बार्हस्पत्य सूत्र / अर्थशास्त्र (महर्षि बृहस्पति - प्राचीन दण्डनीति, राजधर्म एवं कूटनीति सटीक)

[ षष्ठोऽध्यायः । ] [२०ख] देशकालयोग्यं कर्म नयानयौ च वेद्येत् ॥५.॥ विपरीतं न वेदवीर्यदर्पेण ॥२॥ हितानि निरूपयेत् ॥३॥ नभो मन्त्रिभिर्निरूप्य कार्यते ॥४॥ बुद्धिजीवनैरमात्यैः सह कार्यमकार्यं¹ च निरूपयेत् ॥५॥ अहितं विकारं² यस्य प्रतिभाति स मन्त्रयोग्यः ॥६॥ अर्थमार्जयेत् ॥७॥ यस्यार्थराशिरस्ति तस्य मित्राणि धर्मश्च विद्या च गुणविक्रमो च बुद्धिश्च ॥८॥ अर्थनेना[२१क]र्थमार्जायितुं न शक्यते गजोऽगजेनेव³ ॥६॥ धनमूलं जगत् ॥१०॥ सर्वाणि तत्र सन्ति ॥११॥ निर्धनो मृतश्चण्डालश्च ॥१२॥ एवं धर्ममूलं च विद्यामार्जयेत् ॥१३॥ विद्यामूलं जगत् ॥१४॥ विद्या पुनः सर्वमित्याह गुरुः ॥१५॥ इति बार्हस्पत्यसूत्रे षष्ठोऽध्यायः ।

1. W कार्यक्० । 2. Read अहितमपि कार्यम् । 3. M गजं ग०, W ०जंग

BRIHASPATI SŪTRA Now the Brihaspati Sûtra. Now Brihaspati,* the Preceptor, expounds to Indra the Whole Substance of Policy : I (PERSONAL CONDUCT) 1 Self-mastery is the quality of a king. 2 As minister he should appoint one master of himself. 3 His sole science is the Administration of Punishment [= Government]. 4 Even right he should not practise when disapproved by the world. 5 Should he practise it, it should be after recommending it by persons of intelligence. 6 He is to be served by his like. 7 With women, children or the aged, he should not discuss measures of right and policy. 8 He should not engage in magic shows [indrajâla]; 9 In incantations [mantras], however, and festivities; 10 Also in counteracting diseases and poisonings. 11 Not smearing with ashes [like an ascetic].

*Concerning Brihaspati as founder of the Science of Policy see the Introduction. 3 On the question of the king's sciences see Arthashastra, c. 1. 6 On this question of choice of ministers etc. see Arthashastra, cc. 4–5; also 80 infra. 10 On poison in the palace see Arthashastra, c. 17.

( 2 ) 12 Also not sacrifice [agnihotra], Veda-reading, and so forth. 13 Not processions to sacred places. 14 Also not service of a king. 15 Nor service of women. 16 He should not drink intoxicants. 17 Nor slay a Brâhman. 18 Nor practise theft. 19 Nor much indulge in garlands and unguents. 20 He should not be dejected. 21 Nor over-wrathful. 22 What is called non-giving is greed on a wrong occasion. 23 In a (true) field he should have seed sown. 24 Giving should be practised. 25 Aversion therefrom is greed. 26 Theft is also greed. 27 Pleasure is a cause of expenditure of means. 28 A will to hurt gurus, gods, wise men, kings, and so forth is anger, 29 And it is a smiting of one's own head. 30 An enemy equal in forces and so forth he should slay in war; 31 Other adversaries [or If attacking others, then] by conciliation, gifts, dissension, pretended ignoring, and so on. 32 He should not have sordid dress. 22 Text and translation uncertain. More intelligible would be avishaye dānam... ‘giving on a wrong occasion is called non-giving.’ 31 I translate anyābhiyodhinaḥ. 32 Sc. he should never be in deshabille.

