रत्नावली नाटिका (सम्राट हर्षवर्धन - शास्त्रीय नाटिका रत्न सम्पूर्ण ४ अङ्क सान्वय सटीक)

APPENDIX B 457 N. S., Benares Edition, Ch. XVIII, 23-49. षट्त्रिंशल्लक्षणान्येव, नाट्यालङ्कृतयस्तथा । त्रयस्त्रिंशत् प्रयोज्यानि वीथ्यङ्गानि त्रयोदश ॥१७०॥ लास्याङ्गानि दश यथालाभं रसब्यपेक्षया” । (साः दः ६ष्ठ परि) The details may be found in Sâhityadarpana Ch. VI, and Nátyashástra Ch. XXI. The Ratnávali is predominated by the erotic sentiment ( शृङ्गार ). The dominant emotion of love or attachment (rati) existing in the hero Udayana,—coupled with the fundamental determinant (álambana vibháva—Ságariká), inflamed by excitant determinants (uddipana vibháva—creeper-bower, spring season etc.), made cognizable by consequents (anubháva —sidelong glances and embraces of the heroine) and strengthe- ned by transitory feelings (vyabhichári bhávas) such as desire etc.,—unfolds itself to the erotic sentiment ( शृङ्गाररस ). Plot, characters and sentiment are not the only constituent elements of drama ; the poet must be adept in adopting the appropriate manner of style (vritti) for each Dramatic style action...the style adds to the play the inde- finable element of perfection which is present in the highest beauty of feature or dress. The manners......are four—the graceful ( Kaishiki ), the grand (Sáttvati), the violent (Arabhati) and the verbal (Bhárati).” ‘The Ratnávali illustrates the first and the last with slight traces of the other two. ( Cf : The monkey and the fire episodes.)

458 रत्नावली “The Nátyashastra gives seven different Prakrits as in use.. Shauraseni is the speech of the land between the Yamuná and Gangá or Doab ; it is to be used ly the Dialects ladies of the play, their friends and servants, generally by ladies of good family and many men of the middle class. Prácyá is assigned to to the Vidu- shaka, but in fact he speaks practically Shauraseni, and there- fore the term can only denote an eastern Shauraseni dialect, ...Maháráshtri is unknown to the Shástra ; it is assigned to the verses of persons who use Shaurasni, by Dasharupa, while the Sanskrit Drama limits it to the verses of women....... Mágadhi ..is ascribed to all those men who live in the women’s appartments ...... The addition of Cháyás or translation in Sanskrit to explain the Prakrit, is normal in the manuscripts of the dramas and it is certain that it is old, for it is alluded Chá'ya' to by Rájashekhara in his Bálarámáyana. Evidently even so early as A. D 900, there was no public who cared for Prakrit without a Sanskrit explanation” (Keith, Sanskrit Drama, P. 337). The name of the Nátiká is generally in accordance with that of the heroine—“नाटिकासट्टकादीनां नायिका- Name of the Nátiká निर्विशेषणम्” (साः दः ६।१४९). The acts are normally simply membered ; in some cases names are also given, “doubtless not by the poet”—as Prof. Keith thinks.

APPENDIX B 459

General Criticism of the Drama

"Comparison with Kálidása is doubtless the cause why Harsha has tended to receive less praise than is due to his. dramas. The originality of his Natikás is not perhaps great, but he has effectively devised the plot in both ; the action moves smoothly, and in either play there is ingenuity. The scene of the magician's activity...is depicted with humour and vivacity ; the parrot's escape and its chatter are sketched with piquancy ; and the exchange of costumes...is natural and effective. ...It is true that that the plays are full of reminiscences of the Málavikágnimitra, such as the escape of the monkey, and the monkey that there frightens the little princess...But in this artificial comedy elegance is sought, not originality, and Harsha is a clever borrower.... The dominant emotion...is love of the type which apper- tains to a noble and gay (dhira-lalita) hero, who is always courteous (dakshina), whose loves, that is to say, mean very little to him and who does not forget to assure the old love of his devotion while playing with the new. This is a different aspect of Vatsa's character from that displayed by Bhása and admittedly a much inferior one. Vásavadattá suffers equal deterioration; for she is no longer the wife who sacrifices herself for her husband's good ; she is rather a jealous, though noble and kind-hearted woman whose love for her husband makes her resent too deeply his inconstancy. The heroine is an ingénue with nothing but good looks and willingness.

