काव्यप्रकाश (आचार्य मम्मट - सम्पूर्ण १० उल्लास सटीक)

अत्र पादत्रये, अन्तर्धानव्यसनरसिकत्वमारोपितधर्म एवेति रूपकपरिग्रहे साधकमस्तीति तत्संकराशङ्का न कार्या ॥९३॥ श्रौता आर्थाश्च ते यस्मिन्नेकदेशविवर्ति तत् ॥ केचिदारोप्यमाणाः शब्दोपात्ताः केचिदर्थसामर्थ्यादवसेयाः इत्येकदेशविवर्तनात् एकदेशविवर्ति । यथा

CHAPTER X 371 जस्स रणंतेउरए करे कुणंतस्स मण्डलग्गलअं । रससंमुही वि सहसा परंमुही होइ रिउसेणा ॥४२२॥ अत्र रणस्यान्तःपुरत्वमारोप्यमाणं शब्दोपात्तम् मण्डलाग्र- लतायाः नायिकात्वम् रिपुसेनायाश्च प्रतिनायिकात्वम् अर्थ- सामर्थ्यादवसीयते इति एकदेशे विशेषेण वर्तनादेकदेशविवर्ति । साङ्गमेतत् ॥ उक्तद्विभेदं सावयवम् ॥ Where some of the imposed factors are directly expressed by words, while some are cognised only through the force of the meanings of the words,— it is 'partial', ekadeshavivarti',—so called, because of its functioning directly (vivartana) in one part (ekadesha). 'Jassa raṇaṁteurae kare kuṇaṁtassa maṇḍalaggalaaṁ Rasasaṁmuhī vi sahasā paraṁmuhī hoi riuseṇā'. 'When, in the harem of the battle-field, he takes in his arms the sword-blade (his beloved wife). the oppo- sing army (her rival), even though passionate, turns away from him'. Here the character of 'harem' as imposed upon the 'battlefield' is directly expressed by the words, while the fact of the 'sword-blade' being the 'beloved wife', as also that of the 'opposite army' being her 'rival', is comprehended only through the force of the meaning of the words employed ; and thus the Metaphor, being particularly, explicit in only a part of it, is called 'partial'. This is complex, with all its constituents. The two kinds of Metaphor just described are equipped with all constituents. [i. e. in these what is imposed is not only the object compared to, by itself alone, but along with all its accessories.]

372 KĀVYAPRAKĀŚA निरङ्गं तु शुद्धम् ॥ यथा कुरङ्गीवाङ्गानि स्तिमितयति गीतध्वनिषु यत् सखीं कान्तोदन्तं श्रुतमपि पुनः प्रश्नयति यत् । अनिद्रं यच्चान्तः स्वपिति तदहो वेद्म्यभिनवां प्रवृत्तोस्याः सेक्तुं हृदि मनसिजः प्रेमलतिकाम् ॥४२३॥ माला तु पूर्ववत् ॥ ९४ ॥ मालोपमायामिवैकस्मिन् बहव आरोपिताः । यथा सौन्दर्यस्य तरङ्गिणी तरुणिमोत्कर्षस्य हर्षोद्गमः कान्तेः कार्मणकर्म नर्मरहसामुल्लासनावासभूः । (3) That which is devoid of constituents is the Pure Metaphor. [When the object alone by itself is imposed.] Example—‘While listening to songs, she keeps her limbs unmoved, like the doe ; asks her friend the news about her lover, even though she has already heard it ; she lies down within, without sleep ; from all this I gather that the Love-god has begun to water the fresh sprout of affection in her heart’. [Here, all that is imposed upon the affection is the character of the sprout ; and nothing is said regarding any detailed properties of the latter.] The ‘String’ is like the foregoing. 94. Just as in the ‘String Simile’ so in the ‘String Metaphor’ also, the character of several objects is imposed upon a single object. Example—‘That beloved one is the stream of beauty, the joyous effusion of youthful exuberance, the touch- stone of resplendence, the abode of loving confidences,