( 3 ) 33 And he should not practise over-indulgence in hunting. 34 From over attachment to women ill-repute grows; 35 And vitality wastes. 36 In association with those guilty of gaming, provoking others, abusing others, the weaknesses of others ( are exposed) along with the words of mantras in learned or frivolous play (?). 37 Taking of medicine, evacuation of urine and faeces, bathing, teeth-cleaning, enjoyment of copulation, worship of divinities,-these also are to be done in private. 38 A sham professor of virtue he should not trust; 39 Nor censure either. 40 Nor upon seeing mad or stupid persons, and so forth, should he laugh at them. 41 His sport in private should be with those of like character and age. 42 Elephant and horse sports in public; not with creatures of two (different) kinds. 43 And he should not harm living beings of his own kind. 44 Desire should be felt for superiority to prede-

36 Rendering conjectural. Are the mantras quasi oaths ? 40 So also in the Shukra-nīti III. 230 ' The miserable, the blind, the dwarf, and the dumb are never to be laughed at.' 42 Contests of dissimilar animals are here, it seems, denounced. Or we might take rahasye from 41 and, reading tadvimûrtam, render 'Elephant and horse sports in private; in public those with other species.' This is less likely.

( 4 ) cessors and successors in respect of wealth, popularity, nobility, and magnanimity. 45 Traditional right, goodwill of dependents, and councillors, relatives, friends, kinsmen, he should all alike consider; 46 In respect of dependents, punishment and largesse, within and without; 47 In respect of councillors, conciliation, disse- nsion, and largesse; 48 In respect of relatives, allotments of income for the sake of conciliation, dissension, largesse. 49 To even an unwelcome speech he should listen. 50 In bad weather, when the planets are hostile, at the nakshatra of three birthdays, and when serious business presents itself he should not attend to festivities. 51 He should attach to himself a wife of the same country, of the same form, and of noble birth. 52 He should cause especially dissensions (among the wives); excessive conciliation, excessive largesse are not to be practised, nor punishment to be used towards women, nor pretended inobservance. 53 Among them he should not say much. 54 Among village petitioners, panegyrists, bards, minstrels, actors, dancing-women, instructors, liars, boys, pimps, traders, herdsmen, harlots, mean kings, he is to be addressed in pompous untruths. 46 'Within and without' : sc. the capital. 50 'Three birthdays' : perhaps his own, that of his father, and that of his grandfather. 51 'Of the same form' (ekarūpiṇī) : perhaps = ' of the same caste' (ekavarṇā).

( 5 ) 55 Association with kings, harlots, soothsayers, and dependents he should not indulge in long. 56 He should frequent one whose superiority is in himself; 57 Prospects and so forth [he should regard] not overmuch. 58 Those attached to women, gambling, drinking he should not have in his service. 59 During five nâdikâs prayer to the divinity of his choice; that passed, the audience; 60 During ten nâdikâs administration of justice; during five nâdikâs the bath; 61 During three nâdikâs the repast; 62 During five nâdikâs amusement and play with dear ones; 63 During two nâdikâs twilight worship; 64 During seven nâdikâs nautch and so forth; 65 During seven nâdikâs sexual intercourse, repast, and so forth; 66 During seven nâdikâs sleep. 67 He should rule himself without failure of vigilance; 68 Like the driver of a horse. 69 High Brâhmans [he should greet] with a shake of his head, welcome and giving of leavings and betel; 56 Or 'his own lord.' 59-66 On the disposition of a king's time see Arthashastra, c. 16, and Prof. Formichi, Gli Indiani &c., pp 66 sqq. A nadika = ½ muhurta = 24 minutes. 68 'Shaking of the head' : on this as a sign of approval see the passages quoted by me in Kavīndravacanasamuccaya ad v. 1.

( 6 ) 70 A mean Brâhman not with a shake of the head, even if he brings a present; 71 A like prince or emperor with welcome, with a seat, with a shake of the head, with gift of betel and with jocular talk; 72 Men of the three castes with a smile, with welcome, and audience (?); 73 Shûdras not with a glance or smile nor with welcome; 74 Children, the aged, and so forth, with giving of something which they like; 75 Low-caste [ Foreign ? ] people and heretics not even with an utterance. 76 Owing to importance of business he may have recourse to them; 77 Let him say little, however, and assign the employment. 78 Let him not accept fine gold [ or receive men of the (3) castes] in private. 79 With workmen, even in his employ, let him not deliberate upon the task. 80 With his friends let him choose a like friend as councillor; 81 But if low-born, he must be one having not low-born caste. 82 Low-born persons have the characteristic of not mentioning their own objects and of executing orders. 83 So he should not over-cherish them. 84 Nor again should he trust them.

