गोविन्द भाष्य (श्रील बलदेव विद्याभूषण - अचिन्त्यभेदाभेद वेदान्त ब्रह्मसूत्र भाष्य सटीक)

understanding who has spoken it." —Kauṣītakī Upaniṣad (3.8) tri-śīrṣāṇaṁ tvaṣṭram ahanam "I am the Indra who killed Vṛtrāsura, the three-headed son of Tvaṣṭā." These two quotations clearly identify that the speaker of the passage in question was the demigod Indra, who is an individual spirit soul. That the word prāṇa refers to the life-force, or breath within the body, is confirmed by the following scriptural statements: yāvad asmin śarīre prāṇo vasati tāvad āyur atha khalu prāṇa eva prajñātma idaṁ śarīraṁ parigṛhyotthāpayati "As long as prāṇa remains within it, the body is alive. Prāṇa is the conscious spirit soul. Prāṇa grasps this material body, and makes it rise up and move about." —Kauṣītakī Upaniṣad (2.2-3) yo vai prāṇaḥ sa prajñā yā prajñā sa prāṇaḥ. sa hā hy etāv asmin śarīre vasataḥ. sahotkramate. "Prāṇa is the same as prajñā (consciousness). Prajñā is the same as prāṇa. Together they reside in the material body. At the last moment they both leave the body together." —Kauṣītakī Upaniṣad These quotations clearly show that it is not impossible to interpret the word prāṇa in this context to mean "the individual spirit soul" or "living force". The scriptures teach us that both are actually identical, the living force being the active expression of the inactive spirit-soul. In this way it is valid to interpret the word prāṇa in three ways: 1. the individual spirit soul; 2. the living-force; and 3. the Supreme Brahman. The word prāṇa here refers to all three. All three are worshipable for the living entities. Śrīla Vyāsadeva refutes this argument in the following sūtra. Sūtra 31

jīva-mukhya-prāṇa-liṅgān neti cen nopāsya-traividhyād āśritatvād iha tad-yogāt jīva—of the individual spirit soul; mukhya—the primary; prāṇa—living force; liṅgāt—the signs; na—not; iti—thus; cet' if; na—not; upāsya—worshipable; taividhyāt—because of being there; āśritatvāt—because of taking shelter; iha—here; tat-yogāt—because of appropriateness. If someone says the word "prāṇa" also refers to the individual spirit soul and the primary living-force in addition to referring to Brahman, then I reply that such an interpretation is not correct. If the word "prāṇa" referred to all three, then all three would be worshipable. This view is not correct, because neither logic nor the authority of scripture support it. Purport by Śrīla Baladeva Vidyābhūṣaṇa Someone may say that the natural features of the individual spirit soul and the living-force are such that they are proper objects of worship. To this I reply: This is not true. Why? For then there would be three objects of worship. When Indra says, "Worship me as prāṇa," he uses only one sentence. The rules of rhetoric demand that a sentence have only one correct interpretation, and therefore if we say that the word prāṇa here refers to three different objects, we shall break that rule. This is the true meaning: There are three possible ways to interpret the meaning of prāṇa in this context: 1. Take all these passages, including what directly mentions Brahman, as referring to the individual spirit soul and living- force; 2. Take these passages as referring some to the individual soul and living- force, and some to Brahman. and 3. Take these passages as all referring to Brahman. The first possibility has already been clearly refuted, The second possiblity is not very acceptable, for it recommends that there are three distinct objects of worship. Śrīla Vyāsadeva says the third possibility is actually logical because āśritatvāt (this view is supported by the statements of Vedic literature). We may see that many passages in Vedic literature that seem to refer to the individual spirit soul or the living force, in fact refer to Brahman. If at this point someone were to object: Is it not true that in this passage the natural sense of the words supports the interpretations of the individual spirit soul and the living force?" I would reply by saying: In this passage the worship of prāṇa is described as the most beneficial activity for the living entities. For this reason the interpretation of the Supreme Brahman is logical. For this reason Śrīla Vyāsadeva states in the sūtra, tad-yogāt (because this is logical). Someone may then object: Is it not true that the scriptures explain that the prāṇa and prajñā both reside within the body of the individual spirit soul, and also leave that body together at the time of death? How is this possible if you say that prāṇa means "Brahman"? To this objection I reply: Brahman is present in the body of the individual spirit soul in two ways: as kriyā-śakti (the potency of action), which is also known as

prāṇa, and as jñāna-śakti (the potency of knowledge), which is also known as prajñā. Both are manifested from Brahman. These two potencies remain within the body of the individual spirit soul, and also leave it together at the time of death. Another objection may be raised in the following words: Is it not true that prāṇa and the other words you claim are names of the Supreme Brahman are all actually adjectives, and therefore cannot function as names? To this objection I reply: This not true. These words are simultaneously adjectives and nouns. When Indra says prāṇo 'smi prajñātmā (I am prāṇa, prajñā, and ātmā), he uses these words as nouns. For these reasons prāṇa, prajñā, and other words used by Indra should be understood to refer to Brahman. At this point a further objection may be raised: Is it not true that in the beginning you adequately demonstrated that the word prāṇa refers to Brahman? Most of your arguments are redundant. To this objection I reply: This is not true. In the beginning I dispelled the doubts that may have arisen in regard to the single word prāṇa taken by itself. After that I discussed the word prāṇa in relation to a specific quotation, where it was related with other words, such as ānanda, and in this discussion I demonstrated that the word prāṇa was used there in such a way that it could only be understood to mean Brahman, and not the individual spirit soul, or anything else. For this reason I have discussed this specific passage of Kauṣītaki Upaniṣad separately. Pada 2 Adhikaraṇa 1 The Word "Manomaya" Refers to Brahman Introduction by Śrīla Baladeva Vidyābhūṣaṇa manomayādibhiḥ śabdaiḥ svarūpaṁ yasya kīrtyate hṛdaye sphuratu śrīmān mamāsau śyāmasundaraḥ In the First Pada of this chapter it was said that one should inquire about the Supreme Brahman, the Supreme Personality of Godhead and the creator of all universes. Certain words used in Vedic literature were also clearly shown to refer to that Supreme Brahman. In the Second and Third Padas it will be demonstrated that certain other words, although less clearly related to Brahman, also describe Him. In the Chāndogya Upaniṣad, Śāṇḍilya-vidyā (3.14.1) the following explanation is given:

sarvaṁ khalv idaṁ brahma taj jalān iti śānta upāsīta. atha khalu kratumayaḥ puruṣaḥ. yathā kratur asmin loke puruṣo bhavati tathetaḥ pretya bhavati. sa kratuṁ kurvīta. manomayaḥ prāṇa-śarīro bhā-rūpaḥ satya-saṅkalpa ākāśātmā sarva-karmā sarva-kāmaḥ sarva-gandhaḥ sarva-rasaḥ sarvam idaṁ abhyāto avākyān ādaraḥ. "Everything is Brahman. From Him everything has come. The peaceful sage should worship Brahman with this idea. The Supreme Personality of Godhead is the activities of devotional service. When devotional service is performed in this world the Supreme Personality of Godhead is present. As one performs devotional service in this life he will attain an appropriate body after death. The Supreme Personality of Godhead is known by those whose minds are pure. He is the controller of all life. He is effulgent and glorious. His every desire is automatically fulfilled. He is all-pervading. He is the original creator of everything. He fulfills all desires. He possesses all pleasant fragrances. He is all sweetness. He is present everywhere. He cannot be described in words. He cannot be known." Saṁśaya: Do the adjectives (beginning with manomaya) in this passage describe the jīva or the Paramātmā? Pūrvapakṣa: The words manaḥ and prāṇa here appropriately describe the jīva. The Muṇḍaka Upaniṣad (2.1.2) explains: aprāṇo hy amanāḥ śubhraḥ (The splendid Supreme Person has neither breath nor mind). Because this passage from the Chāndogya Upaniṣad contradicts the description of the Supreme Lord in this way, it should be understood to refer to the jīva. The opening words sarvaṁ khalv idaṁ brahma (Everything is Brahman) do not necessarily mean that the entire passage following them are about Brahman, but are merely spoken so that the worshiper may become peaceful. The teaching there is that because Brahman is everything one should become peaceful. The rest of the passage should then be understood to refer to the jīva and the word brahma at the end of the passage should also be understood to refer to the jīva. Siddhānta: The proper conclusion is: Sūtra 1 sarvatra prasiddhopadeśāt sarvatra—everywhere; prasiddha—celebrated; upadeśāt—because of the teaching. (The word "manomaya" here refers to the Paramātmā) because (in this passage) the famous (attributes of the Paramātmā as are taught) everywhere (in Vedānta literature are) described.

॥ श्रीमद्ब्रह्मसूत्रम् — प्रथमाध्याये द्वितीयः पादः ॥ ॥ सर्वत्रप्रसिद्ध्यधिकरणम् (सूत्रम् १) ॥ सूत्रम्: सर्वत्र प्रसिद्धोपदेशात् ॥ १।२।१ ॥ विषयवाक्यम् (छान्दोग्योपनिषद् ३।१४।१-२): "सर्वं खल्विदं ब्रह्म तज्जलानिति शान्त उपासीत... मनोमयः प्राणशरीरो भारूपः..." श्रील बलदेवविद्याभूषण-कृत-गोविन्दभाष्य-तात्पर्यम् (हिन्दी-अनुवादसहितम्): [तात्पर्यम्]: यह प्रसंग परमात्मा का ही निरूपण करता है, जीवात्मा का नहीं। ऐसा क्यों? क्योंकि जो गुण केवल परमात्मा में ही संभव हैं—जैसे सम्पूर्ण जगत् का स्रष्टा होना— तथा जिनका वर्णन वेदान्त-शास्त्रों में सर्वत्र (सर्वत्र प्रसिद्ध) मिलता है, वे सभी गुण इस प्रसंग में 'तज्जलान्' इत्यादि पदों द्वारा स्पष्टतः कहे गए हैं। यद्यपि इस प्रसंग का प्रारम्भिक वाक्य "सर्वं खल्विदं ब्रह्म" साक्षात् ब्रह्म-निरूपण के लिए नहीं, अपितु चित्त के उपशम (शान्ति) के विधान के लिए प्रयुक्त हुआ है, तथापि आगे आने वाला 'मनोमयः' शब्द निश्चित रूप से परब्रह्म परमात्मा का ही प्रतिपादन करता है। यहाँ 'क्रतु' शब्द का अर्थ 'उपासना/भक्ति' है तथा 'मनोमय' का अर्थ है—'विशुद्ध मन द्वारा ग्राह्य'। जैसा कि बृहदारण्यकोपनिषद् (४।४।१९) में कहा गया है: "मनसैवानुद्रष्टव्यम्" (अर्थात् परमात्मा को केवल विशुद्ध अन्तःकरण द्वारा ही साक्षात्कृत किया जा सकता है)। तैत्तिरीय-श्रुति का यह वचन कि: "यतो वाचो निवर्तन्ते अप्राप्य मनसा सह" (जहाँ से वाणी और मन परमात्मा को पूर्णतया प्राप्त किए बिना लौट आते हैं), इसका तात्पर्य यह है कि अज्ञानी जन परमात्मा के वास्तविक स्वरूप को नहीं जान सकते, तथा परम ज्ञानी एवं मुनिजन भी उनके अनन्त गुणों की पूर्ण सीमा को मन-वाणी से नहीं नाप सकते। 'प्राणशरीर' शब्द का अर्थ है—"जो समस्त प्राणों एवं जीवन का नियन्ता (प्रेरक) है।" कुछ आचार्यों के अनुसार इसका अर्थ यह भी है—"जिनका दिव्य अप्राकृत स्वरूप प्राणों से भी अधिक प्रिय है।" श्रुति में जो "अप्राणो ह्यमनाः" (मुण्डक २।१।२) कहा गया है, उसका अर्थ यह है कि परमात्मा परम स्वतन्त्र हैं, उन्हें प्राकृत प्राण अथवा भौतिक मन की अपेक्षा नहीं है; अथवा इसका अभिप्राय यह है कि वे प्राकृत (भौतिक) प्राण और मन से रहित हैं, न कि दिव्य स्वरूप से। श्रुति-शास्त्र अन्यत्र भी परमात्मा को 'मनोवान्' (दिव्य मन से सम्पन्न) तथा "आनीदवातम्" (प्राकृत वायु के बिना ही नित्य प्राणवन्त) कहकर निरूपित करता है। अन्य शास्त्रों में भी परमात्मा को 'मनोमय' शब्द से सम्बोधित किया गया है, जैसे: श्रुति-प्रमाण १ (मुण्डकोपनिषद् २।२।७): "मनोमयः प्राणशरीरनेता" (अर्थात्: वे विशुद्ध मन द्वारा ज्ञेय हैं तथा प्राण और स्थूल शरीर के नियन्ता एवं पथप्रदर्शक हैं।) श्रुति-प्रमाण २ (तैत्तिरीयोपनिषद् १।६।१): "स एषोऽन्तर्हृदय आकाशस्तस्मिन्नयं पुरुषो मनोमयोऽमृतमयो हिरण्मयः" (अर्थात्: हृदय-गुहा के भीतर जो दहराकाश है, उसमें यह अमृतमय, ज्योतिर्मय एवं विशुद्ध मन द्वारा ग्राह्य पुरुष विद्यमान है।) श्रुति-प्रमाण ३ (कठोपनिषद् ६।९): "हृदा मनीषा मनसाभिक्लृप्तो य एतद्विदुरमृतास्ते भवन्ति" (अर्थात्: जो साधक हृदय, बुद्धि और विशुद्ध मन की एकाग्रता द्वारा उन परमेश्वर को जान लेते हैं, वे अमर हो जाते हैं।) श्रुति-प्रमाण ४ (केनोपनिषद् / बृहदारण्यकोपनिषद् ४।४।१८): "प्राणस्य प्राणः" (अर्थात्: वे समस्त प्राणों के भी मूल प्राण हैं।)