460 रत्नावली to be loved by the king whom she knows, though he does not, to be destined by her father as her husband. Susangatá...is a pleasant merry girl who makes excellent fun of her mistress. The Vidushaka...is typical for his greediness, but his figure lacks comic force ; he is, however, a pleasant enough character, for his love for his master is genuine ; he is prepared to die with him...though he thinks his action in rushing into the fire quixotic. The magician is an amusing and clever sketch of great pretentions allied to some juggling skill.... Harsha is fond of descriptions in the approved manner.... In imagination and grace he is certainly inferior to Kálidása, but he possesses the great merit of simplicity of expression and thought ; His Sanskrit is classical and precise ; his use of figures of speech and thought restrained and in good taste. There is fire in his description of a battle ( IV. 6 ). The matching of the sound to the sense is admirable, while a delicate perception is evinced in the line describing the king's success in soothing the wounded queen (IV. 1). Pretty...is the king's address to the fire (IV. 16). There is excellent taste in Vatsa's address to the dead Kosala king. Such a phrase may reveal to us the true Harsha himself, the winner of many victories and the hero of one great disaster. Harsha's Sanskrit is of the usual classical type, eschewing any deviation from the beaten paths, and his Prakrits, mainly Shaura- seni with Maháráshtri in verses, offer nothing of special inter- est, beyond evidence of his careful study of Prakrit grammar.

APPENDIX B 461 His use of metrical forms, on the other hand, marks the tendency to reject the simplicity of the earlier dramatists and to insist on the use of the more elaborate metres, which in themselves are wholly undramatic, but give a much wider range of opportunity for the exhibition of merits of description. Harsha's favourite is the Shárdulavikridita, which occurs 23 times in the Ratnávali." Sragdhará 11 times, Shloka 9 times, A'ryá 9 times, while Shálini, Hárini, Pushpitágrá, Prithvi, Praharshini also occur. The Ratnávali also contains a pretty pair of rhymed verses, each with pádas of 12 morae, five Prakrit Aryás and one Giti. Keith Sanskrit, Drama, Pp. 175-181.

APPENDIX C THREE UNITIES The three unities of place, action and time governing the structure of the drama were introduced in the Greek Dramas (See Introduction, Pp. iv-v). Of these the unity of action is the most important. In the Ratnávalí, however, all these three have been maintained without any prejudice to the plot. The plot of the drama is enacted in the Palace of the Vatsa-king in its different parts. The Drama proper begins after Ratnávalí was put under the care of Unity of place Vásavadattá in the harem. So all the occur- ences having taken place in the Palace, the unity of place has been maintained in this Drama, though it is not usually given much importance in the Sanskrit drama. What occurred to the heroine outside the Palace has not been taken cognizance of within the plot. Unity of action is the most important factor in the drama. Minor actions, sub-plots and episodes within the drama have been inseperably connected with one another Unity of and as such they contribute greatly to the action development of the plot. The Cupid-festival, the plot of विदूषक and सुसङ्गता, the episodes of monkey, magical fire etc.,—all these, when minutely gone through, clearly give

APPENDIX C 463 the idea of being inseperably linked with one another, so as to be the different parts of one organic whole. The poet has evinced a remarkable ingenuity in bringing together different elements into the formation of a compact whole. According to the Sanskrit dramatists, the strict limit of time during which the action of an act takes place should vary from two days upto one year (या च स्याद् वर्षपर्यन्तं कथा Unity of time दिनद्वयादिजा). In the रत्नावली which is concerned with the second marriage of उदयन, which in- volves harem-politics in playing tricks and counter-tricks, the action on which the plot is based, is of a very short duration. Act I opens with the rejoicings of the people of Kaushámbi due to the Cupid-festival commenced on the fourteenth day of the bright half of the mouth of Chaitra (See Notes, Act I, Pp. 76-77). The time occupied by the Act I is only a few hours from the noon to the sunset of that very day. In Act II the interlude opens on the same day as we know from the conversation that Susangatá was seeking Ságariká who left the Sáriká with her and went to see the Cupid- worship. Then the painful agitation that we find in the heroine shows that the action of Act II proper began on the next day. Scrutinization reveals that the whole of Act II covers one whole day, (viz., the Full-moon day of Chaitra, as we find in Act III that the moon rises after deep darkness sets in.) The action of Act III must have taken place on the first