72 'Audience': I translate asthanena, but the text is corrupt. 78 Varnika-parigraha : Read varnika-parigraha ? 79 'Even in his employ' : so translate yoginah ?

( 7 ) 85 Knowing all, he need not act. 86 Secrecy in regard to right, secrecy in regard to home and going abroad, secrecy in regard to measu- res, secrecy in regard to enmities; in failure of prestige he should deny even the truth. 87 Physicians, astrologers, soothsayers he should entertain, if possessed of conduct and character. 88 Even the truth, if causing grief or misfortune, he should not speak. 89 Up to twenty-five years he should passionately practise the study of sport. 90 Thenceforward acquisition of wealth. 91 He should keep himself free from indebtedness. 92 Indebted he becomes by three means, pleasure, anger, and greed. 93 And he should continually guard his person. 94 He should not neglect the regular rites. 95 If there is a popular clamour, he may omit a minor rite. 96 Upon a lost cause let him not stand; 97 Far to be avoided then is even a serious matter of sovereignty. 98 He should not favour new commanders who are Kusumântas. 99 A slight loss is to be borne. 100 As with families of elephants, bandits, noxious serpents, and tigers living in forest or cemetery among 98 Kusumântas : this word, which recurs in sutra 105, is quite mysterious (? = Pallava, or pallava, i e vita ?). 99 The meaning seems to be that a commander should not be dismissed for a slight failure. 100 The idea seems to be that of the nursery rhyme

( 8 ) those who in comparison therewith are inoffensive feuds of kinsmen are not to be engaged in. 101 Like dogs with one piece of flesh is that estate of sovereignty, when the sovereignty is in trouble. 102 Policy `truly is like a tree on a river's bank. 103 So he is not to desire [ it ]. 104 Kusumântas and so forth are inimical to all creatures. 105 Prestige, vigour, vitality, greatness—these are destroyed by excessive cultivation of Kusumântas. 106 Desire, anger, conceit, jealousy, hypocricy, and so forth he should not encourage. 107 An enemy of good character is a friend. 108 Among friends one of good character is an enemy. 109 Between moon and sun there is hostility by reason of their common brightness (tastes): 110 Were it not so, they would both stand fast. 111 Where there is feud among relatives, those two families perish to the root. 112 Whoso abandons the science of awarding punishment, helpless he like a moth enters the flame all unwittingly. So speaks the holy Preceptor, guru of the chief of the Gods. So in the Brihaspati Sûtra the First Chapter.

• 'Let dogs delight &c.'. With the reading ° kule we should render 'he dwells as it were in a family... 101 Shvan 'dog' probably means more exactly 'pack of dogs' : cf. a shva and Panini iv. 2. 48. 109, 110 We might translate 'If between sun and moon there were hostility ..., they would not continue'.

11 (DUTIES AND PRINCIPLES) 1 Sovereignty belongs to one possessing advantages. 2 There is advantage of knowledge, advantage of wealth, and advantage of comrades : 3 Gratification of his own family also and protection of usage; 4 Agriculture, cattle-rearing, trade. 5 Universally the Lokâyata system of doctrine is alone to be followed at the time of acquiring gain; 6 Only the Kâpâlika as regards attainment of pleasure; 7 The Ârhata in regard to right. 8 The Lokâyata is not really profitable (?); the advantage quickly perishes. 9 So the Kâpâlika, the Ârhata, and the Bauddha. 10 On these relying, he is like the moth and the fire. 11 The fruits are like ear-water [or water in the ear?]. 1 Guna is here used in an untechnical sense ('strong point'). 4 The Arthashastra mentions (c. 1) the same three matters (krishi, pashupalya, and banijya) as the components of varta, or business, one of the studies of a king. 5 The Lokayata doctrine, along with Sankhya and Yoga, makes up the triad of philosophy in the Arthashastra (c. 1). 6 Elsewhere the Kapalikas are a Shaiva sect : see the St Petersburg lexicon and reff. 8–35 These Sutras, which seem at variance with the preceding, and which betray a strong sectarian bias, may be suspected of being an interpolation. No. 36 joins on well to No. 7. 11 'Ear-water' : is this a synonym of 'sky-flower, &c. = 'nonentity' ? or 'water in the ear' (sc. not in the mouth or only heard of) ?

