द्रोणाचल ८७ मरु ५१ नर्मदा ६८, ९४ मलद ९३ नागद्वीप ९२ मलय ३९, ४५, ७७, ८१, ९२, ९३, १०० नासिक्य ९३ मल्लवर्तक ९ निषध ९२ महाराष्ट्र ९, ९३ नीलगिरिः ९२ मही ९४ नेपाल ३९, ९३ महेन्द्र ९२, ९३ पयोष्णी ९४ महोदय ८, ९४ पल्लव ९३ मालव ५ पश्चाद्देश ९४ माल्यशिखर ९४ पाञ्चाल ८, ९, ३४ माहिषक ९३ पाटलिपुत्र ५५ माहिष्मती ९३ पाण्ड्य ९३ मुद्गर ९३ पारियात्र ५१, ९२ मुरल ९३ पाल ९, ९३ मेकल ९, ९३ पुण्ड्र ८, ९३ मेरु ८५, ९१, ९२ पुष्करद्वीपः ९० यमुना ८५, ९४

२८० श्लोकः पृष्ठम् श्लोकः पृष्ठम् यवन ९४ वोक्काण ९४ रत्नवती ३९ शक ९४ रमठ ९४ शतद्रु ९४ रम्यकवर्ष ९२ शाल्मलद्वीपः ९० रावणगङ्गा ९४ शिप्रा ७९ लङ्का १०० शुक्तिमान् ९२ लाट ३४, ५१, १०९, ११० शूरसेन ८, ५० लिम्पाक ९४ शृङ्गवान् ९२ लोहितगिरि ९३ शोण ९३ लौहित्य ९३ श्रीपर्वत ९४ वक्र ८ श्वभ्रवती ९४ वञ्जुरा ९४ श्वेतगिरिः ९२ वत्सगुल्मम् ९० सरयू ४३ वरुण ९२ सरस्वती ९४ वर्णा ८४ सहुड ९४ वल्लार ९३ सह्य ८५, ९२, ९४, ९६ वह्लव ९४ सिन्धु ९४ वाणायुज ९४ सिंहल ९३ वानवासक ९३ सुराष्ट्र ९, ३४, ९४ वामनस्वामी ९४ सुह्म ८, ९३ वाराणसी ३३, ९३ सूपारक ९३ वार्तघ्नी ९४ सौम्य ९२ वाल्हीक ९४ हंसमार्ग ९४ वाहीक ८, ११० हरहूरव ९४ वितस्ता ९४ हरिवर्ष ९२ विदर्भ १०, ९३ हस्तिनापुर ८ विदेह ९३ हिडिंबा ९४ विनशन ९४ हिमवान् ५९, ८१, ९२, ९४, ९६ विन्ध्य ६८, ९२, ९३, ९४ हिमालयः ४७, ९४, ९६ विपाशा ९४ हिरण्मयवर्ष ९२ विशाला ५५ हूण ९४, १०९ वेणा ९४ हूहुक ९४ वैदिश ९ हेमकूट ९२

APPENDIX I. Identification of geographical names occurring in the Kāvyamīmāṁsā.

1. Aṅga ... ...The country lying between Bhagalpur and Monghyr. Its capital was Campāpurī which is now located within two miles west of Bhagalpur.
2. Antarvedi ...The tract of country surrounded by the Ganges in the north and the Yamunā in the south; and Vinaśana (or the place where Sarasvatī disappears) in the west and Prayāga in the east.
3. Andhra ... ...The country lying between the river Godā- varī in the north and the Kṛṣṇā in the south. Pratiṣṭhānapura was its capital.
4. Ayodhyā... ...Situated on the river Sarayū in the United Provinces.
5. Arbuda ... ...Mount Abu in the Aravalli range now included in the Sirohi state of Rajputana. According to Rājaśekhara the part of the country surrounding Mount Abu is also called Arbuda, because he makes Arbuda both a mountain and a Janapada.
6. Avanti ... ...The country of which Ujjain was the capital. It is said to be the kingdom of Vikramāditya.
7. Aśmaka ... ...Rājaśekhara mentions this among the co- untries of South India. The Brahmāṇḍa- purāṇa also places it in the southern India. But the Kūrmapurāṇa and the Bṛhat- saṁhitā mention this country as a part of North India and locate it near the Punjab. The Daśakumāracarita, Harṣacarita and Bhaṭṭasvāmin-the commentator on the 36