464 रत्नावली or the second day after the Full-moon day. It could not take place on the Full-moon day, as from the description of the deep darkness setting in, it is quite evident that the moon was of the dark fortnight. The scene of Act III proper is laid towards the latter part of the afternoon when the King became anxious to be present in the place of assignation where Ságariká would come in the disguise of the Queen. The whole of Act III continued after the moon-rise of that evening and the Act closes when Ságariká being detected by Vāsavadattá in the place of assignation was taken captive along with the Vidusaka and was removed, as told by Susangatá in the interlude before Act IV, to some unknown destination in the midnight ( उबत्थिदे षद्धरत्ते ). The action in Act IV is expected to have taken place on the very next day after Act III. On that date the magician came and thorough his wonderful feat the union of the hero with the heroine was brought about. Thus the action of the four Acts has been represented as having taken place roughly within the period of four days extending from the fourteenth day of the bright fortnight to the second ( or third ) day of the dark half of the month of Chaitra. So the three unities, as enjoined by the authoritative works on Sanskrit dramaturgy, have been strictly maintained in the Drama.

APPENDIX D University Questions with Answers Q. 1. Give in your own words either in English or in Sanskrit the main plot of Ratnávali and indicate the original sources of this Drama. (C. U. 1931) Ans. See Introduction (Pp. xix—xxviii) Q. 2. Describe either in English or in Sanskrit the मदनमहोत्सव at Kaushámbi (C. U. 1931) Ans. प्रवृत्ते मदनमहोत्सवे समुत्थितं चर्चरीध्वनिमाकर्ण्य राजा उदयन- सहर्षानमानसः प्रासादमधिरुह्य महोत्सबस्य रमणीयताम् सवसन्तकः परमौत्सुक्येन ददर्श । तत्र मधुमत्तकामिनीजनानां गृहीतशृङ्गकानामनवरतजलप्रहारेण जनितकौतूहला जनाः उद्दामाहन्यमानमृदङ्गध्वनिभिर्दशदिशामुखं मुखरीकुर्व्वन्तो महोत्सबस्य रमणीयतां द्विगुणिततरं वर्द्धयामासुः । क्वचिद्वा सन्दर्शनार्थमुपस्थितैर्विटजनैः प्रकीर्णानां

was taken to Avanti by tricks and was engaged as an instructor in lute to Vāsavadattá in the palace and was not allowed to come out therefrom. In course of time Yaugandharáyana and Vasantaka came to Avanti under disguises and rescued Udayana who took away with him Vāsavadattá and ultimately Chanda Mahisena was compelled Wait! Look at line 13: "Chanda Mahisena" or "Chanda Mahásena"? LOOK AT LINE 13 CAREFULLY! "M-a-h-i-s-e-n-a"! In line 7: "Chanda Mahásena" In line 13: "Chanda Mahisena"! There is an 'i' with a dot! "Mahisena"! And look at line 7 again: "Chanda Mahásena" or "Chanda Mahisena"? Wait, in line 7: "Chanda Mahisena" too?! Let's zoom in on line 7: M - a - h - i - s - e - n - a Wait, look at the letter between 'h' and 's': It's an 'i'! Look at the dot above it! "Chanda Mahisena" in line 7 as well! Wait, let's re-

APPENDIX D 467 the King. In the meantime Vāsavadattá again came there for pacifying the King who might have been offended with her rough behaviour ( cf. हंजे कंचणमाले ! तं तदा चरणणिबडिदं अज्जउत्तं अवधीरिश्र आवच्छकंतीए मए पदिकूलं किदं । ता दाणिं सच' च्वेव्व गदुश्र अज्जउत्तं अणुणइस्सं' )। Coming to the place she found Ságariká and the King together, when the Queen approached and said— अज्जउत्त जुत्तं एदं सरिसं एदं । So this portion of the main theme of the Drama is foreshadowed by what is said by Párvati and Lakshmi to Shiva and Krishna respectively. Q. 4. Explain Yaugandharáyaṇa's diplomacy in all its aspects as revealed in Ratnávali (C. U. 1932). Ans. See the story of the play in the Introduction, pp. xix- xxiii. Q. 5. Contrast the character of Vāsavadattá and Ratnávali in Ratnávali (C. U. 1932). Ans. See Introduction (Pp. xxxi—xxxii, and General Criticism, Appendix B). Q. 6. What is the बीज of Ratnávali? Trace its develop- ment through the various Acts. (Madras University, 1899). Ans. See the Critical Remarks at the end of Act I and II. (Pp. 109-107; Pp. 217-219). Q. 7. In which class of poetry रत्नावली is included? Who is the hero of the drama? Discuss the title of the drama. (Punjab University, 1901), Ans. See the Introduction (Pp. xiii, xxiii-xiv, and Appendix B, General Criticism). 13