( 10 ) 12 When one characterized by ignorance desires in a matter connected with right to effect a human object, then he is a heretic entitled Laukâyatika. 13 When a Candâla is desirous of enjoying fine drink, flesh, and so forth, then he is a heretic entitled Kâpâlika. 14 When abandoning twilight worship and so forth, sacrifice and so forth, he desires the duty of non- killing, then he is a Kshapanaka heretic. 15 When, abandoning the rites described in the Veda,and knowledge of them, also Shiva, the Lord of All, Vishnu, and Shri, a man declares that all is void, then he is a heretic entitled Bauddha. 16 When he declares right to be vain, a means to gain, he is a Laukâyatika; and he declares that the pinda and so on are theft. 17 He does all for profit,—sacrifice, twilight prayer, and so forth. 18 To conceal his failing, one afflicted with desire studies the Veda; 19 He performs sacrifices and so forth : 20 He does it with a view to drinking wine, with a view to intercourse with women. 21 He says Vishnu and the others are wine-drinkers —so the Kâpâlika. 14 Kshapanaka: = Jaina. 15 'Knowledge': read karmajatam 'mass of rites'? 16 Pinda: the reference seems to be to the food offered to the dead: the custom was ridiculed by the followers of Brihaspati, as appears from the Carvaka, or Lokayata, chapter in the Sarva-darshana-samgraha.

( 11 ) 22 The Kshapanaka, aiming at right, speaks of right as depending on the bearing of rags and broom : 23 He speaks of Shiva and so on,—so the Kshapanaka. 24 With a view to abuse of others he studies Veda, Shâstra, right and so forth: 25 He reproaches all; 26 Even Maheshvara, Vishnu and so forth; 27 He slso speaks of right with a view to eating; 28 For the sake of discussion he praises others— this is the Bauddha. 29 The Laukâyatika, when dead, is a denizen of hell, extern to profit, pleasure, right, and liberaton. 30 And the same applies to his family ; that family perishes within the period of sons and grandsons. 31 The Kâpâlî, abandoned by his village, household, and relatives, becomes a denizen of hell, denounced by all people : 32 And at that very time his family perishes. 33 The Kshapanaka is denounced by his family, and those who live in the village, and three families perish. 34 The Bauddha becomes a very detested denizen of hell; and his existing family perishes, or in the time of sons and grandsons. 35 Connection with heretics of this sort he should not have, even in thought. 36 Even by one whose counsels are well ordered,

22 The "broom" is the brush of twigs which the Jain ascetics carry in order to brush away insects. 34 The Sanskrit sentence is here confused : but the mean- ing is clear. 36 [Not] : we may, if we prefer, read adharmikena. This Sutra connects well with No. 7.

( 12 ) who discerns the weak points of others,and who is [not ?] a man of virtue, sovereignty cannot be preserved. 37 One infatuated with the conceit of power, filled with greed and pride, loses what has been acquired. 38 Whoso, after reflecting upon his measures, enjoys himself, he achieves the highest success. 39 He must so do that by his action he is not known by the world as 'knowing what to do, bent upon profit,' or as ' a man of righteousness': 40 Like Ishvara, like Moon and Sun. 41 Counsel is the action of effecting unity of opinion on the part of persons conforming to a master's mind. 42 A councillor must speak of measures, regardless of his master's preference. 43 The fruit of policy is attainment of right, adv- antage, and plesure. 44 Pleasure and advantage are to be tested by right ; 45 Right by right ; 46 Advantage by advantage ; 47 Pleasure by pleasure ; 48 Liberation of the soul by liberation. 49 Injunction of a guru is to be executed, even when at variance with right, as the marriage of the Pândavas, Arjuna's asceticism, Vyâsa's intercourse with a widow, the begetting of Karna, Râma's punishment of a mother and so on. 40 'Like Ishvara' : his motives must be inscrutable. 49 The references are to well-known stories in the Mahabharata.

