गोविन्द भाष्य (श्रील बलदेव विद्याभूषण - अचिन्त्यभेदाभेद वेदान्त ब्रह्मसूत्र भाष्य सटीक)

"O saintly one, in the beginning was Brahman." Another passage (Bṛhad-āraṇyaka Upaniṣad 1.4.7) proclaims avyākṛta (the unmanifested) as the original cause in the following words: tad vaidaṁ tarhy avyākṛtam āsīt tan-nāma-rūpābhyāṁ vyākriyata " In the beginning was the unmanifested. From it all the names and forms have come." Many other passages could also be quoted to show the different theories of creation. Because in these passages of the Vedas many different things have been described as the sole original cause of creation, it cannot be said that Brahman is the sole cause of the creation of the world. However, it is possible to say that pradhāna is the sole cause of creation, as we find in the passage (beginning with the word tarhi already quoted from the Bṛhad-āraṇyaka Upaniṣad. If this view is accepted, then the contradiction of seeing one thing sometimes as the original cause and sometimes as a product of the original cause becomes at once resolved. Because it is all-pervading the pradhāna can appropriately be called ātmā, ākāśa, and brahma, because it is the resting-place of all transformations and because it is eternal it may appropriately be called asat, and because it is the origin of all breathing it may metaphorically be called breath. When the scriptures state that the original cause performed activities, such as thinking (Bṛhad-āraṇyaka Upaniṣad 1.2.5 explains sa aikṣata: The original cause thought.) these may also be considered metaphors. All this evidence clearly demonstrates that pradhāna is the original cause of creation of the world as described in the Vedānta literature. In the context of this argument: Sūtra 14 kāraṇatvena cākāśādiṣu yathā vyapadiṣṭokteḥ kāraṇatvena -as the cause; ca-certainly; ākāśa-sky; ādiṣu -beginning with; yathā -as; vyapadiṣṭa-described; ukteḥ-from the statement. The Upaniṣads state that Brahman is the cause of sky and the other elements. Purport by Śrīla Baladeva Vidyābhūṣaṇa The word ca (certainly) is used here to dispel doubt. It may be said that Brahman is the only cause of the world. Why? Because "the Upaniṣads state that Brahman is the cause of sky and the other elements." The words yathā vyapadiṣṭam (as described) mean “Brahman who in the lakṣaṇa-sūtra ofVedānta

(1.1.2) and in other places in Vedic literature is described as all-knowing, all- powerful, and full of all other powers and virtues." This is true because in all Vedānta literatures Brahman is described as the original cause of sky and all the elements. That Brahman is all-knowing and full of a host of transcendental qualities: is described in the following words (Taittirīya Upaniṣad 1.2.2): satyaṁ jñānam anantam "Brahman is eternal, limitless, and full of knowledge." That Brahman is the original cause of all causes is described in these words (Taittirīya Upaniṣad 1.2.3): tasmād vā etasmāt "From Brahman sky is manifested." The qualities of Brahman are described in the following words (Chāndogya Upaniṣad 6.2.1): sad eva saumyedam "O gentle one, in the beginning was the eternal Brahman." Also, in these words (Chāndogya Upaniṣad 6.2.3): tad aikṣata bah syām "He thought: I shall become many." The truth of Brahman is also described in the following words (Taittirīya Upaniṣad 6.2.3): tat tejo 'sṛjata " Then He created light." The relationship between cause and effect in regard to Brahman we will describe later on. The words atmā, ākāśa, prāṇa, sat, and Brahman mean “all- pervading", "all-effulgent," "all-powerful," "the supreme existence," and "the greatest," respectively. These words are very appropriate as names for Brahman. In the same way the statement sa aikṣata (He thought.) is very appropriate for Brahman. Now, describing the meaning of the words asat (non-existence) and avyākṛta (unmanifested), he says:

Sūtra 15 samākarṣāt samākarṣāt-from appropriateness. The words "asat" (non-existence) and "avyākṛta" (unmanifested) also refer to Brahman, for that interpretation is appropriate in this context. Purport by Śrīla Baladeva Vidyābhūṣaṇa Because it is preceded by the words so 'kāmayata (He desired.) the word asat in the Taittirīya Upaniṣad 2.7.1 passage asad vā idam agra āsīt (In the beginning was asat) must refer to the Supreme Brahman, and because it is preceded by the words ādityo brahma (splendid Brahman) the word asat in the passage asad evedam (In the beginning was asat) must also refer to the Supreme Brahman. Because before the creation of the material world the Supreme Brahman's names and forms had not existed in the material world, the Supreme Brahman is sometimes known as asat (non-existence). The idea that asat and not the Supreme Brahman is the original cause of creation

potencies are supremely subtle and fine. That is the proper understanding of the word asat in this context. The Bṛhad-āraṇyaka Upaniṣad (1.4.7) explains: tad vaidaṁ tarhy avyākṛtam āsīt tan-nāma-rūpābhyāṁ vyākriyata "In the beginning was the avyākṛta. From it all the names and forms have come." The word avyākṛta should be understood to mean Brahman. In the words sa eṣa iha praviṣṭaḥ (Then He entered within) that immediately follow it becomes clear that the avyākṛta that becomes manifested by name and form is the powerful Supreme Brahman who appears by His own wish. Any conclusion other than this would oppose the clear teachings of Vedānta-sūtra and the general conclusions of all the śruti-śāstras. For these reasons it is therefore confirmed that the Supreme Brahman is the actual cause of the material universes. Adhikaraṇa 5 The "Puruṣa" of the Kauṣītaki Upaniṣad Is Brahman Introduction by Śrīla Baladeva Vidyābhūṣaṇa In the next passage the author of the sūtras) again refutes the saṅkhya theory. In the Kauṣītakī Upaniṣad 4.18 Bālākī Vipra promises “I shall tell you about Brahman," and proceeds to describe 16 puruṣas, beginning with the sun-god, as Brahman. King Ajātaśatru then rejects these instructions and says: “O Bālākī, the person who is the creator of these 16 puruṣas, the person engaged in this karma is the actual Brahman." Saṁśaya: At this point the doubt may be raised: "Is the superintendent of matter, the enjoyer described in the sankhya texts, or is the Supreme Personality of Godhead, Lord Viṣṇu, to be understood as the Brahman mentioned here? Pūrvapakṣa: Someone may object: Because the use of the word karma here identifies this Brahman with the experiencing the results of good and bad work, because it the next passage this Brahman is described as sometimes sleeping (tau ha suptaṁ puruṣam ājagmatuḥ, and because in the passage after that this Brahman is described as an enjoyer (tad yathā śreṣṭhī svair bhuṅkte), it should be understood that the Brahman here is the jīva (individual spirit soul) described in the tantras. The use of the word prāṇa (life-breath) here also confirms that the Brahman described here is the living individual soul. This Brahman (the jīva), which is different from matter, should thus be understood as the original cause of the many enjoyerpuruṣas and the original cause of their sinless activities as well. In this way it has been proven that the Brahman described in this passage is the individual spirit soul (jīva). The theory that there is a Supreme Personality of