468 रत्नावली Q. 8. Explain :— (a) उद्दामोत्कलिकां विपाण्डुरुचकं प्रारब्धजृम्भां क्षणात् etc. (C. U. 1931) Ans. See Sans. Expl. and Notes. (Pp. 130-132, 200-202). (b) नष्टं वर्षवरैर्मनुष्यगणनाभावादपास्य त्रपाम् etc. (C. U. 1932.) Ans. See Sans. Expl. and Notes. (Pp. 123-125, 197-200) (c) विह्वलिं कम्पस्य प्रथयतितरां साध्वसवशात् etc. (C. U. 1932.) Ans. See Sans. Expl. and Notes (Pp. 353-354). (d) पुरः पूर्वामिव स्थगयति ततोऽन्यामपि दिशम् etc. (Madras Uni- versity, 1899.) Ans. See Expl. (Pp. 241-244 ; Notes 298-299), (e) दुल्लहजण अणुरारो लज्जा गुरुई etc. (Madras University 1899.) Ans. See Notes (Pp. 120-122 ; 146-147 ; 195). (f) किं देव्याः कृतदीर्घरोषमुषितस्निग्धच्छितं तन्मुखम् etc. (C. U. 1931.) Ans. See Sans. Expl. and Notes. (Pp. 283-284 ; 315). ————— Model Questions with Answers Q. 1. How the dramatic theme is foreshadowed by the नान्दीश्लोकs of Ratnávali ? Ans. See notes on नान्दी (Pp. 73-75) Q. 2. Narrate briefly three main episodes in Ratnávali and show how they have helped towards the development and conclusion of the Drama. Ans. Hints :—(1) The episode of the Cupid-festival on which occasion Vāsavadattá invites the King to be worshipped as Cupid ; Ságariká comes there and sees the King for the first time and the germ of love grows in her. (2) The episode of

भासि->चूतापाकसमभासि`! Wait, look at verse I.23: "चूतापाकसमभासि नभसः पारं प्रयाते रवौ"! Yes!

Now let's check line (g): (g) कण्ठे भग्नावशेषं कनकभयमधः शृङ्खलादाम कर्षन् etc. (II, 2) Wait, "कनकभयमधः"? No, the monkey breaking the chain! "कण्ठे भग्नावशेषं कनकवलयमधः शृङ्खलादाम कर्षन्"! Wait, is it कनकभयमधः or कनकवलयमथः or कनकवलयमधः? Look at कनक then व ल य म ध ः: The letter is व (looks a bit like भ or व), ल (clear), य (clear), म (clear), धः! Wait, it is definitely कनकवलयमधः!

Now let's check line (h): (h) प्रसीदेति ब्रूयामिदमसति कोपे न घटते etc. (II, 20) Matches completely!

Now let's check line (i): (i) भ्रूभङ्गे... Wait! Now that we

470. रत्नावली (q) एष ब्रह्मा सरोजे रजनीचरकलाशिखरः शङ्करोऽयम् (IV, 11) (r) उर्वीमुद्दामसस्यां जनयतु etc. (IV, 22) Ans. See English Translations. Q. 6. Explain with reference to the context : — (a) विश्रान्तविशदकायः etc. (I, 8) (b) यस्मिन् प्रकीर्ण पटवास etc. (I, 12) (c) प्रत्यग्रमज्जनविशेषविविक्तकान्तिः etc. (I, 20) (d) कण्ठे श्रीपुरुषोत्तमस्य समरे दृष्टा etc. (II, 5) (e) लीलावधूतपद्मा कथयन्ती etc. (II, 9) (f) दृष्टः पृथुतरीकृताः etc, (II. 16) (g) मग्नबलं प्रकृतेव दुर्लङ्घ्यं च (III, 2) (h) बाणाः पञ्च मनोभवस्य etc (III, 3) (i) प्राणाः परित्यजत etc. (IV, 3) (j) कण्ठाश्लेषं समासाद्य तस्याः etc. (IV, 4) (k) आक्षिप्तो जयकुञ्जरेण etc. (IV, 12) Ans. See Sanskrit Expl. and Notes on those shlokas. Q. 6. What part does the episodes of monkey and Sáriká play within the Drama ? Ans. See Notes (Pp. 190, 199-200 ; P. 218). Q. 7. Narrate the stages that led to the ultimate union of the hero and the heroine. Ans. [See Introduction, Pp. xxvi-xxix.]

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