( 13 ) 50 Even a son, at variance with policy, is an enemy. 51 The young, the vicious, reckless, unacquainted with shâstras, he should not admit to counsel. 52 Dull - witted, immoral, violent, thoughtless, irascible, foolish young men are not to be employed in counsel. 53 Let all jewels even be given to preserve one's own purpose, life, and prestige. 54 During counsel he should not not evoke anger. 55 Right is the main factor ; not personal objects, 56 Happiness unrighteously enjoyed is no friend. 57 Maintenance of position is [ or and ] enhan- cement. 58 Like one who eats what is not wholesome but is on good terms with [or as taking a precaution against, Pratîkâra ] death, A man true to his word, relying upon the Shâstras, might even dry the ocean. 59 If he is angry [ his dependents ] become disco- uraged and timid. 60 One bad man ruins many. 61 Fate depends upon manhood. 51 We translate mantre na praveshayet. 53 The 'jewels' are the various 'treasures' of a king, his wife, minister, general and so forth. 57 I tranalate sthitir vardhanam : reading sthitivardha- nam, we might render '[ he should aim at ] enhancement of his actual position' or '...conservation and enhancement.' 58 The idea may be that of fortifying oneself against poison. 61 A common sentiment : cf. Shukra-nîti, 1.95-6

( 14 ) 62 Whoso loves his own wife and in taming him- self has capacity, is without equal. 63 A good man turns not aside through fear. 64 What at that time is proper is not to be spoken by friends not conversant with matters of speech. 65 One of arrogant heart, lost to respect for right, not self-controlled, he could not admonish. 66 when exhausted with frightful acts, sunk in the sleep of ignorance, he should enlighten the fool with the cool airs of righteous speeches. 67 Among bad men a good man shines forth like the sun. 68 Those committed to unrighteousness he should check by proper conduct. 69 In unrighteousness he should not involve himself. 70 In ill-repute he should not involve himself. 71 He should not slay. 72 Let a fool be restrained, like an elephant, with the hook of righteous reading. 73 A guru's word is not to be transgressed, if in accordance with reason. 74 Even a guru, if not equipped with policy, he should disregard. 75 A guru says it. So in the Brihaspati Sûtra the Second Chapter.

III ( VIDYÁ ). 1 Manliness is the quality of one superior to weakness. 2 One becomes superior to weakness by residence in other countries. 3 Of all powers, times, countries, conciliations, natures, strengths, exercises, ages knowledge is to be acquired : 4 Also endurance of fasting and so forth. 5 He should make treasures with fragrances and robes. 6 A long conversation he should hold only if a gracious one. 7 All his like-minded 'jewels' he should ever seek to please. 8 He should know new mantras : 9 These are threefold : Shâkta, Vaishnava, Shaiva and their further divisions. 10 Entrance to the city of Liberation is by three: 11 Shâkta, Vaishnava, Shaiva. 12 The Shâkta is like a journey in a vessel; 13 The Vaishnava like a high road ; 14 That which believes in Kevala and Pradhána is like a horse chariot ; 15 The Laukâyatika, Kshapanaka, Bauddha and so forth are like a cavernous route through a desolate forest swarming with many tigers and malignant beasts. 9—16 Again apparently a sectarian inserton : cf. ad II. 8, III. 33. 14 This is the Shaiva system : see Sarvadarshana samgraha, c. VI.

( 16 ) 16 Having marked this, let him have recourse to one. 17 Let him ever mark the aspect of the lord of lights ( the moon ? ). 18 And let him defend the order of four castes. 19 And let him make use of medicines ; 20 These which fortify strength, complexion, energy, self-esteem, intelligence, courage, compassion, and reduce the faulty humours. 21 Let him procure success by gifts, honours, orn- aments, and sciences. 22 Let him watch the eighteen Tirthas. 23 Tirthas are the six constituents of royalty, also enemy, friend, and neutral : 24 Also intestine enemy, intestine friend, intestine neutral; and these are dependents, companions, and friends. 25 Also wives, sons, and kinsmen. 26 Others also [ to be watched ] are temples, places for dances and 27 sacrifices, twilight, pools, cross-roads, heretic abodes, shops, schools for the young, parade-grounds, fields, new-moon etc. festivals, harlots' houses, the sea- shore, presence of ascetics, frontiers, places for sale of liquor, serais for travellers. 22 Tirtha : a technical term in the Science of Policy for the important personalities in the kingdom. The use is some- what peculiar in 23. 23 The constituents (prakriti), as usually enumerated, are king, minister, country, fortress, treasury, army, and friend: see Arthashastra, c. 96, and Formichi, op. cit., p. 92. 27 'Twilight-pools' would be places for performing twilight worship.

