द ब्यूटीफुल ट्री: १८वीं सदी में भारत की स्वदेशी गुरुकुल शिक्षा (धर्मपाल)

ABSTRACT SHOWING THE DIFFERENT DESCRIPTIONS OF Schools | Col- | To- | No. of | The time which | Col- | leges | tal | Schol- | scholars usually | leges | | | ars | continue at school | Audayanum | - | 43 | 43 | 298 | 10 or 12 years | 7 or Theologi- | | | | | | 1 cal Studies | | | | | | 7 | | | | | | 28 | 43 | 43 | 298 | | 43 Sastrapottom | - | 24 | 24 | 117 | 8 or 9 years | 18 (a) | | | | | | 2 Hindoo law | | | | | | 1 etc.) | | | | | | 3 | - | 24 | 24 | 117 | | 24 Ganeeta | - | 2 | 2 | 3 | 10 or 12 years | 2 Sastrum | | | | | | or Astronomy) | | | | | | Grundum | 1 | - | 1 | 8 | 5 or 6 years | 3 Hindvee | 16 | - | 16 | 135) | | 580 Teloogoo | 201 | - | 201 | 2218) | | Tamil | 365 | - | 365 | 4506) | | 143

INSTITUTIONS AND THE MEANS BY WHICH THEY ARE SUPPORTED ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ Schl-        Remarks               Amount ars                          Rs. A. P. ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 84 Free of charge                   —  —  — 12 Ditto - the teacher being their own relatives      —  —  — 39 The monthly charge to each scholar being from 1 Annah and 2 pice the lowest rate and 2 Rs the highest rate making the yearly charge to each scholar of the lower class 14 Annas and 24 Rs as the higher Class Total monthly receipts of the 7 colleges Rs.2.9.6 or yearly charge of -ditto-         331  2  — 163 Public Colleges Csw. Annas Teerwa Maniem Poorjee 12  4 ¾ 36.12.6} Nunjee     26  4 ¾ 342.13.8} 38  8 ¾ 379.10.2} Mairah    —   —  137.01.7} ━━━━ Rupees 516.11.9}         516 11  9 The Annual Allowance to each teacher in the Col- leges is from Rs.3.8 the lower class and 36 Rs. and 12 as. the higher class. ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── 298 Yearly charge                   847 13  9 ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── 81 Free of Charge                   —  —  — 14 Ditto - the teachers being their own relatives     —  —  — 4 Public Colleges Mairah in Umbee Village amounts to                     5  8  4 18 The monthly charge to each Scholar is from 2 Annas and 6 pice the lower rate and 1 Rs the higher rate making the yearly charge to each scholar of the lower class 1 Rs. and 14 Annas, and 12 Rs. as the higher rate-Total monthly Rs.8-11-6 or yearly charge of Ditto             104 10  — ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── 117                           110  2  4 ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── 3 Free of Charge                   —  —  — ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 131 Free of Charge                   —  —  — 6736 The Monthly charge to each Scholar being from 1 a. and 3 pice the lower rate and 1 Rs 12 as. the higher rate making the yearly charge to each scholar of the (Continued) 144

Schools Col- Total No. of The time which Col- leges Schol- scholars usually leges ars continue at school

[...contd.]

583 — 583 6867 583

Persian 40 — 40 398 1 1 7 or 8 years 6 1 31 40

40 40 398

English 7 — 7 61 6 or 7 years 3 4

7 — 7 61 7

Collectors Cutcherry, 3rd March 1823 145

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ Schol- Remarks Amount ars Rs. A. P. ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ lower class 15 annas and 21 Rs as the higher rate- Total monthly receipts of the 580 Schools is Rs. 1795-0-5 ¼ or yearly charge of -ditto- 21540 5 4 ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── 6867 21540 5 4 ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 13 Free of Charge — — — 2 -do- teachers being their own relatives — — — 68 Public schools-1 School consists of 8 scholars established at Paranambut in Sautgud talook- Mahomed Ghouse is the teacher who receives a Yeomiah-¼ Rupee per diem-7½ Rupees per month-or yearly allowance is Rs..90 90 — — Cusba Arcot Schools consist of 60 scholars @12 per each School-5 Tutors @4 Rupees each per month-Rs.20 20 — —

1. Darogah Gholum Mahuddeen @20 Rs. per month-Expence 20 — — Keechudu or boiled rice allowed once per day is 63 7 8
2. Cook 2 8 — Monthly 105 15 8 or yearly charge 1271 12 — 1361 12 — 7 Nabobs-1. Tutor named Moollah Saheb at Mailcoopum Village Yearly allowance granted to him is Rupees 28 7 11 308 The monthly charge-to each scholar being from 2 annas and 6 pice the lower rate and 2 Rs. the higher rate making the yearly charge to each scholar of the lower class. 1 Rupee and 14 annas and 24 Rs. as the higher rate-Total monthly 398 receipts of the 31 Schools Rs. 119-4-2 or 1431 2 — ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── Yearly charges 2822 5 — ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 17 Free of charge — — — 44 The monthly charge to each scholar being from 10 annas the lower rate and 3 Rupees 8 Annas the higher rate-Making the yearly charge to each Scholar of the lower Classes 7½ Rs., and 42 Rs. as the higher rate-Total monthly receipts of the 4 schools is Rupees 45 — — ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── 61 Yearly charge is 540 — — ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 146