Godhead is separate from the individual spirit soul (jīva) is thus completely untenable. The text (sa aikṣata) that explains that the creator thinks is thus very appropriate if it is understood that the original cause, the controller of the material energy that creates this world, is in fact the individual soul (jīva). Siddhānta: In response to this: Sūtra 16 jagad-vācitvāt jagat-the world; vācitvāt-because of the word. (The word Brahman here means the Supreme Personality of Godhead, because the word "karma" here should be understood) to mean "jagat" (creation). Purport by Śrīla Baladeva Vidyābhūṣaṇa The word Brahman here does not mean the kṣetrajña (individual spiritual soul) described in the tantras, but rather it means the Supreme Personality of Godhead, who is known by study of Vedānta. Why? Because of the use of the word jagat. Because it is accompanied by the word jagat, the word karma in this passage means "the material world composed of a mixture of matter and spirit." Because He is the original creator, this karma (material world) may be understood to be His property (yasya karma). The truth is this: the word karma, which is derived from the verb kṛ (to do, create) here means “creation". When this interpretation is accepted the actual meaning of the word here is understood. This interpretation refutes the mistaken idea that the individual spirit soul (jīva) is the original creator. Even the Kapila-tantra does not accept the individual living entity as the original creator. One also cannot say that by adhyāsa (association) the individual living entity may be considered the creator of the material world, for all the scriptures maintain that the spirit soul is always aloof from matter. For these reasons it is the Supreme Personality of Godhead who is the original creator of the material world. It cannot be that King Ajātaśatru speaks lies in this passage. Rejecting Bālāki's teaching that the sixteen puruṣas (persons) are Brahman, Ajātaśatru promises, "I will tell you about Brahman." If Ajātaśatru then teaches that the jīvas (individual spirit souls) are Brahman then his teaching is no different than Bālākī's, and he is dishonest to reject Bālāki's instruction as untrue, and then teach the same instruction as the truth. In this way the meaning of this passage is understood. "You have described these puruṣas (persons) as Brahman, but I will tell you of someone who is the creator of all of them," is the gist of Ajātaśatru's statement. In this way it should be understood that the Supreme Personality of Godhead is the original cause and the entire material world is His creation.

॥ श्रीहरिः ॥ वेदान्तदर्शनम् — ब्रह्मसूत्रम् (प्रथमाध्यायः, चतुर्थः पादः) अधिकरणम् — जगद्वाचित्वाधिकरणम् (सूत्रम् १७) पूर्वपक्षः — यदि कश्चिदाक्षिपेत्—अत्र प्रकरणे 'मुख्यप्राण'स्य लिङ्गानि श्रूयन्ते, तथा च प्राणशब्दाभिधेयो जीव एव भवितुमर्हति, न तु परं ब्रह्म। अत एवास्य प्रतिषेधाय सूत्रकार आह— सूत्रम् १७ — जीवमुख्यप्राणलिङ्गान्नेति चेत्तद्व्याख्यातम् ॥ १।४।१७ ॥ पदच्छेदः — जीव-मुख्य-प्राण-लिङ्गात्, न, इति, चेत्, तत्, व्याख्यातम्। पदार्थविवरणम् — जीवमुख्यप्राणलिङ्गात् — जीवस्य मुख्यप्राणस्य च चिह्नानां (धर्मविशेषाणां) दर्शनात्, न — (जगत्कारणत्वेन जगत्कर्ता) परं ब्रह्म न भवति, इति चेत् — यदि एवं शङ्क्येत, तत् — तस्य परिहारः, व्याख्यातम् — पूर्वमेव (प्रतर्दनाधिकरणे १।१।३१ सूत्रे) कृतव्याख्यानः। सूत्रार्थः (हिन्दी-अनुवादः) — यदि यह आपत्ति की जाए कि इस प्रकरण में जीव तथा मुख्य प्राण के लक्षण उपलब्ध होते हैं, अतः ब्रह्म ग्राह्य नहीं है; तो इसका उत्तर यह है कि इसका समाधान पूर्व में ही (प्रतर्दनाधिकरण १।१।३१ में) विस्तारपूर्वक किया जा चुका है। श्रीमद्बलदेवविद्याभूषणविरचितं गोविन्दभाष्यम् (भाष्यसारः) — 'प्रतर्दनाधिकरणे' (ब्रह्मसूत्र १।१।३१) इन्द्रप्रतर्दनसंवादे अयमर्थः सुनिर्णीतः। यत्र ह्युपक्रमोपसंहारयोः स्पष्टमेव ब्रह्म निर्दिष्टं भवति, तत्र मध्ये यदि कतिपयलिङ्गानि जीवसम्बन्धीनि मुख्यप्राणसम्बन्धीनि वा प्रतिभासन्ते, तथापि तेषां समन्वयो ब्रह्मैकपरत्वेनैव कर्तव्यः, न तु तानि जीवप्राणमात्रपराणि मन्तव्यानि। श्रुतिप्रमाणम् (कौषीतकि-ब्राह्मणोपनिषद् ४।१) — अत्र कौषीतक्युपनिषदि उपक्रमे स्पष्टमुक्तम्—«ब्रह्म ते ब्रवाणि» (अहं ते ब्रह्म प्रवक्ष्यामि)। तथोपसंहारेऽपि श्रूयते— «सर्वान् पाप्मनोऽपहत्य सर्वेषां भूतानां श्रेष्ठ्यं स्वाराज्यमाधिपत्यं पर्येति य एवं वेद» इति। (यो हि इमं वेद स सर्वान् पाप्मनो विधूय सर्वेषां भूतानामाधिपत्यं प्राप्नोति)। सिद्धान्तविचारः — उपक्रमस्थेन 'ब्रह्म'शब्देन, उपसंहारस्थेन च सर्वपापप्रहाणपूर्वकसर्वैश्वर्यफलश्रवणेन चेदं प्रतीयते यदत्र प्रतिपाद्यं वस्तु परब्रह्मैव। अतो «यस्य वैतत्कर्म स वै वेदितव्यः» इत्यत्र 'कर्म'शब्देन जगदेव ग्राह्यम्, न तु जीवगतं पुण्यापुण्यात्मकं कर्म। तस्मात् कौषीतकिवाक्ये जगत्कर्ता परमपुरुषः श्रीभगवान् ब्रह्मैव, न तु जीवो नापि मुख्यप्राणः। संशय-विमर्शः (पूर्वपक्षविस्तारः) — ननु 'कर्म'शब्दस्य 'प्राण'शब्दस्य च ब्रह्मण्यन्वयः कथञ्चित् क्रियेत चेदपि, अत्र प्रकरणे जीवस्य प्रत्यक्षलिङ्गानि सन्ति। यतः सुप्तपुरुषबोधनप्रसङ्गे यष्टिघातेनाप्रबुद्धस्य पश्चात् प्राणनाम्ना सम्बोधनेन प्रबोधनं दृश्यते। तथा च शयानस्य जीवस्य विश्रान्तिस्थानं नाड्यः, सुषुप्तौ प्राणात्मना स्थितिः, पुनर्प्रबोधश्चेत्यादयः सर्वे धर्मा जीवस्यैव संभवन्ति। एतेन सर्वमिदं सन्दर्भजातं जीवपरमेवेति निश्चीयते चेत्— तत्रोच्यते—सुषुप्तौ जीवेन यत्र लीयते, यतश्च पुनरागच्छति, स सर्वाधारः परमात्मा परं ब्रह्मैव। अत एव जीवमुख्यप्राणलिङ्गानां ब्रह्मणि समन्वयः पूर्ववदेव सिद्ध इति न काचिदनुपपत्तिः॥ १७ ॥