CHAPTER X 373 विद्या वक्रगिरां विधेरनवाधिप्रावीण्यसाक्षात्क्रिया बाणाः पञ्चशिलीमुखस्य ललनाचूडामणिः सा प्रिया ॥४२४॥९४॥ नियतारोपणोपायः स्यादारोपः परस्य यः । तत्परंपरितं श्लिष्टे वाचके भेदभाजि वा ॥ ९५ ॥ यथा विद्वन्मानसहंस वैरिकमलासंकोचदीप्तद्युते दुर्गामार्गणनीललोहित समित्स्वीकारवैश्वानर । सत्यप्रीतिविधानदक्ष विजयप्राग्भावभीम प्रभो साम्राज्यं वरवीर वत्सरशतं वैरिञ्चमुच्चैः क्रियाः ॥४२५॥ the tutoress of clever conversation, the direct evidence of the illimitable efficiency of the Creator, the arrows of the Love-god and the crest-jewel of lovely women’. 94. (4). Where as a means of the desired imposition, there is imposition of something else, it is the Consequential Metaphor ; —where the expressive word is either ‘ coalescent ’ (in Pun) or ‘ distinct ’. 95. Example ‘ Vidvanmānasahaṁsa vairikamalāsaṁkochadīptadyute Durgāmārgaṇanīlalohita samitsvīkāravaishvānara Satyaprītividhānadakṣa vijayaprāgbhāvabhīma prabho Sāmrājyaṁ varavīra vatsarashataṁ vairiñchamuchchaiḥkriyāḥ ‘ O thou, who art like the swan in the mind of the learned [which is like the Mānasa-lake] ; like the sun in the shri- velling of the prosperity of your enemies [which is like the blossoming of the lotus] ; like Shiva is not seeking the shelter of forts [which is like the longing for Durgā] ; like Fire in accepting battle [which is like the consuming of fuel]; like Dakṣa in attachment to truth [which is like displeasure with Satī] ; like Bhīma in the exuberance of victory [which like being the elder brother of Arjuna] ;—bravest of the

374 KĀVYAPRAKĀŚA अत्र मानसमेव मानसम् कमलायाः संकोच एव कमलानाम- संकोचः दुर्गाणाममार्गणमेव दुर्गायाः मार्गणम् समितां स्वीकार एव समिधां स्वीकारः सत्ये प्रीतिरेव सत्यामप्रीतिः विजयः परपराभव एव विजयोर्जुनः एवमारोपणनिमित्तो हंसादेरारोपः। यद्यपि शब्दार्थालंकारोयमित्युक्तं वक्ष्यते च तथापि प्रसिद्धचनुरोधादत्रोक्तः। एकदेशविवर्ति हीदमन्यैरभिधीयते ।। brave ! Mayst thou continue to sway your empire for a hundred years of Brahma ! Here (1) the character of the ‘swan’ is imposed upon the ‘king’, only as a means of imposing (through Pun) upon the ‘mind’ the character of the ‘Mānasa lake’;— (2) the character of the ‘Sun’ is imposed upon the ‘king’, only as a means of imposing (through Pun) the character of ‘the blossoming of lotuses’ upon ‘the shrivelling of the enemy’s prosperity’;—(3) the character of ‘Shiva’ is imposed upon the ‘king’, only as a means of imposing (through Pun) the character of ‘longing for Durgā’ upon ‘the not seeking of the shelter of forts’;—(4) the character of ‘fire’ is imposed upon the ‘king’, only as a means of imposing (through Pun) the character of ‘consuming fuel’ upon ‘the accepting of battle’;—(5) the character of ‘Dakṣa’ is imposed upon the ‘king’ only as a means of imposing (through Pun) of the character of ‘displeasure with Satī’ upon the ‘attachment to truth’;—(6) the character of ‘Bhīma’ is imposed upon the ‘king’ as a means of imposing (through Pun) the character of ‘being he elder brother of Arjuna’ upon the ‘exuberance of victory’. Though (by reason of the Puns being such as do not admit of the replacing of the words used by their synonyms)