"The Supreme Personality of Godhead is the life of all life." —Bṛhad-āraṇyaka Upaniṣad 4.4.18 Sūtra 2 vivakṣita-guṇopapatteś ca vivakṣita—wished to be said; guṇa—qualities; upapatteḥ—because of being appropriate; ca—and. The word "manomaya" here must refer to Brahman) because the qualities (given here) most appropriately describe Brahman. Purport by Śrīla Baladeva Vidyābhūṣaṇa Manomaya (knowable by the pure mind), prāṇa-śarīra (the controller of life), bhā-rūpa (effulgent and glorious) and the other qualities mentioned here are appropriate for the Supreme Personality of Godhead but not at all for the jīva. Sūtra 3 anupapattes tu na śārīraḥ anupapatteḥ—because of inappropriateness; tu—indeed; na—not; śārīraḥ—the jīva. (The word "manomaya" here) cannot refer to the jīva because the qualities (described in this passage) cannot be attributed to him. Purport by Śrīla Baladeva Vidyābhūṣaṇa The manomaya her cannot refer to the jīva because it is not possible that the qualities described here refer to the tiny, glowworm-like jīva.

Sūtra 4 karma-kartṛ-vyapadeśāc ca karma—object; kartṛ—agent; vyapadeśāt—because of the statement; ca—also. And because the distinction is drawn here between the agent and the object. Purport by Śrīla Baladeva Vidyābhūṣaṇa With the words (Bṛhad-āraṇyaka Upaniṣad 3.14.4) etam itaḥ pretyābhisambhavitāsmi (After death I will attain Him) at the end the manomaya is clearly designated as the object of the sentence and the jīva, with the words abhisambhavitāsmi (I will attain) is clearly identified as the agent. Therefore the manomaya, being the object, must be different from the jīva, which is the agent. The manomaya must therefore be the Supreme Personality of Godhead. The word abhisambhavitāsmi here describes meeting. The jīva meets the Supreme Lord as a great river meets the ocean. Sūtra 5 śabda-viśeṣāt śabda—words; viśeṣāt—because of the difference. (The word "manomaya" here cannot refer to the jīva because the words are in different cases. Purport by Śrīla Baladeva Vidyābhūṣaṇa The text says (Chāndogya Upaniṣad 3.14.3) eṣa ma ātmāntar-hṛdaye (He is within my heart). In these words the devotee jīva is placed in the genitive case and the object of his worship is placed in the nominative case. Because the jīva and the object of his worship are in different cases they must be two distinct persons.

