काव्यप्रकाश (आचार्य मम्मट - सम्पूर्ण १० उल्लास सटीक)

CHAPTER VII 293 भूरेणुदिग्धान् नवपारिजात- मालारजोवासितबाहुमध्या । गाढं शिवाभिः परिरभ्यमाणान् सुराङ्गनाश्लिष्टभुजान्तरालाः ।।३३४।। सशोणितैः क्रव्यभुजां स्फुरद्भिः पक्षैः खगानामुपवीज्यमानान् । संवीजिताश्चन्दनवारिसेकैः सुगन्धिभिः कल्पलतादुकूलैः ।।३३४।। (अ)।। विमानपर्यङ्कतले निषण्णाः कुतूहलाविष्टतया तदानीम् । निर्दिश्यमानान् ललनाङ्गुलीभिर्- वीराः स्वदेहान् पतितानपश्यन् ।।३३५।। nanda, when the Quietistic Jīmūtavāhana is described as falling in love with Malayavatī, the passion of Wonder is brought in between the two, by the sentences ‘what a song ! what music !’, This incompatibility is warded off in this manner not only as occurring in course of a complete poetic work, but also in the same sentence. For instance, in the following verse :— ‘ The heroic men, lying upon magnificent beds in the flying cars, their chests perfumed by the pollens of the fresh Pārijāta-garlands, embraced by celestial nymphs, and fanned by silken cloths made out of the celestial trees, wet and fragrant,—saw their own bodies rolling in the dust of the earth, pointed to by the damsels through curiosity, em- braced by jackals, and fanned by the flapping wings of the carnivorous birds dripping with blood’,—

294 KĀVYAPRAKĀŚA अत्र बीभत्सशृङ्गारयोरन्तर्वीररसो निवेशितः ।।६४।। स्मर्यमाणो विरुद्धोऽपि साम्येनाथ विवक्षितः । अङ्गिन्यङ्गत्वमाप्तौ यौ तौ न दुष्टौ परस्परम् ।। ६५ ।। अयं स रशनोत्कर्षी पीनस्तनविमर्दनः । नाभ्यूरुजघनस्पर्शी नीवीविस्रंसनः करः ।।३३६।। एतद् भूरिश्रवसः समरभुवि पतितं हस्तमालोक्य तद्वधूर- भिदधौ । अत्र पूर्वावस्थास्मरणं शृङ्गाराङ्गमपि करुणं परि- पोषयति ।। दन्तक्षतानि करजैश्च विपाटितानि प्रोद्भिन्नसान्द्रपुलके भवतः शरीरे । दत्तानि रक्तमनसा मृगराजवध्वा जातस्पृहैर्मुनिभिरप्यवलोकितानि ।।३३७।। the Heroic has been made to intervene between the Disgustful and the Erotic. 64. Even if two Passions are incompatible, they do not mar each other,—(a) when one is merely remembered, or (b) when it is intended to be equal to the other (in importance), or (c) when the two become subservient to a third Principal (Passion). 65. For instance, (a) in the following verse—‘Ayaṁ sa rashanotkarṣī &c. ‘This is that same hand &c.’ (see above,)—which contains the speech of the wife of Bhūrishravas when she saw his hand lying on the battle field,—the remembrance of her past experience, even though savouring of the Erotic, only serves to heighten the Pathetic. (b) In the following verse— ‘The teeth-marks and the nail-tearings made in your thrilling body by the blood-thirsty (loving) lioness (wo- man), were looked at even by the sages, with coveting eyes’.