भेदभाजि यथा आलानं जयकुञ्जरस्य दृषदां सेतुर्विपद्वारिधेः पूर्वाद्रिः करवालचण्डमहसो लीलोपधानं श्रियः । संग्रामामृतसागरप्रमथनब्रीडाविधौ मन्दरो राजन् राजति वीरवैरिवनितावैधव्यदस्ते भुजः ॥४२६॥ अत्र जयादेर्भिन्नशब्दवाच्यस्य कुञ्जरत्वाद्यारोपे भुजस्य आलानत्वाद्यारोपो युज्यते ।

376 KĀVYAPRAKĀŚA अलौकिकमहालोकप्रकाशितजगत्त्रयः । स्तूयते देव सद्वंशमुक्तारत्नं न कैर्भवान् ॥४२७॥ निरवधि च निराश्रयं च यस्य स्थितमनिवर्तितकौतुकप्रपञ्चम् । प्रथम इह भवान् स कूर्ममूर्तिर्जयति चतुर्दशलोकवल्लिकन्दः॥४२८॥ इति च अमालारूपकमपि परंपरितं द्रष्टव्यम् ।। किसलयकरैर्लतानां करकमलैः कामिनां मनो जयति । नलिनीनां कमलमुखैः मुखेन्दुभिर्योषितां मदनः ॥४२९॥ इत्यादि रशनारूपकं न वैचित्र्यवदिति न लक्षितम् ।।९५।। [The following is an example of the Punning Consequential ' Metaphor]. ‘ Alaukikamahālokaprakāshitajagattrayaḥ Stūyate deva sadvaṁshamuktāratnaṁ na kairbhavān. ‘O King ! brightening the three worlds with your superhuman resplendence, and being a pearl in the bamboo of a noble race, by whom are you not eulogised ?’ [Here the imposition of the character of ‘pearl’ upon the king is made possible by the imposition of the character of the ‘bamboo’ upon the ‘noble race,’ both of these latter being expressed by the punning word ‘sadvaṁsha’], [The following is an example of the non-punning Consequential Metaphor]— ‘Ever glorious are you, the primeval Tortoise-shaped God ! the root of the creeper of the fourteen regions, whose existence, infinite (in time) and unsupported. is never bereft of extraordinary phenomenon.’ [Here the imposition of the character of the ‘root’ upon the God is rendered possible by the imposition of the character of ‘creeper’ upon the ‘fourteen regions,’ both of these latter being expressed by distinct words.] In both these cases we have the Consequential Meta- phor, not in the form of a ‘string.’

CHAPTER X 377 प्रकृतं यन्निषिध्यान्यत् साध्यते सा त्वपह्नुतिः । उपमेयम् असत्यं कृत्वोपमानं सत्यतया यत् स्थाप्यते सा तु अपह्नुतिः उदाहरणम्-- अवाप्तः प्रागल्भ्यं परिणतरुचः शैलतनये कलङ्को नैवायं विलसति शशाङ्कस्य वपुषि । अमुष्येयं मन्ये विगलदमृतस्यन्दशिशिरे रतिश्रान्ता शेते रजनिरमणी गाढमुरसि ॥४३०॥ इत्थं वा बत सखि कियदेतत् पश्य वैरं स्मरस्य प्रियविरहकृशेस्मिन् रागिलोके तथा हि । There is ‘Girdle-Metaphor’ also, in such verses as— “The Love-god captivates the hearts of amorous men, by means (1) of the hand-like leaves of creepers, (2) of the lotus-like hands and moon-like faces of women, and (3) of the lotus-like faces of the lotus-pond.’ This, however, has not been described here as there is not much charm in it. 95. VII—Apahnuti—Concealment. When the object to be described is negatived and another is affirmed, it is Concealment. Where the ‘object compared’ is ‘negatived’—declared to be unreal,—and the ‘object compared to’ is ‘affirmed’ declared to be real, it is the Figure of Concealment. Example— ‘O Pārvatī! This that you see is not the fully de- veloped stigma in the disc of the moon shining with full lustre; I think it is his beloved, Night, fatigued by dalli- ance, sleeping soundly on his chest, rendered cool by the drops of nectar.’