इस संशय के समाधान हेतु सूत्रकार कहते हैं: सूत्र १८ अन्यार्थं तु जैमिनिः प्रश्नव्याख्यानाभ्यामपि चैवमेके ॥ १८ ॥ पदच्छेद एवं शब्दार्थ: अन्यार्थम् — अन्य अर्थ/प्रयोजन के लिए; तु — किन्तु (संशय-निवारणार्थ); जैमिनिः — आचार्य जैमिनि; प्रश्नव्याख्यानाभ्याम् — प्रश्न तथा व्याख्यान (उत्तर) से; अपि — भी; च — तथा; एवम् — इस प्रकार; एके — अन्य (वाजसनेयी आदि) शाखा के पाठ में। सूत्रार्थ: आचार्य जैमिनि का मत है कि यहाँ जीव का उल्लेख अन्य प्रयोजन (ब्रह्म-प्रतिपादन) के लिए ही है; क्योंकि प्रश्न और उत्तर से ऐसा ही सिद्ध होता है, तथा अन्य शाखा (वाजसनेयि-शाखा) के पाठ में भी इसी प्रकार का भेद स्पष्ट रूप से वर्णित है। श्रील बलदेव विद्याभूषण विरचित गोविन्दभाष्य तात्पर्य: यहाँ 'तु' शब्द पूर्वपक्षीय संशय का निराकरण करने के लिए प्रयुक्त हुआ है। यहाँ जीव का वर्णन एक भिन्न अर्थ (प्रयोजन) से किया गया है। आचार्य जैमिनि मानते हैं कि यह प्रसंग ब्रह्म और जीव के भेद को ही स्पष्ट रूप से प्रतिपादित करता है। यह कैसे सिद्ध होता है? क्योंकि इस प्रसंग में प्रश्न और उत्तर दोनों ही इसी बात को प्रमाणित करते हैं। प्रश्न सुप्त और जाग्रत अवस्था वाले जीवात्मा के विषय में पूछे गए हैं, जो कि मुख्य प्राण से भिन्न है। श्रुति-पाठ इस प्रकार है: "क्वॆष एतद्बालाके पुरुषोऽशयिष्ट क्व वा एतदभूत् कुत एतदागात्" (अर्थात् हे बालाके! सुषुप्ति के समय यह पुरुष कहाँ शयन कर रहा था? यह कहाँ स्थित था? और जाग्रत होने पर यह कहाँ से लौट आया?)। इस प्रश्न में ब्रह्म और जीव के मध्य स्पष्ट भेद लक्षित होता है। इसका उत्तर श्रुति में दिया गया है: "यदा सुप्तः स्वप्नं न कञ्चन पश्यत्यथास्मिन् प्राण एवैकधा भवति" (अर्थात् जब वह सुषुप्त होता है और कोई स्वप्न नहीं देखता, तब वह इसी प्राण में एकीभूत हो जाता है)। इसके पश्चात् का श्रुति-वाक्य: "एतस्मादात्मनः प्राणा यथायतनं विप्रतिष्ठन्ते प्राणेभ्यो देवा देवेभ्यो लोकाः" (अर्थात् इस परमात्मा रूप आत्मा से ही समस्त प्राण-इन्द्रियाँ अपने-अपने अधिष्ठानों में प्रवृत्त होती हैं, प्राणों से देवता और देवताओं से समस्त लोक प्रकट होते हैं) ब्रह्म और जीव के पारस्परिक भेद को ही दर्शाता है। यहाँ 'प्राण' शब्द का वास्तविक अर्थ परमेश्वर परमात्मा ही है; क्योंकि परमात्मा ही सुषुप्ति-काल के परम विश्राम-स्थल के रूप में प्रसिद्ध हैं। उन्हीं में समस्त जीव विलीन होते हैं और जाग्रत अवस्था में पुनः उन्हीं से बहिर्गत होते हैं। अग्रिम प्रसंग का अभिप्राय यह है कि नाड़ियाँ सुषुप्ति-स्थल (ब्रह्म) तक पहुँचने के केवल मार्ग अथवा द्वार मात्र हैं। परमात्मा को ही वह परम आधार समझना चाहिए जहाँ सुषुप्त जीव विश्राम करता है और जहाँ से वह पुनः जाग्रत होकर विषयों का उपभोग करने निकलता है। बालाकि और अजातशत्रु के इसी संवाद की वाजसनेयि-शाखा में भी जीव का वर्णन 'विज्ञानमय' कहकर किया गया है और ब्रह्म को उससे स्पष्टतः पृथक् निरूपित किया गया है। उस पाठ में प्रश्न इस प्रकार है: "य एष विज्ञानमयः पुरुषः क्वैष तदाभूत् कुत एतदागात्" (अर्थात् यह जो विज्ञानमय पुरुष है, वह उस समय कहाँ था? और वह कहाँ से आया?) और इसका उत्तर दिया गया है: "य एषोऽन्तर्हृदय आकाशस्तस्मिञ्छेते" (अर्थात् जो यह हृदयाकाश के भीतर परब्रह्म है, उसी में यह शयन करता है)। इस प्रकार, परब्रह्म पुरुषोत्तम ही इस प्रसंग में मुख्य रूप से ज्ञेय तत्व प्रतिपादित हुए हैं।