अतः यहाँ 'मनोमय' अवश्य ही परम पूज्य परमेश्वर ही हैं, जो कि उपासक जीव से सर्वथा भिन्न हैं। सूत्र ६ स्मृतेश्च ॥ १.२.६ ॥ स्मृतेः — स्मृति-शास्त्र के प्रमाण से; च — भी। और स्मृति-शास्त्र के वचन से भी (यही सिद्ध होता है)। श्रील बलदेव विद्याभूषण विरचित गोविन्द-भाष्य परमेश्वर जीव से भिन्न हैं, इस सिद्धान्त की पुष्टि भगवद्गीता (१८.६१) के निम्नलिखित वचन से भी होती है: ईश्वरः सर्वभूतानां हृद्देशेऽर्जुन तिष्ठति । भ्रामयन् सर्वभूतानि यन्त्रारूढानि मायया ॥ "हे अर्जुन! परमेश्वर समस्त जीवों के हृदय-देश में स्थित हैं और भौतिक प्रकृति रूपी यन्त्र पर आरूढ़ सभी जीवों को अपनी माया से परिभ्रमण करा रहे हैं।" पूर्वपक्ष (शङ्का): छान्दोग्योपनिषद् (३.१४.३) में मनोमय का वर्णन इन शब्दों में मिलता है: "एष म आत्मान्तर्हृदयेऽणीयान्व्रीहेर्वा यवाद्वा" (हृदय के भीतर स्थित यह आत्मा धान अथवा जौ के दाने से भी अधिक सूक्ष्म है)। इस श्रुति से स्पष्ट होता है कि अत्यन्त सूक्ष्म परिमाण होने के कारण मनोमय अवश्य ही 'जीव' होना चाहिए, परमेश्वर नहीं। सूत्र ७ अर्भकौकस्त्वात्तद्व्यपदेशाच्च नेति चेन्न निचाय्यत्वादेवं व्योमवच्च ॥ १.२.७ ॥ अर्भक — अल्प/सूक्ष्म; ओकस्त्वात् — स्थान/आश्रय होने से; तत् — उसका; व्यपदेशात् — निर्देश/वर्णन होने से; च — और; न — नहीं; इति — ऐसा; चेत् — यदि कहें तो; न — ऐसा नहीं है; निचाय्यत्वात् — ध्यान/उपासना के प्रयोजन से; एवम् — इस प्रकार; व्योमवत् — आकाश के समान; च — भी।

If it be said that the word "manomaya" here cannot refer to Brahman because here it is said that the residence of "manomaya" is very tiny, then I say no because Brahman should be meditated on in this way and because in the same passage the "manomaya" is said to be as great as the sky. Purport by Śrīla Baladeva Vidyābhūṣaṇa For these two reasons it cannot be said that the manomaya is not the Supreme Personality of Godhead. In this passage from Chāndogya Upaniṣad the manomaya is said to be greater that the entire Earth planet. The text says jyāyān antarīkṣāt (He is greater than the sky). Because the Supreme Brahman is all-pervading the word vyomavat (like the sky) is used in this sūtra. How may these two statements (that Brahman is very small and very great) be reconciled? To answer this question he says nicāyyatvād evam (Because Brahman should be meditated on in this way). This means that it is said that Brahman is very small so He may become the object of meditation. This means that when in the Vedic literatures it is said that the infinite, all-pervading Supreme Personality of Godhead is as small as the distance bewteen the thumb and forefinger or some other very small distance, in some instances it is meant to be taken figuratively and in other places literally. In the first instance (figuratively) the devotee meditates on the Lord in his heart and in the second (literally) by His inconceivable potencies, the Lord personally appears in the heart out of kindness to His devotee. Although the Supreme Lord has only one original form, He still manifests in many different forms to His devotees. This is described in the smṛti-śāstra in the words eko 'pi san bahudhā yo 'vabhāti (Although He is one He manifests in many forms). Because of His inconceivable potency the Supreme Lord, although He is all-pervading, may become as small as an atom. This will be described (later in this book) in the section (Sūtra 25) describing Vaiśvānara. In this way when the Supreme Personality of Godhead is manifested in a very small form, as the size of an atom or the distance between the thumb and forefinger, that very small size is present everywhere, so in this way also the Supreme Lord is all-pervading. Someone may object: If the Paramātmā is then also present within the material body just as the jīva is, then, because of His contact with the body the Paramātmā must also feel all the pleasures and sufferings of the body just as the jīva does. To answer this he says: Sūtra 8 sambhoga-prāptir iti cen na vaiśeṣyāt

sambhoga—of enjoyment; prāptir—attainment; iti—thus; cet—if; na—not; vaiśeṣyāt—because of the difference. If it is said that (the Paramātmā in the heart also) experiences (the pains and) pleasures (of the material body), then I say no because there is a great difference (between Him and the jīva). Purport by Śrīla Baladeva Vidyābhūṣaṇa In the word sambhoga the prefix sam means "with" as it also does in the word samvāda (with+words=conversation). Therefore this sūtra states that the Supreme Personality of Godhead does not enjoy with (the jīva). Why? Because there is a difference between them. This is the meaning: mere contact with a certain body does not by itself bring suffering and enjoyment. Being under the dominion of karma is the real cause of material suffering and enjoyment. The Supreme Personality of Godhead is not under the power of the law of karma. This is described in the Muṇḍaka Upaniṣad (3.1.1): anaśnann anyo 'bhicākaśīti (Two birds sit in the metaphorical tree of the material body. One bird eats. The other bird does not eat, but only looks) and in the Bhagavad-gītā (4.14), where Lord Kṛṣṇa says: na māṁ karmāṇi limpanti na me karma-phale spṛhā (There is no work that affects me; nor do I aspire for the fruits of action). Adhikaraṇa 2 The Eater is Brahman Introduction by Śrīla Baladeva Vidyābhūṣaṇa Viṣaya: The Kaṭha Upaniṣad (1.2.25) says: yasya brahma ca kṣātraṁ ca ubhe bhavataḥ odanaḥ mṛtyur yasyopasecanaṁ ka itthā veda yatra saḥ "There is a person for whom the brāhmaṇas and kṣatriyas are food and death is the sauce. Who knows where this person is?" Saṁśaya: Here the words odana (food) and upasecana (sauce) indicate an eater.