282 APPENDIX I. Arthaśāstra, include Aśmaka as a part of the Mahārāṣṭra country. It appears, there- fore, that Aśmaka was situated between the Godāvarī and Māhiṣmatī, and formed part of Vidarbha. 8. Ānarta ... ...Includes northern Gujarat and portions of the Malwa country; its capital was Ānar- ttapura, afterwards called Ānandapura, the modern Vadnagar. 9. Āryāvarta ...The northern part of India lying between the Himālayas in the north and the Vindhya range in the south; and between the eastern and western oceans. 10. Irāvatī ... ...This may be identified with the river Ravi on the banks of which Lahore is situated. Some scholars identify this with the river Rapti in Oudh, but this does not seem to be correct, since Rājaśekhara locates the river in the northern India. 11. Ilāvṛtavarṣa ...The country surrounding the Mahāmeru, or the mountain situated in the middle of the Jambūdvīpa. The Meru is said to have three Varṣas in the north and three more in the south. Among the six, the Bhāratavarṣa is rogarded as the third to the south. 12. Indrakīla ...One of the peaks in the interior of the Himālayas. 13. Indradvīpa ...One of the nine parts of the Bhāratavarṣa. The division of Bhāratavarṣa in nine parts occurs in the Purāṇas, as well as in the Kāvyamīmāṁsā which depends for its in- formation on the Purāṇas·with regard to this topic. Some scholars are inclined to identify this with Burma as it is situated in the east, the direction of Indra. 14. Ujjainī ... ...Modern Ujjain.

APPENDIX I. 283 15. Utkala ... ...Orissa or the northern part of the Kaliṅga country. The river Vaitaraṇī forms its northern boundary. 16. Uttarakośala...The kingdom of Oudh had two divisions, Uttarakośala and Kośala. Ayodhyā and Kuśāvatī were the capitals of the two Kośalas. 17. Uttarakuru ...The Purāṇas consider this to be a Varṣa surrounding the Varṣa Parvata Śṛṅgavān which is the third mountain range from the Mahāmeru in the north. Rājaśekhara follows the same view. According to the Rāmāyaṇa and the Mahābhārata, Tibet and eastern Turkistan were included in the Uttarakuru. 18. Uttarāpatha ...The country to the north of Pṛthūdaka (or Pehoa in the Karnal district of Punjab on the river Sarasvatī) is called Uttarā- patha. Pṛthūdaka is fourteen miles to the west of Thāneśvara. 19. Utpalāvatī ...This is a river in the Tinnevelly district in the southern India. The river runs parallel to the Tāmraparṇī. 20. Ṛkṣaparvata ...This is one of the Kulaparvatas of the Kumārīdvīpa or India. This mountain forms part of the eastern range of the Vindhyas extending from the bay of Bengal to the source of the Narmadā. 21. Kacchīya ...Cutch. It was known also as Maru- Kaccha in the Bṛhatsaṁhitā. 22. Kapiśā ... ...The river Suvarṇarekhā in Singbhum and Orissa. (see Raghuvaṁśa IV. 38). The source of the river is said to be the Ṛkṣaparvata. 23. Karakaṇṭha ...One of the countries in the Uttarāpatha. It may be identified with the valley of Karakoram. As Karachi is situated in