378 KĀVYAPRAKĀŚA उपवनसहकारोद्भासिभृङ्गच्छलेन प्रतिविशिखमनेनोद्दङ्कितं कालकूटम् ॥४३१॥ अत्र हि न सभृङ्गाणि सहकाराणि अपि तु सकालकूटाः शरा इति प्रतीतिः । एवं वा अमुष्मिंल्लावण्यामृतसरसि नूनं मृगदृशः स्मरः शर्वप्लुष्टः पृथुजघनभागे निपतितः । यदङ्गाङ्गाराणां प्रथमपिशुना नाभिकुहरे शिखा धूमस्येयं परिणमति रोमावलिवपुः ॥४३२॥ अत्र न रोमावलिः धूमशिखेयमिति प्रतिपत्तिः ॥ एवमियं भङ्ग्यन्तरैरप्यूह्या ॥ Or again— ‘ O friend ! Just see the ill-will borne by the Love- god towards lovers already emaciated by separation from their beloved : Under the pretext of black bees hovering over the mango-trees in the garden, he has applied poison to each one of his arrows ’. Here the idea meant to be conveyed is that ‘ what are seen are not mango-trees with black bees hovering about them, but so many arrows dipped in poison ’. Yet another example— ‘ Verily, the Love-god, scorched by Shiva, has fallen upon the plump thighs of the Fawn-eyed one,—which are like the tank of the nectar of loveliness ; as from the hole of her naval there is proceeding a line of smoke, in the form of the line of hair, which is the first sign of the extin- guishing of the fire-embers of his body.’ The idea conveyed here is that ‘ what we see is not the line of hair, but the line of smoke.’

CHAPTER X 379 श्लेषः स वाक्य एकस्मिन् यत्रानेकार्थता भवेत् ॥ ९६ ॥ एकार्थप्रतिपादकानामेव शब्दानां यत्रानेकोऽर्थः स श्लेषः । उदाहरणम्-- उदयमयते दिङ्मालिन्यं निराकुरुतेतरां नयति निधनं निद्रामुद्रां प्रवर्तयति क्रियाः । रचयतितरां स्वैराचारप्रवर्तनकर्तनं बत बत लसत्तेजःपुञ्जो विभाति विभाकरः ॥४३३॥ अत्राभिधाया अनियन्त्रणात् द्वावप्यर्कभूपौ वाच्यौ ॥९६॥ Thus may other ways of expressing this Figure be deduced. VIII—Shleṣa—Paronomasia. When in a single sentence, there are several meanings, it is Paronomasia. 96. Where a set of words, expressive of one meaning, is found to have several meanings, it is Paronomasia. Example— ‘Udayamayate diṅmālinyaṁ nirākurutetarāṁ Nayati nidhanaṁ nidrāmudrāṁ pravartayati kriyāḥ. Rachayatitarāṁ svairāchārapravartanakartanaṁ Vata vata lasattejaḥpuñjo vibhāti vibhākaraḥ’ ‘(a) The Sun, [(b) the king named Vibhākara], (a) the receptacle of effulgent light [(b) possessing exuberant energy],—who attains (a) the Rising Mount [(b) pros- perity], sets aside (a) the darkness of the quarters [(b) the poverty-stricken appearance of the people], destroys (a) sleepiness [(b) depression], sets going (a) business- operations [(b) the performance of religious rites], puts a stop to all (a) free love-making [(b) unrestrained acti- vity],—is shining’. II-6