अत्ताधिकरणम् संशयः अत्ता कः? किमग्निः, उत जीवः, अथवा परमपुरुषः परमेश्वरः? पूर्वपक्षः अत्र विशेषहेतोरभावादग्निरत्ता स्यात्, प्रश्नप्रतिवचनयोस्तथैवोपलम्भात्। "अग्निरन्नादः" (बृहदारण्यकोपनिषत् १.४.६) इति श्रुतेरग्निरैवात्ता भवितुमर्हति। अथवा जीव एवात्ता स्यात्, यतो हि भोक्तृत्वं क्रियारूपं भवति, जीवाश्च कर्मफलं भुञ्जते, ईश्वरस्तु अकर्ता अभोक्ता च वर्तते। श्रुतिश्च तयोर्भेदं दर्शयति— "द्वा सुपर्णा सयुजा सखाया समानं वृक्षं परिषस्वजाते। तयोरन्यः पिप्पलं स्वाद्वत्त्यनश्नन्नन्यो अभिचाकशीति॥" (मुण्डकोपनिषत् ३.१.१, कठोपनिषत् ३.१)। तस्मात् जीव एवात्ता इति पूर्वपक्षे प्राप्ते ब्रूमः— सिद्धान्तः सूत्रम् ९ अत्ता चराचरग्रहणात् ॥ १।२।९ ॥ पदच्छेदः अत्ता, चराचर-ग्रहणात्। पदार्थः अत्ता = सर्वस्य भोक्ता संहर्ता (परब्रह्म); चराचर-ग्रहणात् = चराचरात्मकस्य सर्वस्य प्रपञ्चस्य संहार्यत्वेन ग्रहणात्। सूत्रार्थः अत्ता परमेश्वर एव, यतः स्थावर-जङ्गमात्मकं कृत्स्नं जगत् तस्य भोजनरूपेण (संहर्तव्यत्वेन) गृह्यते। श्रील-बलदेवविद्याभूषण-विरचितं गोविन्दभाष्यम् अत्ता परमपुरुष एवात्र ग्राह्यः। कुतः? "चराचरग्रहणात्"। कठवल्ल्यन्ते श्रूयते—"यस्य ब्रह्म च क्षत्रं चोभे भवत ओदनः। मृत्युर्यस्योपसेचनं क इत्था वेद यत्र सः॥" (कठोपनिषत् १.२.२५)। अत्र ब्रह्मक्षत्रशब्देन कृत्स्नं चराचरं जगत् ओदनत्वेन निर्दिश्यते, मृत्युश्चोपसेचनत्वेन। उपसेचनं नाम यत् स्वयं भुज्यमानं सद् अन्यस्यापि भोजनहेतुर्भवति। कृत्स्नस्य प्रपञ्चस्य मृत्यूपसिक्तस्य संहारलक्षणं भक्षणं परमेश्वरं विना नान्यस्य सम्भवति। अतो जगत्प्रलयकर्ता परमेश्वर एवात्रात्ता। न च "अनश्नन्नन्यो अभिचाकशीति" इति श्रुतिविरोधः, तस्याः कर्मफलभोगनिषेधपरत्वात्, परमेश्वरस्य प्राकृतकर्मफलाशनाभावेऽपि संहाराख्यमदनीयमत्तृत्वं स्वाभाविकमेवेति सिद्धम्। हिन्दी-अनुवाद एवं व्याख्या संशय: प्रस्तुत प्रसंग में 'अत्ता' (भक्षण करने वाला) कौन है? क्या वह अग्नि है, जीव है, अथवा परब्रह्म परमेश्वर? पूर्वपक्ष: कोई स्पष्ट विनियामक न होने से तथा बृहदारण्यक उपनिषद् (१.४.६) में "अग्निरन्नादः" (अग्नि अन्न खाने वाला है) कहे जाने से अग्नि ही अत्ता है। अथवा जीव ही अत्ता है, क्योंकि खाना एक कर्म है और मुण्डकोपनिषद् (३.१.१) तथा कठोपनिषद् (३.१) के अनुसार दो सखा पक्षियों में से एक (जीव) कर्मफल रूपी पिप्पल खाता है और दूसरा (ईश्वर) केवल साक्षी रहता है। सिद्धान्त: सूत्र ९: अत्ता चराचरग्रहणात् (१.२.९) भावार्थ: अत्ता परमेश्वर ही है, क्योंकि यहाँ सम्पूर्ण चराचर (चर और अचर जगत) का संहार रूपी भोजन के रूप में ग्रहण हुआ है। श्रील बलदेव विद्याभूषण के तात्पर्य का अनुवाद: कठोपनिषद् (१.२.२५) में कहा गया है—"जिसके लिए ब्रह्म और क्षत्रिय दोनों भात (ओदन) हैं तथा मृत्यु जिसका उपसेचन (शाक/व्यंजन) है, वह परमात्मा जहाँ है उसे इस प्रकार यथार्थतः कौन जान सकता है?" यहाँ ब्रह्म और क्षत्र समग्र ब्रह्माण्ड के उपलक्षक हैं। मृत्यु रूपी उपसेचन से युक्त सम्पूर्ण विश्व का संहार-रूपी ग्रास परमेश्वर के अतिरिक्त अन्य कोई नहीं कर सकता। "अनश्नन्" (न खाता हुआ) इत्यादि श्रुति केवल जीव के प्राकृत कर्मफल-भोग का ईश्वर में निषेध करती है, उसके अलौकिक सर्वसंहारक अत्तृत्व का नहीं।

Sūtra 10 prakaraṇāt—because of the context; ca—also. This is also confirmed by the context. Purport by Śrīla Baladeva Vidyābhūṣaṇa That this passage refers to the Supreme Personality of Godhead is also confirmed by the following statement of Kaṭha Upaniṣad (1.2.20): aṇor aṇīyān mahato mahīyān "The Supreme Personality of Godhead is smaller than the smallest and greater than the greatest."* This is also confirmed by the following words of smṛti-śāstra: atāsi lokasya carācarasya "You are the eater of this complete cosmic manifestation, of the moving and the non-moving." Adhikaraṇa 3 The Associate in the Cave is Brahman Introduction by Śrīla Baladeva Vidyābhūṣaṇa Viṣaya: The Kaṭha Upaniṣad (1.3.1) states: ṛtaṁ pibantau sukṛtasya loke guhāṁ praviṣṭau parame parārdhe chāyā-tapau brahma-vido vadanti pañcāgnayo ye ca triṇāciketāḥ "Two persons drink the results of karma in cave of the heart. They who know