284 APPENDIX I. the western India, its identification with Karakaṇṭha will be hazardous. But the Kārāpatha or Karabagh as it is now called, on the right or the west bank of the Indus at the foot of the salt range locally called Nili hill in the Bannu district may, how- ever, be identified as an alternative with the Karakaṇṭha of Rājaśekhara. 24. Karatoyā ...A sacred river flowing through the dist- ricts of Rangpur, Dinajpur and Bogra in Bengal and joining the river Brahmaputra near the Gangetic delta. 25. Karṇāṭas ...People living in the Karṇāṭadeśa which includes the Mysore state, Coorg and part of the Ceded districts. 26. Kaliṅga ... ...The northern Circars, a country lying between Orissa in the north and Andhra in the south and bordering on the sea. Rājaśekhara includes this amongst the countries situated in the southern and the eastern India. 27. Kalinda ... ...A part of the Himālayas known by this name. It is the source of the river Yamunā which is called Kālindī in conse- quence. 28. Kaserumān ...One of the nine parts of the Bhāratavarṣa. This division is referred to in the Purāṇas and in the Kāvyamīmāṁsā. It is identified by some with Singapore in the Malaya States. (see Cunningham's A. G. Notes p. 752). 29. Kāñcī ... ...Kāñcīpura or Conjeevaram, the capital of the Draviḍa or the Cola country on the river Pālār. It is situated 'at a distance of forty three miles south west of Madras. 30. Kāmarūpa ...Assam. Rājaśekhara mentions Kāmarūpa as one of the mountains situated in the eastern part of India but not as a Janapada.

APPENDIX I. 285 Prāgjyotiṣapura was the capital of Kāma- rūpa. (see Raghuvaṁśa IV. 83-84). Very probably this Kāmarūpaparvata repre- sents the Nīla hill or Nīlakūṭaparvata where the temple of the celebrated Kāmā- khyādevī is situated. 31. Kāmboja... ...Afghanistan, or at least its northern part. Rājaśekhara mentions this among the coun- tries in the Uttarāpatha. According to the Raghuvaṁśa (IV. 68-69) this country is situated between the river Oxus and the Himālayas. (see Hūṇa). 32. Kārtikeyanagara Baijanātha or Vaidyanātha in the district of Kumaun about eighty miles from Al- mora. (see notes p. 194). 33. Kālapriya ...Kālapriyanātha is the name of the Mahā- deva worshipped in a temple situated in the southern part of the city Kānyakubja or Kanauj. This Kālapriyanātha is men- tioned in the dramas of Bhavabhūti who was a court-poet of king Yaśovarman of Kanauj. (see notes p. 243). 34. Kāvera ... ...Some districts of the Draviḍadeśa on the banks of the Kāverī, and especially the delta of the river. 35. Kāverī ... ...River Kāverī in the southern India which rises from a spring called the Candratīrtha on the Brahmagiri mountain in Coorg. 36. Kāśmīra... ...Kashmir. 37. Kimpuruṣavarṣa This Varṣa is situated immediately to the north of the Himālayas encircling the Hemakūṭa Parvata. This is the second Varṣa from the Mahāmeru on the southern side. Mr. Nandolal Dey identifies this Varṣa with Nepāl, but this is against the statement of Rājaśekhara. Nepal is men- tioned by him in the eastern part of the Bhāratavarṣa, while he places the Kimpu-

286 APPENDIX I. ruṣavarṣa to the north of the Himālayas. Some scholars are inclined to identify this Varṣa with Tibet which seems to be more probable. 38. Kīra ... ...Baijnātha or Kīragrāma in the Punjab. This may also be identified as the country round about the Kirthar range in North-west India beyond Sindh. But Rājaśekhara includes this amongst the coun- tries of the Uttarāpatha. It is, therefore, possible to locate this country in South Afghanistan to the north of the Kirthar range. One ‘Śāhi’ is said to have been the king of Kīra country (Epi. Ind. Vol. I. p. 122) who is identified as a ruler of Afghanistan and the Punjab during 9th and 10th centuries A. D. For further imformation about Kīras (see IHQ. Vol. IX. No. 1). 39. Kuntala ... ...Rājaśekhara locates Kuntala in the southern India and Sātavāhanas are mentioned as the rulers of the country. The tract of country between the two rivers Godāvarī and Kṛṣṇā is the country of the Kuntalas, and sometimes a portion of Karṇāṭaka as also of Vidarbha are included in this country. 40. Kumārīdvīpa ...One of the nine parts of the Bhāratavarṣa. According to Rājaśekhara’s conception, this Dvīpa seems to represent India, situated between the Himālayas in the north and the Cape Comorin in the south, because he mentions the seven Kulaparvatas such as Vindhya, Pāriyātra, etc. as situated in the Kumārīdvīpa. (see p. 92). 41. Kumārīpuram Cape Comorin, also known as Kanyākumārī. 42. Kulūta This country is situated in the northern India or Uttarāpatha. This is undoubtedly