380 KĀVYAPRAKĀŚA परोक्तिर्भेदकैः श्लिष्टैः समासोक्तिः ॥ प्रकृतार्थप्रतिपादकवाक्येन श्लिष्टविशेषणमाहात्म्यात् न तु विशेष्यस्य सामर्थ्यादपि यत् अप्रकृतस्यार्थस्याभिधानम् सा समासेन संक्षेपेणार्थद्वयकथनात् समासोक्तिः । उदाहरणम्-- लहिऊण तुज्झ बाहुप्फंसं जीए स को वि उल्लासो । जअलच्छी तुह विरहे ण हुज्जला दुब्बला णं सा ॥४३४॥ अत्र जयलक्ष्मीशब्दस्य केवलं कान्तावाचकत्वं नास्ति ॥ As there is nothing in the shape of Context and the rest to restrict the denotation of the words-used, both, the Sun as well as the King, are equally capable of being accepted as the object described. 96. IX—Samāsokti—Modal Metaphor. Where the other object is implied by means of paronomatic differentiating adjuncts, it is Modal Metaphor. When a sentence descriptive of the object meant to be described serves to imply something else not meant to be described, through the force of adjectives used punningly—and not through any force of the object it- self,—it is Modal Metaphor, 'Samāsokti',—so called be- cause it consists in a 'statement' (ukti) of two meanings, 'in brief' (samāsena). Example— 'Lahiūṇa tujjha bāhupphaṁsaṁ Jīe sa ko vi ullāso. Jaa-lachchhī tuha virahe ṇa hujjalā dubbalā ṇaṁ sā'. 'Jayalakṣmī (the Glory of Victory) who felt a peculiar exhilaration on attaining the touch of your arms, is no longer bright, on being separated from you ; in fact she is emaciated.'

CHAPTER X 381 निदर्शना। अभवन्वस्तुसंबन्ध उपमापरिकल्पकः ॥ ९७ ॥ निदर्शनं दृष्टान्तकरणम् । उदाहरणम्-- क्व सूर्यप्रभवो वंशः क्व चाल्पविषया मतिः । तितीर्षुर्दुस्तरं मोहादुडुपेनास्मि सागरम् ॥४३५॥ अत्र उडुपेन सागरतरणमिव मन्मत्या सूर्यवंशवर्णनमित्युप- मायां पर्यवस्यति । यथा वा उदयति विततोर्ध्वरश्मिरज्जावहिमरुचौ हिमधाम्नि याति चास्तम् । वहति गिरिरयं विलम्बिघण्टाद्वयपरिवारितवारणेन्द्रलीलाम् ॥४३६। ˙ Here the term ‘jayalakṣmī’ is so used (with such adjec- tives) that it expresses, not only the king’s lady love, [but also the glory of victory in battle]. X—Nidarśanā—Illustration. Where an impossible relation of things constitutes the similitude, it is Illustration. 97. It is called ‘nidarśanā’, because it serves the purpose of nidarśanā, illustrating. Example— ‘Where (on one side) is the dynasty originating from the Sun, and where (on the other) is my limited intelli- gence : through sheer foolishness am I desirous of cross- ing the ocean by means of a raft.’ Here the (impossible) statement made leads on to the Simile that—‘a description of the Solar Dynasty by my intelligence would be just like the crossing ot the ocean by a raft.’ Another example— ‘When (on one side) the Sun is rising with his rays

382 KĀVYAPRAKĀŚA अत्र कथमन्यस्य लीलामन्यो वहतीति तत्सदृशीमित्युपमायां पर्यवसानम् । दोर्भ्यां तितीर्षति तरङ्गवतीभुजङ्गम् आदातुमिच्छति करे हरिणाङ्कबिम्बम् । मेरुं लिलङ्घयिषति ध्रुवमेष देव यस्ते गुणान् गदितुमुद्यममादधाति ॥४३७॥ इत्यादौ मालारूपाप्येषा द्रष्टव्या ॥९७॥ स्वस्वहेत्वन्वयस्योक्तिः क्रिययैव च सापरा । क्रिययैव स्वस्वरूपस्वकारणयोः संबन्धो यदवगम्यते सा अपरा निदर्शना । यथा shooting upwards, and (on the other) the Moon is setting, this mountain acquires the splendour of an elephant with two bells hanging on its two sides.’ The actual acquiring of the splendour of one thing (the elephant) by the other (the mountain) being an im- possibility, the statement only leads on to the Simile that the one appears similar to the other... This Figure appears in the form of a ‘String’ also ;— e.g. ‘O Lord ! the man that makes an attempt to describe your good qualities, (a) desires to cross the ocean with his arms, (b) wishes to catch the moon with his hands, and (c) to jump over the Meru mountain.’ 97. There is another kind of Illustration, where the action itself indicates the (causal) relation between itself and its cause. Where the connection between the action itself and its cause is indicated by the action itself.—it is another kind of Illustration.