XIII COLLECTOR OF CHINGLEPUT TO BOARD OF REVENUE: 3.4.1823 (TNSA: BRP: Vol. 946, Pro. 7.4.1823 pp.3493-96 No.25)

1. I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your Secretary’s letter of the 25th of July last, and to transmit a state- ment in the prescribed Form, respecting the places of tuition and number of scholars in the this district.
2. There are no colleges properly so called but there are a few places in which the higher branches of learning are taught to a small number of pupils which I have classed separately.
3. A village school master earns from 3½ to 12 rupees per month. I think the average is no more than 7 rupees. The scholars are subsisted in their own houses and only attend the school during a part of the day. For the most part their attendance is very irregular. Few of the school masters are acquainted with the grammar of the language which they profess to teach, and neither the master nor scholars understand the meaning of the sentences which they repeat.
4. I do not find that any allowance has been made by the Native Governments for education in this district, but in some villages there are trifling Mauneoms, from a quarter of a Cawny to two Cawnies of land, for Vaidavartyars or Theological teachers.
5. I have published in the district that there is no intention to interfere with the people in the mode of education, and that no change is contemplated except it be to aid existing institutions.
6. Education cannot well, in a civilized state, be on a lower scale than it is and I much fear there does not exist the same desire for improvement as is reported of the natives of Bengal. Zillah Chingleput, Poodooputnum, S. Smalley, 3rd April 1823. Collector. (Statement on next page) 147

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XIV PRINCIPAL COLLECTOR OF SOUTH ARCOT TO BOARD OF REVENUE: 29.6.1823 Cuddalore (TNSA: BRP: Vol.954, Pro.7.7.1823, pp.5622-24 No.59-60)

1. I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your Deputy Secretary’s letter under date the 25th of July 1822 with its enclosures, in conformity to which I herewith submit a statement of the number of native schools and colleges in this Collectorate drawn out according to the Form received from your Board.
2. The number of schools which this statement exhibits have each one teacher where reading and writing in the Malabar and Gentoo languages, are taught. The payment made for each scholar is from 1 fanam to 1 Pagoda per month according to the condition and circumstances of their parents. The scholars generally attend the school from 6 to 10 o’clock in the morning then from 12 to 2 and lastly from 3 to 7 and 8 o’clock in the evening.
3. There are no private or public schools for teaching Technology, Law, Astronomy, etc., in this Collectorate, and no allowance of any sort has ever been granted by the Native Governments to schools the masters of which are entirely supported by the parents of the scholars. Principal Collector’s Cutcherry, Cuddalore, C. Hyde, 29th June, 1823. Principal Collector. (Statement on following pages) 149

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XV COLLECTOR, NELLORE TO BOARD OF REVENUE: 23.6.1823 (TNSA: BRP: Vol.952, Pro.30.6.1823 pp.5188-91 No.26)

1. I would have replied to your letter of the 25th July last before now, had I not met with unavoidable difficulties in ob- taining the required information about the native schools they referred to, in the Zemindary talooks.
2. I herewith forward the statement A prepared according to the Form conveyed in your letter above mentioned, showing the number of schools, scholars, etc., in the district under my charge.
3. The statement B which accompanied this letter shows the number of persons, who teach Vedums, Arabic, Persian, etc., on receiving allowances in money or land granted for the same by the Carnatic Government and continued by the Company, and it also shows the number of scholars as well as the amount of the said allowances.
4. It is to be observed that the schools mentioned in the statement A are not endowed by the public with any emoluments. They are partly established occasionally by individuals for the education of their own children and partly by the teachers themselves, for their own maintenance.
5. It is stated that the scholars in these schools continue therein from 3 to 6 years. The school master is paid from 2 annas to 4 rupees monthly for each scholar, and the expenses for the subsistence of a scholar is about 3 rupees monthly, and one rupee for his writing things, etc., and 2 rupees if it is the English language.
6. The natives, I understand, send their children to school when they are about 5 years of age and besides the allowance mentioned in the preceding paragraph each scholar gives him about one seer rice once every fortnight, at the new and full moons. They also pay him some presents when they are first put in the school, and after they finish the reading of any of their introductory books, such as Baularamayanum, Amarum, etc., 154

and also pay a present to him when they complete their education, and leave the school. 7. The native schools in the district are not permanently held by the teachers; some people who are anxious to have their children educated soon employ learned men to undertake their children’s education separately in their own houses, settling with them their wages from 2 annas to 4 rupees monthly, and also give them victuals in their houses. Some who cannot sufficiently pay the teachers out of their own money procure some other children in addition to their own for being educated and get adequate allowance to them by way of subscription from these children, from one quarter, to one rupee each month. When they see their children improved they give leave to the teachers and consequently break up the schools. I beg leave to subjoin a list of the description of the native schools mentioned in the statement A adverted to: Genttoo Schools 642 Vedum Schools 83 Astronomy Schools 5 Laws Schools 15 Astrology Schools 3 English Schools 1 Persian and Arabic Schools 50 Tamil Schools 4 Hindoostany Music Schools 1 Total native schools 804 Nellore, T. Fraser, 23rd June 1823. Collector. (Statement on following pages) 155