APPENDIX I. 287 the modern Kulu in the Kangra district in the upper valley of the Bias in the Punjab. The kingdom of Kia-lu-to is placed by Hiuen Thsang at 700 li or 117 miles to the north-east of Jalandhar, which corresponds exactly with the present po- sition of the Kulu. Its old capital was at Nagarkot, while Sultanpur or Sthanpur is its present headquarters. 43. Kuśadvīpa ...One of the seven Dvīpas of the world, and this is said to be surrounded by the Sarpis-samudra. 44. Kuhū ... ...A river in the Uttarāpatha. This is very probably the same as the Kabul river which is also known as the Kubhā in the Vedas or Kophes of the Greeks. This is an affluent of the river Indus and rises at the foot of Kohi Baba. 45. Kṛṣṇaveṇā ...The Kṛṣṇā. This is also called the Kṛṣṇa- veṇā at the point where it is united with the river Veṇā. The river flows through the Dakṣiṇāpatha or the southern India. 46. Kekaya .. ...The country lying between the Bias and the Sutlej in the Punjab. 47. Kerala ... ...The Malabar coast or the Cera country comprising Malabar, Travancore and Co- chin states. 48. Kollagiri... ...Coorg which is now included in the Mysore state. The river Kāverī rises from this place. It is also known as Kolagiri or Koḍagu. 49. Kośala ... ...The southern part of the kingdom of Oudh. Kośala was divided into two kingdoms called Uttarakośala and Kośala. Ayodhyā and Kuśāvatī were the capitals of these two divisions respectively. 50. Kauṅkaṇa ...Same as the country known as Paraśu- rāmakṣetra. This is the tract of land

288 APPENDIX I. lying between the western Ghats and the Arabian sea. Kālidāsa names this country as Aparānta (Raghuvaṁśa IV. 58). 51. Krathakaiśika The country of Vidarbha is called the land of Krathakaiśikas (Raghuvaṁśa V. 39–40). But Rājaśekhara mentions these two coun- tries separately in the Dakṣiṇāpatha. Ac- cording to the Mahābhārata, a Vidarbha king had two sons Kratha and Kaiśika, and after their names the country was known as Krathakaiśika (see Sabhā. ch. 13). Rājaśekhara very probably means that Krathakaiśika was only a part of the Vidarbha country. 52. Krauñcadvīpa One of the seven Dvīpas of the world. It is said to be encircled by the Dadhi ocean. 53. Gaṅgā ... ...The river Ganges. Rājaśekhara mentions Gaṅgā in the list of rivers of the northern and western India, probably because the Ganges flows through both. 54. Gandharva ...One of the nine parts of the Bhāratavarṣa. In some Purāṇas, it is also mentioned as Gāndharva. On the authority of chapters cxiii, 10–11 and cxiv 11. of the Uttara- kāṇḍa of the Rāmāyaṇa, some scholars, identify this part as the country of Gān- dhāra or the valley of the Kabul, with a small tract of land to the east of the Indus. (see Cunningham's A. G. Notes. p. 752). 55. Gabhastimān ...One of the nine parts of the Bhāratavarṣa. Some scholars locate this part in the south- west of India following the order of the nine parts mentioned in the Purāṇas and the Kāvyamīmāṁsā. (see Cunningham's A. G. Notes p. 752). 56. Gāṅga ... ...This country is located in the Dakṣiṇā- patha. This may be identified as the Koṅgu country of the southern India