CHAPTER X 383 उन्नतं पदमवाप्य यो लघुर्हेलयैव स पतेदिति ब्रुवन् । शैलशेखरगतो दृषत्कणश्चारुमारुतधुतः पतत्यधः ॥४३८॥ अत्र पातक्रियया पतनस्य लाघवे सति उन्नतपदप्राप्ति- रूपस्य च संबन्धः ख्याप्यते ॥ अप्रस्तुतप्रशंसा या सा सैव प्रस्तुताश्रया ॥ ९८ ॥ अप्राकरणिकस्याभिधानेन प्राकरणिकस्याक्षेपोऽप्रस्तुतप्रशंसा।।९८।। कार्ये निमित्ते सामान्ये विशेषे प्रस्तुते सति । तदन्यस्य वचस्तुल्ये तुल्यस्येति च पञ्चधा ॥ ९९ ॥ Example— “When a low thing attains a high position, it will naturally fall,”—so, saying as it were, the stone-dust, on the hill-top falls down when shaken by the mild wind.’ Here it is the action of falling (of the stone-dust) which points to the connection between the action of falling and its cause, in the shape of the low person attaining to high positions. XI—Aprastutaprashaṁsā—Indirect Description. Where the description of an irrelevant thing points to the object meant to be described, it is Indirect Description. 98. When the description of something not connected with the context serves to point to, imply, that which is meant to be described,—it is Indirect Description. 98. It is of five kinds:—...here what is meant to be described is—(a) the effect, or (b) a cause, or (c) Universal, or (d) Particular,—what is actually spoken of is their converse (correlative) ; and (e) when what is meant to be described is one thing, and what is spoken of is something else of the same class. 99.

384 KĀVYAPRAKĀŚA तदन्यस्य कारणादेः । क्रमेणोदाहरणम्— याता किं न मिलन्ति सुन्दरि पुनश्चिन्ता त्वया मत्कृते नो कार्या नितरां कृशासि कथयत्येवं सबाष्पे मयि । लज्जामन्थरतारकेण निपतत्पीताश्रुणा चक्षुषा दृष्ट्वा मां हसितेन भाविमरणोत्साहस्तया सूचितः ॥४३९॥ अत्र प्रस्थानात्किमिति निवृत्तोसीति कार्ये पृष्टे कारणमभिहितम् । राजन्-राजसुता न पाठयति मां देव्योपि तूष्णीं स्थिताः कुब्जे भोजय मां कुमारसचिवैर्नाद्यापि किं भुज्यते । इत्थं नाथ शुकस्तवारिभवने मुक्तोध्वगैः पञ्जराच् चित्रस्थानवलोक्य शून्यवलभावैकैकमाभाषते ॥४४०॥ ‘ Their converse ’—i.e. (a) cause and the rest. Examples in order— (a) ‘‘ ‘O beautiful one, don’t those who go out meet again ? Don’t be anxious for me ; you are extremely weak ”,—while, with tears, I was saying this, she, with her eyes fixed through modesty and absorbing the over- flowing tears, smiled and by that smile she indicated her joy at her approaching death.’ Asked for an explanation of the effect, in the shape of the postponement of his projected journey, the speaker has described here the cause [in the shape of the beloved’s perceptible determination to die on separation.] (b) “ ‘O King, the princess is not teaching me to talk ; and the queens also are sitting silent. O Kubjā, feed me. Why are not the princes and ministers taking their food even at this time ?’—Thus does the parrot in the empty turrets of your enemy’s houses, speak, when let out of the cage by the passers-by, it sees the figure of its ‘master on the pictures.’