( 17 ) 28 Let him have festive attire. 29 At the city gate let there be a general stoppage. 30 However, let him not exclude all. 31 Let him honour Itihâsas and Purânas ; 32 And expositions thereof : 33 And the Shâkta scriptures : 34 And the Vaikhânasa scriptures ; 35 And the Sânkhya ; 36 And the Shaiva. 37 As regards all these, let him perform and require the due study. 38 A Brâhman let him not slay, even if infected with faults. 39 To the unmerciful [ no ] mercy should be shown. 40 Let him show respect to village headmen ; 41 Also to city magnates. 42 Let him conciliate even the weak, 43 By largesse much : 44 Not also with little. 45 In the case of excellent persons not in the order of the plenitude of their merits. 46 Let him play with dice : 47 Also [ Or ] let him not play at all. 48 Serpents and so forth let him slay.

32 'Expositions' : The word paka would seem to be a synonym for pakti in janapakti, lokapakti 'teaching the people' : see Shatapatha-Brahmana XI. 5. 7. 1. 33—7 These sutras are perhaps again an insertion : see Introduction and ad II. 8, III. 9. 39 Or "no mercy (adaya).

( 18 ) 49 High Brâhmans, perfected by various mantras and rich in knowledge, let him honour. 50 Brâhmans of other countries, Kshatriyas, princes, feudatories, and so forth let him welcome as if they were himself with viands, clothing, and so forth. 51 A refugee, though qualified by all crimes, let him protect. 52 Let him check the bad; 53 And protect the learned. 54 Let him not oppress a village : 55 Or a city : 56 Or temples. 57 Let him make use of fermented liquors ; 58 Not in excess, however. 59 Also flesh food. 60 Compassion to life must be shown : 61 The Bauddha way and so forth not. 62 Nor as regards imperceptible ( creatures ). 63 Gay ladies are to be used! 64 The earth has a measure of fifty krores of yojanas. 65 And it has seven continents. 66 And is girt with seven seas. 67 Karma, Bhoga, Atibhoga, Divya, Shringâra, 61 The Buddhists and Jains especially denounce killing in sacrifice. 62 'Imperceptible' apparently a reference to the Jains' precautions against killing small creatures. 67 These names, as applied to the seven dvîpas, do not seem to occur elsewhere: but Bharata Versha is karma-bhumi in the Vishnu-purana, II. 3. 2.

( 19 ) Siddha and Kaivalya are the designations of the continents. 68 The midmost is the Land of Action (Karma). 69 What is in the middle thereof, as far as the Jambu tree, belongs to Meru. 70 Therein to the north is Himvat. 71 On the south of that is land of nine thousand (yojanas). 72 Therein to the south is Bhârta Khanda. 73 There the fruits of righteousness and unright- eousness have their visible effect. 74 In relation therto is the administration of punishment. 75 It is to be studied by the people of Bhârata, past, future, and present and by men of the four castes. 76 By administration of punishment the holy Sun is king : 77 And Wind and all the gods : 78 And mortal creatures. 79 From Badarikâ to [ Râma's ] Bridge is a distance of one thousand yojanas. 80 From Dvârkâ as far as Purushottama and the

70 'On the north' : This cannot mean on the north of Meru or of Jambudvipa, which would be contrary to the ordin- ary view : it must, therefore, mean 'starting with the north' of India. 71 'Nine thousand' : The usual estimate, as in the Vishnu-Purana II. 3. 2. 79 'One thousand' : The same estimate is given by the Vayu-Purana : see Wilson's note in Vishnu-P. (ed Hall, II. p. 127). 80 The Purushottama-kshetra is in Orissa, and the