Brahman, they who keep the five sacred fires, and they who perform the three nāciketa sacrifices say these two persons are shade and light." Saṁśaya: In this passage a companion to the jīva, who experiences the results of karma, is described. This companion may be interpreted to be either intelligence, life-breath, or the Supreme Personality of Godhead. Pūrvapakṣa: The companion here must be either intelligence or life-breath for they assist the jīva as he experiences the results of karma. The companion cannot be the Supreme Personality of Godhead for the Supreme Lord never experiences the results of karma. Therefore the companion must be either intelligence or life- breath. Siddhānta: The conclusion follows. Sūtra 11 guhāṁ praviṣṭāv ātmānau hi tad darśanāt guhām—in the cave; praviṣṭāu—entered; ātmānau—two selves; hi—indeed; tat— that; darśanāt—because of being seen in other passages of Vedic literature. The two persons that have entered the cave of the heart are the two selves (the Supreme Personality of Godhead and the jīva because this explanation is seen in Vedic literature. Purport by Śrīla Baladeva Vidyābhūṣaṇa The two persons that have entered the cave of the heart are the jīva and the Supreme Personality of Godhead, not the jīva and intelligence, and not the jīva and the life-breath. Why? The sūtra says tad darśanāt (because this explanation is seen in Vedic literature). Š The Kaṭha Upaniṣad (2.1.7) says that the jīva has entered the cave of the heart: yā prāṇena sambhavaty aditir devatāmayī guhāṁ praviśya tiṣṭhantīṁ yā bhūtebhir vyajāyata "Accompanied by the life-breath and a host of powers, the jīva, who is the king of the senses, enters the cave of the heart." Another verse (Kaṭha Upaniṣad 1.2.12) says that the Supreme Personality of

Godhead has entered the cave of the heart: taṁ durdarśaṁ gūḍham anupraviṣṭaṁ guhāhitaṁ gahvareṣṭhaṁ purāṇam adhyātma-yogādhigamena devaṁ matvā dhīro harṣa-śokau jahāti "The Supreme Personality of Godhead, who is the oldest person, and who is worshiped in the jungle of this world, remains hidden in the cave of the heart. A wise man, meditating on Him in a trance of spiritual yoga, gives up all material joy and grief." The word hi (indeed) in this sūtra means "This is indeed corroborated by all the Purāṇas." The word pibantau (they both drink) in the passage of the Upaniṣad is used in the same sense as the phrase "the two parasol-bearers." Although only one of the pair carries the parasol, they are still known as "the two parasol-bearers." In the same way only one of the two "drinkers" here actually drinks. The word chāyā- tapau (shade and light) here means either that the knowledge of the two persons is different, or it means that one of the persons is bound to the cycle of repeated birth and death and the other is free from the cycle of repeated birth and death. Sūtra 12 viśeṣaṇāc ca viśeṣaṇāt—because of distinctive qualities; ca—also. Also because of the differences between them. Purport by Śrīla Baladeva Vidyābhūṣaṇa In this section of Kaṭha Upaniṣad the jīva and the Supreme Personality of Godhead are carefully distinguished, the jīva described as the meditater and the Supreme Personality of Godhead as the object of meditation. Thus is Kaṭha Upaniṣad 1.2.12 quoted above they are carefully distinguished: one as the meditater and the other as the object of meditation. In Kaṭha Upaniṣad 1.3.1 in the words chāyā-tapau (shade and light) they are again distinguished: one being all- knowing and the other having only a small sphere of knowledge. Kaṭha Upaniṣad 1.3.9 explains: vijñāna-sārathir yas tu

manaḥ-pragrahavān naraḥ so 'dhvanaḥ pāram āpnoti tad viṣṇoḥ paramaṁ padam "A person who has transcendental knowledge as his charioteer and who carefully holds the reins of the mind reaches the end of the path: the transcendental realm of Lord Viṣṇu." In these words they are again distinguished: one being the goal to be attained and the other the person who attains the goal. Adhikaraṇa 4 The Person in the Eye is the Supreme Personality of Godhead Introduction by Śrīla Baladeva Vidyābhūṣaṇa Viṣaya: Chāndogya Upaniṣad 4.15.1-2 says: ya eṣo 'ntar-akṣiṇi puruṣo dṛśyate sa eṣa ātmeti hovāca. etad amṛtam ayam etad brahma tad yad yad asmin sarpir vodakaṁ vā siñcati vartmani eva gacchati. etaṁ sampad-dhāma ity ācakṣate etaṁ hi sarvāṇi kāmāny abhisaṁyanti "He said: He who is seen in the eye is the ātmā. He is immortal, He is nectar. He is the greatest. Because He is present neither water nor liquid butter will stay on the eye, but both will slide from it. He is the abode of all opulences. For one who sees Him all desires are at once fulfilled." Saṁśaya: Is this person a reflection, a demigod, the jīva, or the Supreme Personality of Godhead? Pūrvapakṣa: It may be the first, for the observer sees himself reflected in another's eye. It may be the second because Bṛhad-āraṇyaka Upaniṣad (5.5.2) says: raśmibhir eṣo 'smin pratiṣṭhitaḥ (With the rays of sunlight the sun-god enters the eye). It may be the third because a person sees with his eyes, so he may also be the person in the eye. In this way the person in the eye is one of these three. Siddhānta: The conclusion follows. Sūtra 13 antara upapatteḥ