CHAPTER X 385 अत्र प्रस्थानोद्यतं भवन्तं ज्ञात्वा सहसैव त्वदरयः पलाय्य गताः इति कारणे प्रस्तुते कार्यमुक्तम् । एतत्तस्य मुखात्कियत् कमलिनीपत्रे कणं वारिणो यन्मुक्तामणिरित्यमंस्त स जडः शृण्वन्यदस्मादपि । अङ्गुल्यग्रलघुक्रियाप्रविलयिन्यादीयमाने शनैः कुत्रोड्डीय गतो ममेत्यनुदिनं निद्राति नान्तःशुचा ॥४४१॥ अत्रास्थाने जडानां ममत्वसंभावना भवतीति सामान्ये प्रस्तुते विशेषः कथितः । सुहृद्वधूबाष्पजलप्रमार्जनं करोति वैरप्रतियातनेन यः । स एव पूज्यः स पुमान्स नीतिमान्सुजीवितं तस्य स भाजनं श्रियः ॥४४२॥ What is meant to be described here is the fact that 'as soon as your enemies came to know of your projected march against them, they fled away from their houses'; and this fact is the cause of the effect that is described in the verse. (c) 'What wonder is it to hear from his mouth that a certain block-head thought the water-drops upon the lotus-leaf to be so many pearls ?—Hear something more than this—when that same person proceeded to pick up the drops, they disappeared under the light pressure of his finger-tips, and since then the fool, intensely aggrieved at the thought of his pearls having flown away, goes with- out sleep day after day.' What was meant to be described was the Universal or general fact that 'foolish people have even misplaced long- ings and affections,'—while what is actually described is a particular instance of it.

386 KĀVYAPRAKĀŚA अत्र 'कृष्णं निहत्य नरकासुरवधूनां यदि दुःखं प्रशमयसि तत् त्वमेव श्लाघ्यः' इति विशेषे प्रकृते सामान्यमभिहितम् । तुल्ये प्रस्तुते तुल्याभिधाने त्रयः प्रकाराः । श्लेषः समासोक्तिः सादृश्यमात्रं वा तुल्यात् तुल्यस्य ह्याक्षेपे हेतुः । क्रमेणोदाहरणम्— पुंस्त्वादपि प्रविचलेद् यदि यद्यधोपि यायाद् यदि प्रणयने न महानपि स्यात् । अभ्युद्धरेत्तदपि विश्वमितीदृशीयं केनापि दिक् प्रकटिता पुरुषोत्तमेन ॥४४३॥ (d) 'When a man wipes away the tears from the eyes of his friend’s wives, by avenging himself on his enemy, then alone does he deserve to be honoured, then alone is he to be regarded as a man, as a statesman, an abode of majesty ; and then alone is his life worth something.’ What was meant to be expressed was a particular state- ment (addressed to Narakāsura’s (friend) that—‘Then alone will you be deserving of praise, when, by killing Kṛṣṇa (who has killed Narakāsura), you will have alleged the anguish of Naraka’s wives ’; while what is actually ex- pressed is a general statement (without reference to any particular case).

• (e) Of that case, where while what is meant to be described is one thing, what is actually described is something else of the same class,—there are three varieties, according as the indication of one thing by another of the same class is done (1) by a Pun, or (2) by Modal Metaphor, or (3) by mere similarity. Examples in order— (1) ‘One may deviate from the standard of manhood, he may lower himself by begging, he may even demean

CHAPTER X 387 येनास्यभ्युदितेन चन्द्र गमितः क्लान्तिं रवौ तत्र ते युज्येत प्रतिकर्तुमेव न पुनस्तस्यैव पादग्रहः । क्षीणेनैतदनुष्ठितं यदि ततः किं लज्जसे नो मनाग् अस्त्वेवं जडधामता तु भवतो यद् व्योम्नि विस्फूर्जसे ॥४४४॥ आदाय वारि परितः सरितां मुखेभ्यः किं तावदर्जितमनेन दुरर्णवेन। क्षारीकृतं च वडवादहने हुतं च पातालकुक्षिकुहरे विनिवेशितं च ॥४४५॥ himself,—he may do all this if thereby he can save the world ;—this was the way shown by the Noble Person ’. [What is meant to be described here is a certain noble benefactor of men, while what is described is another noble benefactor in the per- son of Viṣṇu ; and this latter is made to point to the former by means of such paronomatic expressions as are applicable to both cases.] (2) ‘O Moon, when the Sun rises, you become deprived of your lustre ; what is proper for you then is to avenge yourself, and not to fall upon his feet [ borrow his light- rays .] If this has been done by you when you had be- come impoverished, then are you not ashamed ?—or, that you even now show yourself in the sky may be due to your nervelessness [ coolness of your light ].’ [What is meant to be described here is the behaviour of a certain impoverished person ; and this is indicated by the description of another impoverished person in the shape of the Moon ; and this is done through Modal Metaphor based upon the Pun involved in the words ‘pāda- grahaḥ’ and ‘jaḍadhāmatā.’] (3) ‘ What has the wretched Ocean done with the water that he has received from the mouths of rivers ? He has rendered it brackish or poured it into the Submarine Fire, or thrown it into the innermost recesses of the Nether World.’