CHAPTER VII 295 अत्र कामुकस्य दन्तक्षतादीनि यथा चमत्कारकारीणि तथा जिनस्य । यथा वा परः शृङ्गारी तदवलोकनात्सस्पृहस्तद्वत् एतद्दृशो मुनय इति साम्यविवक्षा ॥ क्रामन्त्यः क्षतकोमलाङ्गुलिगलद्रक्तैः सदर्भाः स्थलीः पादैः पातितयावकैरिव गलद्बाष्पाम्बुधौतानना । भीता भर्तृकरावलम्बितकरास्त्वच्छत्रुनार्योऽधुना दावाग्नि परितो भ्रमन्ति पुनरप्युद्यद्विवाहा इव ॥३३८॥ The meaning is that the marks made on the body of the Buddha by the lioness looked as charming as those made on the body of the lover by his beloved woman ; or that, ' just as the erotically inclined man looks covetingly upon the marks of endearment made by a woman upon the body of another man, so did the sages look covetingly upon the marks upon Buddha’s body made by the lioness ' ; and here both the Passions (the Heroic and the Erotic) are meant to be of equal importance. (c) In the following verse— ‘The frightened wives of your enemies sprinkle, with their feet on the grassy ground, blood issuing from their fingers, and appear as if dropping the red paint of their feet ; their faces are washed with flowing tears ; and supporting themselves on the hands of their husbands, they walk round the forest-fire, appearing as if they were again going through their marriage-rites '.— The principal factor meant to be delineated by the clever statement is the speaker’s regard for the king, and to this principal factor, both, the Pathetic as well as the Erotic, are equally subservient ; and under the circumstances,

296 KĀVYAPRAKĀŚA अत्र चाटुके राजविषया रतिः प्रतीयते । तत्र करुण इव शृङ्गारोप्यङ्गमिवि तयोर्न विरोधः । यथा एहि गच्छ पतोत्तिष्ठ वद मौनं समाचर । एवमाशाग्रहग्रस्तैः क्रीडन्ति धनिनोर्थिभिः ॥३३९॥ इत्यत्र एहीति क्रीडन्ति गच्छेति क्रीडन्तीति क्रीडनापेक्षयोः आगमनगमनयोर्न विरोधः । क्षिप्तो हस्तावलग्नः प्रसभमभिहतोप्याददानोंशुकान्तं गृह्णन् केशेष्वपास्तश्चरणनिपतितो नेक्षितः संभ्रमेण । आलिङ्गन् योवधूतस्त्रिपुरयुवतिभिः साश्रुनेत्रोत्पलाभिः कामीवार्द्रापराधः स दहतु दुरितं शांभवो वः शराग्निः ॥३४०॥ there is no incompatibility. Just as there is no incongruity in the mention of two mutually contradictory actions, when these are mentioned as subservient to a third act ; e.g., in the verse—" Come "—" go "—" fall down "— " rise "—" speak "—" keep quiet ",—in this manner do the rich make fun of the needy men who are held in by hopes for 'getting something,'—' coming ' and ' going ' are both subservient 'to the act of making fun'. Similarly in the following verse— 'May the fire of Shiva's arrows burn your sin,—the fire which, upon embracing the young ladies of Tripura, was shaken off by them with tearful eyes,—was thrown aside on touching their hands, was swiftly struck back, when catching hold of their cloth-end, —thrust aside, when touching their locks,—not even perceived, through flurry, when fallen on their feet ; and thus appeared like a

CHAPTER VII 297 इत्यत्र त्रिपुररिपुप्रभावातिशयस्य करुणोऽङ्गम् । तस्य तु शृङ्गारः । तथापि न करुणे विश्रान्तिरिति तस्याङ्गत्तैव । अथवा प्राक् यथा कामुक आचरति स्म तथा शराग्निरिति शृङ्गारपोषि- तेन करुणेन मुख्य एवार्थ उपोद्बल्यते । उक्तं हि ‘गुणः कृतात्मसंस्कारः प्रधानं प्रतिपद्यते । प्रधानस्योपकारे हि तथा भूयसि वर्तते ॥’ इति ॥ guilty lover of theirs,’—the principal object of delineation is the superior majesty of Tripura’s enemy (Shiva) ; and to this is subservient the Pathetic, to which latter the Erotic is subservient ; and even though in view of the Erotic being subservient to it, the Pathetic might be regarded as the predominant factor,—yet it has to be regarded as only a subordinate factor in view of the fact that the delineation of the Pathetic does not form the end of the describer. Or, the sense may be that—‘ the fire of the arrow behaved in the same manner as a guilty lover has done ’,—wherein the principal factor (greatness of Shiva) becomes heightened by the Pathetic as strengthened by the Erotic [so that in this sense also the Pathetic is not the end arrived at.] In support of our view, we have the following state- ment—‘ It is only when it has undergone a purificatory process that the subordinate factor approaches its Princi- pal, and it is only thus that it tends to help that principal.’ In this connection it has to be borne in mind that there can be no ‘incompatibility’ between one Passion and another,—when we understand Passion to be what it has been described to be above (under Ch. IV) ; nor can there