Adhikaraṇa 6 The "Ātmā" of Bṛhad-āraṇyaka Upaniṣad 4.5 is Brahman and Not Jīva Introduction by Śrīla Baladeva Vidyābhūṣaṇa In the Bṛhad-āraṇyaka Upaniṣad 4.5.6 Yājñavalkya teaches his wife, Maitreyī: na vā are patyuḥ kāmāya patiḥ priyo bhavati "A husband is not dear because the wife loves the husband. A husband is dear because she loves the Self." He also says: na vā are sarvasya kāmāya sarvaṁ priyaṁ bhavati ātmanas tu kāmāya sarvaṁ priyaṁ bhavati "Everything is not dear because one loves everything. Everything is dear because one loves the Self." Again, he says: ātmā vā are draṣṭavyaḥ śrotavyo mantavyo nididhyāsitavyo maitreyy ātmano vā are darśanena śravaṇena matyā vijñānena idaṁ sarvaṁ viditam "The Self should be seen, heard, worshiped, and always meditated on. O Maitreyī, by seeing, hearing, worshiping, and understanding the Self, everything becomes known." Saṁśaya: In this passage which self is to be understood: the jīva (individual spirit soul) described in the Kapila-tantra, or the Paramātmā (the Supreme Personality of Godhead)? Pūrvapakṣa: Because in this passage he describes the love of husband and wife and because in the middle of the passage he says: etebhyo bhūtebhyaḥ samutthāya tāny evānuvinaśyati na pretya-saṁjñāsti (He leaves the material elements, his body is destroyed, he dies and is no longer conscious), words that clearly describe a resident of the material world who is subject to birth and death, and because at the end he says: vijñātāram are kena vijānīyāt (How should we understand the person who is the knower?) this passage should be interpreted to describe the jīva, who is the knower described in the Kapila-tantra. One may object: "But it says that by knowing the Self everything becomes known. Certainly this refers to the Paramātmā and not the jīva." but this objection is not valid. The jīva takes birth in

this world with an aim to enjoy and one may figuratively say that by knowing the jīva one knows everything for one then knows the world around him meant for his enjoyment. One may again object, “This passage canot refer to the jīva because the text says amṛtatvasya tu nāśāsti vittena (By knowing Him one becomes immortal). Because it is only by knowing the Paramātmā that one becomes immortal, how can this passage refer to the jīva?" This objection is also not valid because by understanding that the jīva is by nature different from matter one may also attain immortality. In the same way all descriptions in this passage that seem to refer to Brahman should be understood to refer to the jīva. In this way this entire passage describes the jīva. In this way it should be understood that the material nature, which is under the control of the jīva, is the original cause of the world. Siddhānta: In this matter: Sūtra 19 vākyānvayāt vākya-statement; anvayāt-because of the connection. The context of this passage proves that Brahman is the object of discussion. Purport by Śrīla Baladeva Vidyābhūṣaṇa In this passage the Paramātmā, and not the jīva of the Kapila-tantra, is described. Why? Because in the context of the whole passage, including what precedes and follows this quote, that is the appropriate interpretation. Three sages also confirm this interpretation: Sūtra 20 pratijñā-siddher liṅgam āśmarathyaḥ pratijñā-of the promise; siddher -of the fulfillment; liṅgam -the mark; āśmarathyaḥ-Aśmarathya. Āśmarthya (maintains that the Self here is Paramātmā because only in that way) is the promise (that by knowledge of the Self everything is known) fulfilled.