APPENDIX I. 289 which comprises the districts of Coimbatore and Salem. The name Gāṅga or Koṅgu seems to have been derived from the name of the dynasty of the Western Gāṅgas who ruled over the south of Mysore with Salem, Coimbatore, the Nilgiris and parts of Malabar, from the 2nd to the 9th century A. D. Evidently, therefore, it should not be identified, as some scholars have done, with the Rāḍha country and Saptagrāma which form part of South Bengal and which is also known as Gāṅge or Gāṅga according to Ptolemy and Hari- hara and Belur inscriptions (Rice's Mysore Inscriptions pp. 70,222). The Kaliṅga country which was also ruled over by the Eastern Gāṅga dynasty during the 7th century A. D. cannot be taken to re- present the Gāṅga country mentioned here by Rājaśekhara, as he had already included Kaliṅga, or the districts of Ganjam and Vizag. amongst the eastern countries of India. 57. Gādhipura ...According to the Bālarāmāyaṇa, (X 88) Gādhipura is another name of the city of Kānauj, while Kāvyamīmāṁsā takes it to be a suburb of Kanauj, and as situated on the northern side of the city. (see p. 243). 58. Girinagara ...Girnar. Rājaśekhara places this hill in the western India, and this has been identified with the well-known Girnar hills situated at a small distance from the town of Junagadh in Kathiawar. This is now presumed to be the Raivatakagiri of the Purāṇas. 59. Godāvarī ...A river in South India. Its source has been traced to the Brahmagiri situated on 37

290 APPENDIX I. the side of a village called Tryambak, twenty miles away from Nasik; the river flows eastward to the bay of Bengal. 60. Govardhana ...Mount Govardhana eighteen miles from Bṛndāvana in the district of Mathura. 61. Gauḍa ... ...According to Rājaśekhara, the Gauḍas are a people inhabiting the whole tract of country lying between Benares and the bay of Bengal. According to him the word Gauḍa is not the name of any par- ticular country. He describes the costume of the Gauḍa ladies and mentions the fondness of the Gauḍas for the Sanskrit language. Mr. N. L. Dey, however, thinks that the whole of Bengal is known as the Gauḍa country with its capital at Gauḍ, the ruins of which have been dis- covered near Malda in Bengal at a distance of about ten miles. He also thinks that the kings of the Pāla and Sena dynasties made this city of Gauḍ their capital on several occasions. This city was also known as Lakṣmaṇāvatī or Lakhnauti after the name of King Lakṣmaṇasena of the Sena dynasty of Bengal. 62. Cakora ... ...A mountain in the eastern India according to the Kāvyamīmāṁsā. It may be identi- fied as Caraṇādri or Cunar, the hill-fort in the district of Mirzapur, which was built by the Pāla Kings. 63. Cakravartikṣetra Rājaśekhara designates the whole country of India from Cape Comorin in the south to the Bindusaras in the Himālayas in the north, as the Cakravartikṣetra. This land consists of 1000 Yojanas. One who con- quers and rules over the whole of this land is called a Cakravartin. This seems to be the same as the Kumārīdvīpa, one of the

APPENDIX I. 291 nine parts of the Bhāratavarṣa. The Purāṇas as well as Rājaśekhara use the word Bhāratavarṣa in a wider sense, so as to include Greater India, that is to say, India proper along with her eight colonies, Indradvīpa, etc. These colonies are bounded by the southern sea or the Indian ocean and the Himālayan range and are separated from one another by oceans. 64. Candanagiri ... Malayagiri or the southern portion of the western Ghats. Rājaśekhara mentions that Rāmasetu was built in continuation of the Candanagiri. (see Bālarāmāyaṇa, VII. 45.) 65. Candrabhāgā... The river Chenab, a tributary of the river Indus. Rājaśekhara places this river in the Uttarāpatha. 66. Candrācala ... A peak of the Himālayas wherefrom the river Candrabhāgā rises. This is also called Candrabhāgā in the Purāṇas. The Candragiri, the sacred place to the Jains which is situated near Seringapatam is apparently different from this, since Rāja- śekhara locates this mountain in the nor- thern India. 67. Coḍa ... ... Rājaśekhara's Coḍa country is represented by the districts of Tanjore and south Arcot in the Madras Presidency, because the other parts of the Cola country are given different names, such as, Kāñchī and Kāvera. 68. Jambūdvīpa ... One of the seven Dvīpas of the world, situated in the middle, with three Dvīpas on both sides. The mountain Mahā- meru is situated in the middle of the Jam- būdvīpa and this Dvīpa may be identified with the Asia of the present day. Jambū- dvīpa, according to the Purāṇas and in the opinion of Rājaśekhara, consists of seven