298 KĀVYAPRAKĀŚA प्राक्प्रतिपादितस्य रसस्य रसान्तरेण न विरोधः नाप्यङ्गा- ङ्गिभावो भवति इति रसशब्देनात्र स्थायिभाव उपलक्ष्यते ॥६५॥ इति काव्यप्रकाशे दोषदर्शनो नाम सप्तम उल्लासः ॥७॥ be any relative subserviency between them ; hence in the present context; the term 'rasa', 'passion', should be taken as standing for the corresponding 'Sthāyī-Bhāva' 'Latent Feeling.' 65. [Thus ends the Chapter VII dealing with the illustrations of Faults of Poetry in the Kāvya-Prakāśa.]

काव्यप्रकाशः अथ अष्टम उल्लासः एवं दोषानुक्त्वा गुणालंकारविवेकमाह- ये रसस्याङ्गिनो धर्माः शौर्यादय इवात्मनः । उत्कर्षहेतवस्ते स्युरचलस्थितयो गुणाः ॥ ६६ ॥ आत्मन एव हि यथा शौर्यादयो नाकारस्य तथा रसस्यैव माधुर्यादयो गुणा न वर्णानाम् ॥ क्वचित्तु शौर्यादिसमुचितस्याकारमहत्त्वादेर्दर्शनात् 'आकार एवास्य शूरः' इत्यादेर्व्यवहारादन्यत्राशूरेपि वितताकृतित्वमात्रेण 'शूरः' इति क्वापि शूरेपि मूर्तिलाघवमात्रेण 'अशूरः' इति अवि- CHAPTER VIII OF EXCELLENCES Having described the Defects, the Author next pro- ceeds to describe the difference between 'Excellences' and 'Ornaments' or 'Figures of speech'— Those properties that belong to the Passion, the principal factor,—conducive to its maturity and having an unceasing existence,—are called 'Guṇas', 'Excellences', in the same manner as Bravery and such qualities belong to the Soul. 66. Just as Bravery and such qualities belong to the Soul, not to the body,—so Sweetness and the other Excellences belong to the Passion, not to the letter. In some cases it so happens that people find bravery co-existing with the large-sized body, and come to speak of the body itself as 'brave'; and hence in another case also, on seeing a large body, they are led to believe, from II-

300 KĀVYAPRAKĀŚA श्रान्तप्रतीतयो यथा व्यवहरन्ति तद्वन्मधुरादिव्यञ्जकसुकुमारादि- वर्णानां मधुरादिव्यवहारप्रवृत्तेरमधुरादिरसाङ्गानां वर्णानां सौकुमार्यादिमात्रेण माधुर्यादि मधुरादिरसोपकरणानां तेषामसौ- कुमार्यादिरमाधुर्यादि रसपर्यन्तविश्रान्तप्रतीतिबन्ध्या व्यवहरन्ति । अत एव माधुर्यादयो रसधर्माः समुचितैर्वर्णैर्व्यज्यन्ते न तु वर्णमात्राश्रयाः । यथैषां व्यञ्जकत्वम् तथोदाहरिष्यते ॥६६॥ the analogy of the former case, that this other man also must be brave ;—and thus, even a really brave man comes to be believed to be not brave on the ground of the smallness of his body ; and such beliefs are very common ;—in the same manner people (like Vāmana and others) have come to speak (a) of the soft—sounding letters as ‘sweet’, though in reality they are only suggestive of sweetness ;— and they come to speak of such passion and its accessories as are not really ‘sweet’, as ‘sweet’, simply by reason of the softness of the letters (expressing them) ; in the same manner, they also speak of the really ‘sweet’ passions and accessories as ‘not sweet’, when they are expressed in such words as are not soft-sounding ;—and in all this, they do not take into account the Passion at all (attri- buting as they do, the sweetness to the letters). It is in view of all this divergent usage that it has been asserted (in the text) that sweetness and other excellences are properties really belonging to the Passion, and what the properly selected letters do is only to render such qualities perceptible ; and those qualities do not subsist in the letters entirely. In what manner the letters serve to manifest the qualities is going to be shown by means of examples. 66.