antaraḥ—the person within; upapatteḥ—because of reason. The person in (the eye is the Supreme Personality of Godhead) because (that conclusion is dictated) by reason. Purport by Śrīla Baladeva Vidyābhūṣaṇa The person in the eye is the Supreme Personality of Godhead. Why? The sūtra says upapatteḥ (because that conclusion is dictated by reason). This is so because of the proof given (in the quote from the Chāndogya Upaniṣad) in the description of the qualities beginning with being the Supreme Self(ātmā), immortality (amṛta), being the greatest (brahma), being untouched by material things, and being the abode of all opulences (sampad-dhāma). (These qualities can properly be attributed only to the Supreme Personality of Godhead.) Sūtra 14 sthānādi-vyapadeśāc ca sthāna—the place; ādi—beginning with; vyapadeśāt—because of the statement. ca—also. And also because of the teaching (in the scriptures that the Supreme Personality of Godhead is present) in this place and in other places as well. Purport by Śrīla Baladeva Vidyābhūṣaṇa That the Supreme Personality of Godhead is the controller who resides with the eye is described in Bṛhad-āraṇyaka Upaniṣad (3.7.18): yaś cakṣuṣi tiṣṭhaṁś cakṣuṣo 'ntaro yaṁ cakṣur na veda yasya cakṣur śarīraṁ yaś cakṣur antaro yam ayaty eṣa ta ātmāntaryāmy amṛtaḥ "He who stays in the eye, who is within, whom the eye does not know, who is the ultimate proprietor of the eye and the body, and who, residing within, controls the eye, is the immortal Supersoul, the Supreme Personality of Godhead who resides in the heart."

Sūtra 15 sukha-viśiṣṭābhidhānād eva sukha—by happiness; viśiṣṭa—distinguished; abhidhānāt—because of the description; eva—indeed. Also because He is described as (full of) bliss. Purport by Śrīla Baladeva Vidyābhūṣaṇa This sūtra refers to Chāndogya Upaniṣad (4.10.5), which says: prāṇo brahma kaṁ brahma khaṁ brahma (the Supreme Personality of Godhead is life. the Supreme Personality of Godhead is bliss. the Supreme Personality of Godhead is sky). The discussion of the Supreme Personality of Godhead that begins with these words continues through some paragraphs up to the paragraph under discussion (Chāndogya Upaniṣad 4.15.1), which describes the person in the eye. For this reason the person in the eye must be the Supreme Personality of Godhead. The interpolation of agni-vidyā between 4.10.5 and 4.15.1 does not break the context because agni-vidyā is a part of the discussion of the Supreme Personality of Godhead. The word viśiṣṭa (distinguished) in this sūtra means that the Supreme Personality of Godhead has all-knowledge and all other transcendental qualities. Sūtra 16 śrutopaniṣatka-gaty-abhidhānāc ca śruta—heard; upaniṣatka—Upaniṣad; gati—destination; abhidhānāt—because of the description; ca—also. And because of the description of the destination of they who hear the Upaniṣads. Purport by Śrīla Baladeva Vidyābhūṣaṇa

One who hears the Upaniṣads and understands the secret knowledge of the Vedas travels to the Supreme Personality of Godhead. Of the person who knows the person in the eye Upakośala Muni says arciṣam abhisambhavati (He attains the realm of light). Because these two persons (he who knows the secrets of the Vedas and he who knows the person in the eye) attain the same destination it must be understood that the person in the eye is the Supreme Personality of Godhead. Sūtra 17 anavasthiter asambhavāc ca netaraḥ anavasthiteḥ—because the abode is not eternal; asambhavāt—because of being impossible; ca—and; na—not; itaraḥ—anyone else. (The person in the eye) is not anyone else (but the Supreme Personality of Godhead) because (the others) do not stay always in the eye and because it casnnot be them (according to the context). Purport by Śrīla Baladeva Vidyābhūṣaṇa These other persons cannot be the person in the eye because none of them stay permanently in the eye and because non of them possess immortality or any of the other qualities attributed to the person in the eye. The Supreme Personality of Godhead is therefore the person in the eye referred to in this text. Adhikaraṇa 5 The Internal Ruler is the Supreme Personality of Godhead Introduction by Śrīla Baladeva Vidyābhūṣaṇa Viṣaya: Bṛhad-āraṇyaka Upaniṣad 3.7.18 says: yaḥ pṛthivyāṁ tiṣṭhan pṛthivyā antaro yaṁ pṛtivī na veda yasya pṛthivī śarīraṁ yaḥ pṛthivīm antaro yam ayaty eṣa ta ātmāntaryāmy amṛtaḥ