292 APPENDIX I. Varṣas or parts and seven mountains. The Bhāratavarṣa is the southern-most Varṣa or country in the Jambūdvīpa and includes within its boundary the mighty Himālayas. For other Dvīpas, Varṣas and mountains, see pp. 90-92 of the text. 69. Jānhavī ... ...The river Ganges. 70. Ṭakka ... ...The country lying between the two rivers, the Vipāśā and the Sindhu. It was the co- untry of Vāhīkas or Ṭakkas. Śākala was the capital of the Ṭakkadeśa which included the Madra and Āraṭṭa countries. The Rājataraṅgiṇī locates this country on the banks of the Chenab or Candrabhāgā. According to Rājaśekhara the people of this country used to talk in a language which had an admixture of Apabhraṁśa. 71. Taṅgaṇa... ...According to Rājaśekhara, this is a country in the Uttarāpatha. Mr. N. L. Dey identifies this as the land extending from the Rāṁgaṅgā river to the upper Sarayu. 72. Tāpī ... ...The river Tapatī or Taptī. It rises from the Vindhyas and falls into the Arabian sea near Surat. 73. Tāmraparṇa ...One of the nine parts of the Bhāratavarṣa. It is identified with Ceylon. 74. Tāmraparṇī ...The river Tāmraparṇī which rises from the Agastikūṭa on the Malaya hills and flows through the district of Tinnevelly in the Madras Presidency. 75. Tāmraliptaka...Tamluk, situated on the western bank of the Rūpnārāyaṇa in the district of Mid- napur in Bengal. 76. Tuṅgabhadrā ...A tributary of the Kṛṣṇā river. Kiṣ- kindhā is said to be situated on the banks of this river.

APPENDIX I. 293 77. Turuṣka... ...Eastern Turkistan. It is mentioned by Rājaśekhara in the groups of countries included in the northern India. 78. Tuṣāra ... ...Rājaśekhara located this country in the northern India. According to Dr. Stein, the upper Oxus valley, including Balkh and Badakshan was called Tukhāra or Tuṣāra. (Rājataraṅgiṇī, Vol. I., p. 136). 79. Tuṣāragiri ...A peak of the Himālayas near Gaṅgotri. Rājaśekhara states that Sarasvatī got a son Sārasvateya Kāvyapuruṣa here who was later, married to the daughter of Gaurī at this place. 80. Tosala ... ...It is identified with Dakṣiṇakośala, as Tosali is mentioned in the Aśoka inscription at Dhauli. Rājaśekhara includes this coun- try among the eastern countries of India. 81. Travaṇa... ...This country is located in the western India. Rājaśekhara informs us that the people in Surāṣṭra and Travaṇa countries could speak Sanskrit fluently with an Apabhraṁśa accent. 82. Dakṣiṇadeśa...Southern India bounded by the Narmadā in the north and the Cape Comorin in the south. 83. Dakṣiṇāpatha Same as Dakṣiṇadeśa. According to Rāja- śekhara this represents the portion of the Indian peninsula lying to the south of the Māhiṣmatī. 84. Daṇḍaka ...It is difficult to identify this with Daṇḍa- kāvana of the Rāmāyaṇa, since Rāja- śekhara mentions Mahārāṣṭra, etc. com- prising the real Daṇḍakāraṇya according to modern conceptions, as separate coun- tries. Thus, Toṇḍaimaṇḍala or Diṇḍi- vanam, which is situated in South