Purport by Śrīla Baladeva Vidyābhūṣaṇa Āśmarathya maintains that the promise ātmano vijñānena sarvaṁ viditam (By knowledge of the Self everything is known) indicates that the Self referred to here is the Paramātmā. It is not taught here that by knowledge of the jīva everything becomes known. On the other hand by knowledge of the cause of all causes everything becomes known. It is not possible to interpret these words in a figurative way because after promising that by knowing the Self everything becomes known, in the passage beginning brahma taṁ parādāt (One who thinks the brāhmaṇas rest in a place other than the Self is spurned by the brāhmaṇas. One who thinks the kṣatriyas rest in a place other than the Self is spurned by the kṣatriyas. One who thinks the worlds rest in a place other than the self is spurned by the worlds) he affirms that the Paramātmā is the form of everything and the resting place of the brāhmaṇas, kṣatriyas, and world. For these reasons it is not possible that the Self here can be any other than the Paramātmā. It is also not possible for the individual living entity who remains under the control of karma to be the original cause of all causes decsribed in the passage beginning tasya vā etasya mahato bhūtasya niḥśvasitam (transcendental he Vedas were manifested from the breathing of this Supreme Being). It is also not possible for (the sage Yājñavalkya) to have taught his wife, who had renounced all wealth and material benefits to attain liberation, only about the jīva and not about the Supreme Brahman. It is also not possible that the Self referred to here is the jīva because on cannot attain liberation simply by knowing the jīva. That liberation is attained only by understanding the Supreme Brahman is confirmed in the following statement of Śvetāśvatara Upaniṣad 3.8 and 6.15: tam eva viditvāti mṛtyum eti (By understanding the Supreme Brahman one is able to transcend death). For all these reasons it should be understood that the Self described in this passage is the Paramātmā. Pūrvapakṣa: The objection may be raised: Because the Self in this passage is described as the object of love for the husband and other persons, this self must be the jīva bound to the cycle of repeated birth and death and not the Paramātmā. It cannot be said that the Self described here must be the Paramātmā because that interpretation answers the promise (of Yājñavalkya to speak certain words), nor can it be said that the Self here must be the Paramātmā because this Self is the shelter of the devotees, the creator of everything, all-powerful, and the origin of transcendental bliss. The jīva may also be these things, as the Padma Purāṇa explains: yenārcito haris tena tarpitāni jaganty api rajyanti jantavas tatra sthāvarā jaṅgamā api (One who worships Lord Hari pleases all the worlds. All moving and non-moving creatures love the devotee). In this way the Self described here is not the Paramātmā. Siddhānta: Fearing that the opponent may speak these words, he says: Sūtra 21

utkramiṣyata evaṁ bhāvād ity auḍulomiḥ utkramiṣyataḥ -of a person about to depart; evam-in this way; bhāvāt-from this condition; iti-thus; auḍulomiḥ-Auḍulomi. Auḍulomi maintains that one about to become liberated attains the transcendental qualities of the Lord. Purport by Śrīla Baladeva Vidyābhūṣaṇa The word utkramiṣyataḥ here means a person who by following spiritual practices attains the Paramātmā. Evaṁ bhāvāt means "because of being dear to everyone." Ātmā means "Paramātmā." This is the opinion of Auḍulomi. The passage patyuḥ kāmāya patiḥ priyo bhavati (A husband is not dear because the wife loves the husband. A husband is dear because she loves the Self) means that if a wife thinks "By my own power I shall become dear to my husband" her husband will not love her. However, if the wife loves the Paramātmā, then Lord Paramātmā will make everyone love this devotee-wife. The word kāma here means "desire" and kāmāya means "to fulfill the desire." The use of the dative case here is described in Pāṇini's sūtras (Aṣṭādhyāyī 2.3.1 or Siddhānta-kaumudī 581) in the following words: kriyārthopapadasya ca karmaṇi sthāninaḥ (The dative case is used for the object of a verb understood but not expressed. In the dative two verbs are used together and the action is in the future). In other words this passage (patyuḥ kāmāya) of the Bṛhad-āraṇyaka Upaniṣad means "When He is worshiped with devotion, the Supreme Personality of Godhead makes everything a source of happiness for His devotees." This is corroborated by the following statement of Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam (11.14.13): akiñcanasya dāntasya śāntasya sama-cetasaḥ mayā santuṣṭa-manasaḥ sarvāḥ sukhamayā diśaḥ "For a person who is renounced, self-controlled, peaceful, equal to all, and who finds his happiness in Me, every place in this world is full of joy." The passage patyuḥ kāmāya may also be interpreted to mean "Trying to please the husband does not please him. Only when the wife tries to please the Paramātmā does the husband become pleased." This interpretation is corroborated by the following statement of Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam (10.23.27): prāṇa-buddhi-manaḥ-svātma-

dārāpatya-dhanādayaḥ yat-samparkāt priyā āsaṁs tataḥ ko 'nyaḥ paraḥ priyaḥ "Our life, property, home, wife, children, house, country, society, and all paraphernalia which are very dear to us are expansions of the Supreme Personality of Godhead. Who is more dear to us than the Supreme Person?" In this interpretation the word kāma means "happiness" and the dative case is used in the same sense as the previous interpretation. This interpretation means that by the will of the Paramātmā, by the nearness of the Paramātmā, or by the touch of the Paramātmā, even what is ordinarily unpleasant becomes blissful. Therefore when the Bṛhad-āraṇyaka Upaniṣad says ātmā vā are draṣṭavyaḥ (The Self should be seen), the word ātmā means the dear Lord Hari. It is not possible to interpret the word ātmā here to mean the jīva because here the primary meaning of ātmā is the supremely powerful Personality of Godhead. To interpret ātmā in any other way would contradict the way the word had been used in the previous passage (vākya-bheda). We do not see how it is possible to interpret ātmā in a way different from the way it was clearly used in the immediately previous passage. In this way the word ātmā in ātmā vā are draṣṭavyaḥ must be the Paramātmā. In both passages (ātmanas tu kāmāya and ātmā vā are draṣṭavyaḥ) the word ātmā cannot mean the jīva, for in these contexts the word ātmā can only refer to Brahman. Although Auḍulomi is a nirguṇa-ātmavādī (impersonalist) as will be explained later on in the words (Vedānta-sūtra 4.4.6) citi tan-mātreṇa tad-ātmakatvād ity auḍulomiḥ (When he is liberated the jīva enters the Supreme Intelligence, for the jīva is actually intelligence only. This the the opinion of Auḍulomi.), still Auḍulomi maintains that in order to dispel ignorance and reveal the true nature of the self Lord Hari should be worshiped, as will be explained in the following words (Vedānta-sūtra 3.4.45): ārtvijyam ity auḍulomis tasmai hi parikrīyate (Just as a Vedic priest is purchased to perform a yajña, the Supreme Personality of Godhead is purchased by His devotees' love). In this way it is proved that pure devotion to Lord Hari fulfills all desires. Our opponent may say: So be it. However, in the same Bṛhad-āraṇyaka Upaniṣad (2.4.12) we find the following words: sa yathā saindhava-khilya udake prāptam udakam evānulīyate na hāsyodgrahaṇāyaiva syād yato yatas tv ādīta lavaṇam evaivaṁ vā. are idaṁ mahad bhūtam anantam apāraṁ vijñāna-ghana evaitebhyo bhūtebhyaḥ samutthāya tāny evānuvinaśyati "As a little salt merges into water and cannot be again extracted from it, although the water itself becomes salty, so does this great being, limitless, endless, and full of knowledge, rise from these elements and then vanish into them." How do you reconcile this statement with your interpretation of the word ātmā in this Upaniṣad? Clearly this passage refers to the jīva described in the Kapila- tantra because that is the appropriate interpretation. To answer this doubt he says:

Sūtra 22 avasthiter iti kāśakṛtsnaḥ avasthiter -because of residence; iti -thus; kāśakṛtsnaḥ-Kāśakṛtsna. This passage refers to Paramātmā, for Paramātmā resides within the jīva. This is the opinion of Kāśakṛtsna. Purport by Śrīla Baladeva Vidyābhūṣaṇa In this statement the word avasthiteḥ (residing) which refers to the Paramātmā, the Great Being who is different from the jīva, and who is described as vijñāna- ghana (full of knowledge), teaches that the Paramātmā is different from the jīva and resides within him. Kāśakṛtsna considers that because the Paramātmā and the jīva are different the words mahad-bhūtam (Great being), anantam (limitless) and vijñāna-ghana cannot refer to the jīva. A summary of the passage from Bṛhad- āraṇyaka Upaniṣad under discussion follows. Yenāhaṁ nāmṛtaḥ syāṁ kim ahaṁ tena kuryām "Tell me what I must do to become free of death." Bṛhad-āraṇyaka Upaniṣad 4.5.4) Asked this question about the means to attain liberation, the sage answered: ātmā vā are draṣṭavyaḥ śrotavyo mantavyo nididhyāsitavyo maitreyy ātmano vā are darśanena śravaṇena matyā vijñānena idaṁ sarvaṁ viditam "The Self should be seen, heard, worshiped, and always meditated on. O Maitreyī, by seeing, hearing, worshiping, and understanding the Self, everything becomes known." In this way he explains that the worship of Paramātmā is the way to attain liberation. Then he says: sa yathā dundubher hanyamānasya bāhyāñ chabdāñ chakruyād grahaṇāya dundubhes tu grahaṇena dundubhy-āghātasya vā śabdo gṛhītaḥ

"As the sounds of a drum when beaten cannot be seized externally, although when the drum or the player of the drum are seized then the sounds are also seized). Thus, in a very general way he explains the proper method of worshiping the Paramātmā: sense-control. He continues in the following words: sa yathārdhraidho 'gner abhyāhitasya pṛthag dhūmā viniścaranty evaṁ vā are 'sya mahato bhūtasya niśvāsitam etad yad ṛg vedo yajur vedaḥ sāma-vedo 'tharvāṅgirasa itihāsaḥ purāṇaṁ vidyā upaniṣadaḥ ślokāḥ sūtrāṇy anuvyākhyānāni vyākhyānānīṣṭaṁ hutam āśitaṁ pāyitam ayaṁ ca lokaḥ paraś ca lokaḥ sarvāṇi ca bhūtāny asyaikaitāni sarvāṇi niśvasitāni. sa yathā sarvāsāṁ apāṁ samudra ekāyanam evaṁ sarveṣāṁ sparśānāṁ tvacaikāyanam evaṁ sarveṣāṁ rasānāṁ jihvaikāyanam evaṁ sarveṣāṁ gandhānāṁ nāsikaikāyanam evaṁ sarveṣāṁ rūpāṇāṁ cak.sur ekāyanam evaṁ sarveṣāṁ śabdānāṁ śrotram ekāyanam evaṁ sarveṣāṁ saṅkalpānāṁ mana ekāyanam evaṁ sarvāsāṁ vidyānāṁ hṛdayam ekāyanam evaṁ sarveṣāṁ karmaṇāṁ hastāv ekāyanam evaṁ sarveṣāṁ ānandānāṁ upastha ekāyanam evaṁ sarveṣāṁ visargāṇāṁ pāyur ekāyanam evaṁ sarveṣāṁ adhvanāṁ pādāv ekāyanam evaṁ sarveṣāṁ vedānāṁ vāg ekāyanam "As smoke comes from a fire made with wet fuel, the Ṛg Veda, Sāma Veda, Yajur Veda, Atharva Veda, Purāṇas, Itihāsas, Vidyās, Upaniṣads, ślokas, sūtras, vyākhyās, and anuvyākhyās, come from the breath of the Supreme Person. As the ocean is the sole resting place of all waters, so the skin is the sole resting-place of all tactile sensations, the nose is the sole resting-place of all fragrances, the tongue is the sole resting-place of all tastes, the eyes are the sole resting-place of all forms, the ears are the sole resting-place of all sounds, the mind is the sole resting-place of all thoughts and desires, the heart is the sole resting place of all knowledge, the hands are the sole resting-place of all work, the genitals are the sole resting-place of all material bliss, the anus is the sole resting-place of all expulsions, the feet are the sole resting-place of all pathways, and words are the sole resting-place of all the Vedas)." To encourage the desire for liberation he says: sa yathā saindhava-khilya udake prāptam udakam evānulīyate na hāsyodgrahaṇāyaiva syād yato yatas tv ādīta lavaṇam evaivaṁ vā. are idaṁ mahad bhūtam anantam apāraṁ vijñāna-ghana evaitebhyo bhūtebhyaḥ samutthāya tāny evānuvinaśyati "As a little salt merges into water and cannot be again extracted from it, although the water itself becomes salty, so does this great being, limitless, endless, and full of knowledge, rise from these elements and then vanish into them." In this way he explains that the supreme object of worship is immanent: always near to the jīva. In the words etebhyo bhūtebhyaḥ samutthāya tāny evānuvinaśyati (So does this great being, limitless, endless, and full of knowledge, rise from these elements and