388 KĀVYAPRAKĀŚA इयं च काचित् वाच्ये प्रतीयमानार्थानध्यारोपेणैव भवति । यथा अब्धेरम्भः स्थगितभुवनाभोगपातालकुक्षेः पोतोपाया इह हि बहवो लङ्घनेपि क्षमन्ते । आहो रिक्तः कथमपि भवेदेष दैवात् तदानीं को नाम स्यादवटकुहरालोकनेप्यस्य कल्पः ॥४४६॥ क्वचिदध्यारोपेणैव । यथा कस्त्वं भोः कथयामि दैवहतकं मां विद्धि शाखोटकं वैराग्यादिव वक्षि साधु विदितं कस्मादिदं कथ्यते । [What is meant to be described is a spendthrift, and this is indicated by the description of the spendthrift Ocean ; and this is done through mere similarity between the two persons.] In some cases of this last kind of Indirect Description what is implied is not necessarily imposed (or fastened) upon what is directly expressed. As in the following verse.— ‘There are many people who, with the help of boats, are able to cross the ocean which has covered with water the face of the Earth and also the innermost recesses of the Nether World ; if, however, somehow or other, the ocean were by chance to become emptied, who would be able to even look at the holes and cavities in it ?’ [Here the implied meaning is that ‘for the people it is best that the king, if wicked, should remain prosperous ;’ but the directly expressed description of the ocean itself being quite apt, it is not necessary for the former to be imposed upon this latter.] In other cases the said imposition is essential ; as for instance, in the following verse.— ‘Who are you, Sir ?’—‘Know me to be the fatestricken Shākhoṭaka tree.’—‘You talk as if you were disgusted with life.’—‘You have guessed rightly.’—‘But why so ?’— I am going to explain : This banyan tree that lies to the

CHAPTER X 389 वामेनात्र वटस्तमध्वगजनः सर्वात्मना सेवते न च्छायापि परोपकारकरणे मार्गस्थितस्यापि मे ॥४४७॥ क्वचिदंशेष्वध्यारोपेण । यथा सोऽपूर्वो रसनाविपर्ययविधिः तत् कर्णयोश्चापलं दृष्टिः सा मदविस्मृतस्वपरदिक् किं भूयसोक्तेन वा । सर्वं विस्मृतवानसि भ्रमर हे यद्वारणोद्याप्यसौ अन्तःशून्यकरो निषेव्यत इति भ्रातः क एष ग्रहः ॥४४८॥ left of the road, is attended by all pedestrians, while to me, though I am standing on the road, does not belong even shade enough for rendering help to others.’ [What is implied here is the condition of a lowborn person whose gifts have been refused by a qualified recipient : and the imposition of this upon the expressed description of the tree is essential, since the ideas described can never belong to any such entity as the tree.] In still other cases, there is only partial imposition ; for instance, in the following verse— ‘ That curious process whereby the tongue was re- versed ; the fickleness of ears ; vision incapacitated by intoxication to discriminate between himself and others ;— what is the need for saying more ?—All this you have forgotten, O brother black bee ! and you still stick to this elephant, with an empty trunk [ hand ] ;—whence this peculiar attachment ? [ Here what is implied is the relation between an un- appreciating master and a devoted servant ; and this is imposed upon the case described, of the elephant and the black bee]. The imposition here is only partial ; as ‘ the reversal of the tongue ’ and ‘ emptiness of the trunk ’ are not such circumstances as would justify the abandoning of the elephant by the bee ; it is only the ‘ fickleness of the