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XVI FROM COLLECTOR, MASULIPATAM TO BOARD OF REVENUE: (TNSA: BRP: Pro. 13.1.1823) To, The President and Members of the Board of Revenue, Fort St. George. Gentlemen, I have the honour to forward the statement of the number of native schools and colleges and of the number of scholars in each of the Collectorate under my charge in the Form which accompanied your Secretary’s letter of 25th July last. 2. In order to render the information more complete under the head of ‘schools and colleges’, the several languages and sciences are distinguished, and one additional column is intro- duced for Chatreya scholars next to that of the Bramins. The scholars who are instructed in the Gentoo* language usually enter the schools in their fifth year, and continue in them till about the twelfth, or seventeenth of their age. The school hours are from six to nine in the morning, and again from eleven to six in the evening. 3. They are first taught to read the letters, spelling, and the names both common and proper, writing on the sand with their fingers. When they are perfect in that, they are taught the reading of books (Balaramayanum, Amram, etc.), on cadjans (useful for the boys) in Sanscrit and Gentoo as well as letters of correspondence, books of mathematics, accounts, etc., etc., according to the pleasure of the relations of the boys. 4. As soon as the boys have learnt to write well on cadjans or on paper they are removed from the schools to some of the public or private offices of curnums, paishcar, or to be improved in keeping accounts, or to schools of foreign languages such as Persian, English, etc. 158

5. If the boys are of Vydeea Bramins, they are, so soon as they can read properly, removed direct from schools to colleges of Vadums and Sastrums.
6. The former is said to be the mother to all the sciences of Hindoos, and the latter is the common term for all those scienc- es, which are in Sanscrit, viz., Law, Astronomy, Theology, etc., etc. These sciences are taught by Bramins only, and more espe- cially Bramins holding Agrahrums, Mauneoms, Rozunahs, or other emoluments, whose duty it is to observe their religious obligation on all occasions.
7. In most of the towns, villages and hamlets of this country, the Bramins are teaching their boys the Vadums and Sastrums, either in colleges or elsewhere in their respective houses.
8. No school or college appears to have been ever built separately for that purpose, or to have been endowed by the public. Two years ago Vencatanarsimmah Appahrow, the zemindar at Ellore, caused a charity school for Gentoo scholars to be opened in that town by a school master on a fixed monthly stipend of 3 M. pagodas. The scholars instructed therein are 33 in number, but they in general subsist upon charity.
9. With the exception of dancing girls it is very seldom that women of other castes are publicly educated in this part of the country.
10. The charges to a Gentoo scholar average 6 annas per month for papers, cadjans, books, etc., etc., besides food and raiment as well as the pay of their school master. Both of these charges of course depend upon the rank and circumstances of the relations of the scholars. The wages to the school master are commonly from ¼ to 2 rupees for each boy.
11. The colleges of Sanscrit, law and astronomy alluded to in the statement are opened by learned and charitable persons, some of whom have mauniums etc., and part are supported by charity or by presents from their own scholars but receive no fixed wages. Some few of the scholars have in like manner mauniums, etc., which they inherit from their forefathers, and a few are supported by some respectable teachers, or by charity subscriptions. The charges of each scholar are estimated upon an average at 60 rupees per year for their subsistence, books, etc. 159

12. By the statement now submitted it appears that 4,847 scholars are receiving education in 465 Gentoo schools, while only 199 are studying the Sastrums in 49 colleges.
13. The number of schools for teaching the Persian language are few in this part of the country. The Mussulman scholars (with the exception of the 41 who are learning the Gentoo language) are 236 in 19 schools, their continuance in the schools about 9 years (from 6 to 15 of their age), the monthly Pay to the school master is from a quarter to one rupee; and the charges for writing things are estimated at 4 annas each per month. Some of the learned Mussulmans are teaching a few of the scholars without receiving reward on account of friendship for their relations, and others for a charity; for instance Hussain Alli Fukeer son of Muhudeen Shaw at Ellore.
14. None of the institutions appear to have been regularly endowed, although probably encouragement and support was given to them by the more opulent and powerful natives of former days. Masulipatam, J.F. Lane, 3 January 1823. Collector. (Statement on following pages) 160

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