then vanish into them) he describes the non-devotees who do not worship the Lord, who mistake the external material body for the self, who at the time of death remain in the cycle of repeated birth and death, and for whom the Supreme Lord remains invisible, hidden within the material elements. The words na pretya saṁjñāsti (After death he becomes free of the world of names) describe the devotee when he leaves the material body and attains liberation. At that time the liberated devotee becomes aware of his real spiritual identity. He then considers all material designations to be the same and he no longer thinks of himself as a human being, demigod, or any other kind of material being. The words yatra hi dvaitam iva bhavati tad itara itaraṁ paśyati tad itara itaraṁ jighrati tad itara itaraṁ rasayate tad itara itaraṁ abhivadati tad itara itaraṁ śṛṇoti tad itara itaraṁ manute tad itara itaraṁ spṛśati tad itara itaraṁ vijānāti yatra tv asya sarvam ātmaivābhūt tat tena kaṁ paśyet tat tena kaṁ jighret tat kena kaṁ rasayet tat kena kam abhivadet tat kena kaṁ śṛṇuyāt tat kena kaṁ manvīta tata tena kaṁ spṛśet tat tena kaṁ vijānīyāt (Where there is duality one sees another, smells another, tastes another, offers respect to another, hears another, thinks of another, touches another, and is aware of another. But for one for whom the Supreme Self is everything how can he see another? How can he smell another? Hopw can he taste another? How can he offer respect to another? How can he hear another? How can he think of another? How can he touch another? How can he be aware of another?) explain how the liberated jīva takes shelter of the the Paramātmā. The words yenedaṁ sarvaṁ vijānāti taṁ kena vijānīyāt (How can a person, even if he understands the entire world, understand Him?) teach that it is very difficult to understand the Supreme Lord. The words vijñātāram are kena vijānīyāt (How can one understand the Supreme Knower?) mean "How can one understand the all-knowing Supreme Personality of Godhead without first worshiping Him and attaining His mercy? There is no other way than this." In this way the worship of the Supreme Personality of Godhead is described as the actual means of liberation. The speaker of the Upaniṣad concludes by declaring that actual liberation is the same as attaining the Paramātmā. From all this it may be understood that this passage of the Bṛhad-āraṇyaka Upaniṣad describes the Paramātmā and not the puruṣa as described in the Kapila- tantra, or the material nature controlled by the puruṣa. Adhikaraṇa 7 Brahman is Both Primary and Secondary Cause Introduction by Śrīla Baladeva Vidyābhūṣaṇa Viṣaya: Now that he has refuted the atheistic pradhāna theory, he will refute some theistic theories and prove that all scriptural descriptions of the cause of the

universe refer to the Supreme Brahman. Let us consider the following scriptural passages. tasmād vā etasmād ātmana ākāśaḥ sambhūtaḥ "From ātmā the sky was manifested." Taittirīya Upaniṣad 2.1.1 yato vā imāni bhūtāni jāyante "From the Supreme these creatures were born." Taittirīya Upaniṣad 2.1.1 sad eva saumyedam agra āsīd ekam evādvitīyaṁ tad aikṣata bahu syāṁ prajāyeya "O gentle one, in the beginning was the Supreme, who was one without a second. He thought: Let me become many. Let me become the father of many." Chāndogya Upaniṣad 6.2.1 sa aikṣata lokān nu sṛjā "He thought: Now I shall create the worlds." Aitareya Upaniṣad 1.1.2 Saṁśaya: Should Brahman be considering the Primary Cause or the ingredient of the creation? Because the Upasniṣads say sa aikṣata (He thought: "Now I shall create the worlds") the first proposal, that Brahman is the Primary cause and not the ingredient of creation, should be considered true. Although the Upaniṣad says tasmād vā etasmād ātmana ākāśaḥ sambhūtaḥ (From ātmā the sky was manifested) still this should be interpreted to mean only that the Supreme is the Primary Creator (and not the ingredient of creation) of the worlds. The quotes tad aikṣata bahu syām prajāyeya (He thought: "Let me become many. Let me become the father of many.") and sa aikṣata lokān nu sṛjā (He thought: "Now I shall create the worlds."), because of their clear explanation that the Lord's thinking precedes the creation, show that the Lord is the Primary Creator in the same way a potter is the creator of pots. Because the creation itself and the ingredients of which it is made must have the same nature, the ingredient of the material creation must be the material energy (prakṛti). It is not possible to say that the Primary Cause of creation is identical with the ingredients of the creation. In the material world made of dull matter the ingredients are earth and the other elements and the creator is consciousness, just as pots are made of the elements and the creator of the pots is the conscious potter. Here the pots and the potter are clearly different. Furthermore many diverse causes may create a single effect. Therefore it cannot be said that a single thing is both the primary cause and the ingredient of creation. The changing material energy (prakṛti), which is controlled by the unchanging Brahman is the ingredient of the changing material