॥ श्रीमद्ब्रह्मसूत्रम् ॥ प्रथमाध्याये द्वितीयः पादः (अन्तर्याम्यधिकरणम् — अधि० ६, सूत्र १८) श्रुति-विषयवाक्यम् (बृहदारण्यकोपनिषद् ३.७.३) — "यः पृथिव्यां तिष्ठन् पृथिव्या अन्तरः, यं पृथिवी न वेद, यस्य पृथिवी शरीरम्, यः पृथिवीमन्तरो यमयति, एष त आत्मान्तर्याम्यमृतः ॥" विषयवाक्य का हिन्दी अनुवाद — "जो पृथ्वी में स्थित रहकर भी पृथ्वी के भीतर रहता है, जिसे पृथ्वी नहीं जानती, पृथ्वी जिसका शरीर है, तथा जो भीतर रहकर पृथ्वी का नियमन करता है; वही तुम्हारा आत्मा, अन्तर्यामी और अमृतस्वरूप परमात्मा है।" संशयः — इस श्रुति-वचन में पृथ्वी आदि के भीतर रहने वाला तथा उनका नियन्ता कहा गया 'अन्तर्यामी' प्रधान (प्रकृति) है, जीव है अथवा श्रीभगवान् (परमेश्वर)? पूर्वपक्षः — यहाँ अन्तर्यामी 'प्रधान' (प्रकृति) होना चाहिए; क्योंकि प्रधान पृथ्वी आदि समस्त विकारों का उपादान कारण होने से उनके भीतर अनुस्यूत रहता है। कार्य में कारण ही नियन्ता रूप से प्रविष्ट होता है। अतः प्रधान ही पृथ्वी का नियन्ता है। सर्वव्यापक होने से इसे 'आत्मा' और नित्य होने से 'अमृत' कहा गया है। अथवा यहाँ अन्तर्यामी कोई सिद्ध 'जीव' (योगी) हो सकता है; क्योंकि योगबल से सूक्ष्म होकर सर्वत्र प्रविष्ट होना और अदृश्य रहना योगी के लिए सम्भव है। अतः प्रत्यक्ष अर्थ में 'आत्मा' और 'अमृत' शब्द जीव पर ही घटित होते हैं। इस प्रकार अन्तर्यामी या तो प्रधान है अथवा कोई जीव। सिद्धान्तः — इस पूर्वपक्ष का समाधान करते हुए भगवान् बादरायण अग्रिम सूत्र प्रस्तुत करते हैं — सूत्रम् १८ — अन्तर्याम्यधिदैवादिषु तद्धर्मव्यपदेशात् ॥ १।२।१८ ॥ पदच्छेदः — अन्तर्यामी, अधिदैवादिषु, तद्धर्मव्यपदेशात्। पद-विभाग एवं शब्दार्थ — अन्तर्यामी = सर्वान्तर्यामी (परमेश्वर ही है); अधिदैवादिषु = आधिदैविक, आधिभौतिक तथा आध्यात्मिक आदि समस्त स्थानों में; तद्धर्मव्यपदेशात् = उसके (परमेश्वर के ही) असाधारण धर्मों का कथन होने से। सूत्रार्थ (हिन्दी अनुवाद) — अधिदैव आदि समस्त तत्त्वों में स्थित जो 'अन्तर्यामी' है, वह परमेश्वर ही है; क्योंकि इस प्रकरण में उसी परमेश्वर के धर्मों का कथन किया गया है। श्रील बलदेव विद्याभूषण विरचित गोविन्दभाष्यम् — बृहदारण्यकोपनिषदि यः पृथिव्यादिषु अन्तर्यामी निर्दिष्टः, स साक्षात् श्रीभगवान् पुरुषोत्तम एव। कुतः? 'तद्धर्मव्यपदेशात्'—तस्यैव परमेश्वरस्य धर्माणां व्यपदेशात् प्रतिपादनात्। अत्र पृथिव्यादि-समस्त-प्रकृत्यन्तर्वर्तित्वम्, तैश्चाविज्ञेयत्वम्, सर्वाध्यक्षत्वम्, सर्वव्यापकत्वम्, सर्वज्ञत्वम्, आनन्दमयत्वम्, अमृतत्वं च परब्रह्मण एव असाधारणाः धर्माः निर्दिश्यन्ते। गोविन्दभाष्य-भावार्थ एवं व्याख्या — बृहदारण्यक उपनिषद् के इस संदर्भ में वर्णित अन्तर्यामी स्वयं परम पुरुष भगवान् ही हैं। ऐसा क्यों? क्योंकि सूत्र कहता है—'तद्धर्मव्यपदेशात्' अर्थात् उस परमेश्वर के ही स्वाभाविक धर्मों का यहाँ निरूपण हुआ है। यहाँ जो लक्षण बताए गए हैं—जैसे पृथ्वी आदि समस्त जड़ तत्त्वों के भीतर अधिष्ठित रहना, उन तत्त्वों द्वारा अज्ञेय होना, सम्पूर्ण जगत् का एकच्छत्र परम नियन्ता होना, सर्वव्यापी, सर्वज्ञ, परम आनन्दमय और अमृतस्वरूप होना— ये सभी दिव्य धर्म केवल परमब्रह्म परमात्मा के ही हैं, वे न तो जड़ प्रधान (प्रकृति) में सम्भव हैं और न ही परिच्छिन्न जीव में।

and eternal, are all qualities of the Supreme Personality of Godhead. Sūtra 19 na ca smārtam atad-dharmābhilāpāt na—not; ca—and; smārtam—what is taught in the smṛti; atad—not of it; dharma—the qualities; abhilāpāt—because of description. The ruler within is not (the pradhāna, which is) described in the smṛti, because the qualities (mentioned in this passage) cannot be attributed (to pradhāna). Purport by Śrīla Baladeva Vidyābhūṣaṇa For these reasons it may not be said that the pradhāna, which is described in the smṛti, is the ruler within. Why? The sūtra says atad-dharmābhilāpāt (because the qualities mentioned in this passage cannot be attributed to it. The Bṛhad-āraṇyaka Upaniṣad (3.7.23) says: adṛṣṭo draṣṭā aśruto śrotā amato mantā avij{.sy 241}āto vijñātā nānyato 'sti draṣṭā nānayto 'sti śrotā nānyato 'sti mantā nānyato 'sti vijñātaisa ta ātmāntaryāmy amṛta ito 'nyat smārtam "Unobserved, He is the observer. Unheard, He is the hearer. Inconceivable, He is the thinker. Unknown, he is the knower. There is no other observer. There is no other hearer. there is no other thinker. There is no other knower. he is the Supreme Personality of Godhead, the eternal ruler within. (The pradhāna) described in the smṛti is different from Him." The list of qualities here, beginning with being the observer, may be attributed to the Supreme Personality of Godhead only. Sūtra 20 śārīraś cobhaye 'pi hi bhedenainam adhīyate śārīraḥ—the jīva; ca—also; ubhaye—in bothe recensions; api—also; hi—indeed;