universe and Brahman is only its Primary Cause. This statement is not based only on logic, for it is also supported by the following passage of the Culika Upaniṣad: vikāra-jananīm ajñāṁ aṣṭa-rūpām ajāṁ dhruvam dhyāyate 'dhyāsitā tena tanyate preritā punaḥ sūyate puruṣārthaṁ ca tenaivādhiṣṭhitā jagat gaur anādy-antavatī sā janitrī bhūta-bhāvinī sitāsitā ca raktā ca sarvakām adhunā vibhoḥ pibanty enām aviṣamām avijñātāḥ kumārakāḥ ekas tu pibate devaḥ svacchando 'tra vaśānugām dhyāna-kriyābhyāṁ bhagavān bhuṅkte 'sau prasabhaṁ vibhuḥ sarva-sādhāraṇīṁ dogdhrīm pīyamānāṁ tu yajvabhiḥ catur-viṁśati-saṅkhyākāṁ avyaktaṁ vyaktam ucyate "The Supreme Personality of Godhead meditates on the unborn, eternal, unintelligent material nature (prakṛti), who has eight forms, and by His order the material nature creates the material worlds and the various goals of life adopted by the living entities. Material nature is a beginningless, endless cow, the mother of the worlds. Without knowing, her children, the creatures in goodness, passion, and ignorance all drink her nourishing milk. The one independent, all-powerful Supreme Personality of Godhead strongly enjoys her with thought and deed, she who is the milk-giving mother of all, who is drunk by the performers of sacrifice, and who is said to be both the unmanifested and the manifested divided into 24 elements." Furthermore, the Viṣṇu Purāṇa says: yathā sannidhi-mātreṇa gandhaḥ kṣobhāya jāyate manaso nopakartṛtvāt tathāsau parameśvaraḥ

sannidhānād yathākāśa- kālādyāḥ kāraṇaṁ taroḥ tathaivāparigāmena viśvasya bhagavān hariḥ nimitta-mātram evāsau sṛṣṭānāṁ sarga-karmaṇi pradhāna-kāriṇī bhūtā yato vai sṛjya-śaktayaḥ "When there is a fragrant flower before someone, the fragrance is touched by the smelling power of the person, yet the smelling and the flower are detached from one another. There is a similar connection between the material world and the Supreme Personality of Godhead: actually He has nothing to do with this material world, but He creates by His glance and ordains. In summary, material nature, without the superintendence of the Supreme Personality of Godhead, cannot do anything. Yet the Supreme Personality is detached from all material activities." For these reasons whatever scriptural passages state that Brahman is the ingredient of the creation should be interpreted to have a different meaning. SiddhāntaTo this argument: Sūtra 23 prakṛtiś ca pratijñā dṛṣṭāntānuparodhāt prakṛtiḥ -material nature; ca -and; pratijñā -the proposition to be proved; dṛṣṭānta-example; anuparodhāt-because of not contradicting. Brahman is also the material nature (prakṛti) because this view is not contradicted by the statements and examples (given in the scriptures). Purport by Śrīla Baladeva Vidyābhūṣaṇa Brahman is the material nature (prakṛti), the ingredient of the world. How is that? It is so because pratijñā-dṛṣṭāntānuparodhāt, which means "Because this view is not contradicted by the statements and examples of the scriptures." An example may be given from the Chāndogya Upaniṣad 6.1.3: śvetaketo yan nu saumyedaṁ mahā-manā anūcāna-mānī stabdho 'sy uta tam

ādeśaṁ aprākṣīr yenāśrutaṁ śrutaṁ bhavaty amataṁ matam avijñātaṁ vijñātam ity eka-vijñānena sarva-vijñāna-viṣayā pratijñā "Gentle Śvetaketu, you are now very proud and arrogant, thinking yourself a great Vedic scholar. Did you ask for the teaching that makes the unheard heard, the unthinkable thinkable, and the unknown known?" Here the statement is the existence of a single teaching, the knowledge of which makes everything known. This teaching must be about the ingredient of the world for only that knowledge would not contradict the description in this passage. That ingredient of the world is not different from the original creator of the world. They are one, unlike the pot and the potter, which are different from each other. The following example is given (Chāndogya Upaniṣad 6.1.10): yathā saumyaikena mṛt-piṇḍena sarvaṁ mṛṇ-mayaṁ vijñātaṁ syāt "O gentle one, as by knowing the nature of clay, everything made of clay becomes known, in the same way by understanding this one teaching everything becomes known." These words of the śruti must refer to the ingredient of the world. they cannot refer to only the original creator of the world, for by understanding only the potter one does not understand the pot. Therefore, to avoid contradicting these words of the scripture, it must be concluded that Brahman is not only the original creator of the world, but the ingredient of which the world is made as well. Sūtra 24 abhidhyopadeśāc ca abhidhya-will; upadeśāc -because of the teaching; ca-and. Because (the scriptures) teach (that in this age the world was created by His) will and (in previous creations the world was also created by His will, it must be concluded that Brahman is both the original cause of creation and the ingredient of the creation as well). Purport by Śrīla Baladeva Vidyābhūṣaṇa In this sūtra the word ca (and) means "and many other things that are not explicitly mentioned here."

The Taittirīya Upaniṣad (2.6.1) explains: so 'kāmayata bahu syāṁ prajāyeya sa tapo 'tapyata tapas taptvā idaṁ sarvam asṛjat. yad idaṁ kiñcana tat sṛṣṭvā tad evānuprāviśat. tad anupraviśya sac ca tyac cābhavat. "He desired: I will become many. I will father many children. He performed austerities and created everything. Then He entered within the world He had created. After He entered He became all that is manifest and all that is unmanifest." Because it is here taught that by His own desire He resides as Paramātmā within all conscious living entities and unconscious matter, and because it is also taught here that he is the creator of everything, it must be concluded that He is both the ingredient of the which the creation is made and the original creator and as well. Sūtra 25 sākṣāc cobhayāmnānāt sākṣāt -directly; ca-certainly; ubhaya-both; āmnānāt-because of direct statement. (Brahman is both creator and the ingredient of creation) because both (truths) are directly stated (in the scriptures). Purport by Śrīla Baladeva Vidyābhūṣaṇa The word ca here means "certainly." The Taittirīya Brāhmaṇa (2.8.9.6) explains: kiṁsvid vanaṁ ka u sa vṛkṣa āsīt yato dyāvā-pṛthivī niṣṭatakṣuḥ manīṣiṇo manasā pṛcchataitat yad adhyatiṣṭhad bhuvanāni dhārayan brahma vanaṁ brahma sa vṛkṣa āsīt yato dyāvā-pṛthivī niṣṭatakṣuḥ manīṣiṇo manasā prabravīmi vo brahmādhyatiṣṭhad bhuvanāni dhārayan