CHAPTER VIII 301 उपकुर्वन्ति तं सन्तं येऽङ्गद्वारेण जातुचित् । हारादिवदलंकारास्तेऽनुप्रासोपमादयः ॥ ६७ ॥ ये वाचकवाच्यलक्षणाङ्गातिशयमुखेन मुख्यं रसं संभविन- मुपकुर्वन्ति ते कण्ठाद्यङ्गानामुत्कर्षाधानद्वारेण शरीरिणोपि उपकारका हारादय इवालंकाराः । यत्र तु नास्ति रसस्तत्रोक्ति- वैचित्र्यमात्रपर्यवसायिनः । क्वचित्तु सन्तमपि नोपकुर्वन्ति । यथाक्रममुदाहरणानि-- अपसारय घनसारं कुरु हारं दूर एव किं कमलैः । अलमलमालि मृणालैरिति वदति दिवानिशं बाला ॥ ३४१॥ Those dualities which sometimes adorn the existing Passion, through its components,—just as the necklace and the like (do for the Soul, through the body),—are the ornaments (figures of speech), Alliteration, Simile and the rest. 67. Those qualities that adorn the principal factor,— i. e. the Passion—where it exists,—by imparting excellence to its components, in the shape of the expres- sive words and their expressed meaning, are called ‘or- naments’, because they resemble the necklace and other things which, by imparting beauty to the neck and other parts of the body, come to adorn the soul also. Where, however, the Passion does not exist, the said ornaments tend to become merely fanciful expressions. In certian cases, even when the Passion is present, they do not serve to adorn it. Examples in order :— (1) In the following verse [and others] the ornament (Alliteration) adorns the Passion through the expressive words— Apasāraya ghanasāraṁ kuru hāraṁ dūra eva kiṁ kamalaiḥ Alamalamāli mṛṇālairiti vadati divāniśaṁ bālā.

302 KĀVYAPRAKĀŚA इत्यादौ वाचकमुखेन मनोरागस्तीव्रं विषमिव विसर्पत्यविरतं प्रमाथी निर्धूमं ज्वलति विधुतः पावक इव । हिनस्ति प्रत्यङ्गं ज्वर इव गरीयानित इतो न मां त्रातुं तातः प्रभवति न चाम्बा न भवती ॥३४२॥ इत्यादौ वाच्यमुखेनालंकारौ रसमुपकुरुतः ॥ चित्ते चिहुट्टदि ण तुट्टदि सा गुणेसुं सेज्जासु लोट्टदि विसप्पदि दिंमुहेसुं । बोलम्मि वट्टदि पवट्टदि कव्वबन्धे झाणेण तुट्टदि चिरं तरुणी तरट्टी ॥३४३॥ “ Remove the camphor ; throw away the garland ; what is the use of lotus-flowers ? O Friend, enough, enough of these lotus-stalks !”—Thus does the young girl go on speaking day and night.’ (2) In the following verse the Figure (Stringed Simile) adorns the Passion through the expressed meaning— ‘ The galling all-conquering love is freely circulating like poison ; it burns fiercely (smokelessly) like fire fanned by the wind ; it afflicts every limb, like high fever; neither father nor mother nor your ladyship is able to save me from this. In the following verse, the ornament (Alliteration) adorns only the words (and not the Passion depicted)— ‘ Chitte cihuṭṭadi ṇa tuṭṭadi sā guṇesuṁ Sejjāsu loṭṭadi visappadi diṁmuhesuṁ Bolammi vaṭṭadi pavaṭṭadi kavvabandhe Jhāṇeṇa tuṭṭadi chiraṁ taruṇī taraṭṭī.’ ‘ The young woman acts sensibly ; she is not devoid of excellences ; she rolls about on the bed, moves all round and talks freely ; she engages in poetical composition, and

CHAPTER VIII 303 इत्यादौ वाचकमेव । मित्रे क्वापि गते सरोरुहवने बद्धानने ताम्यति क्रन्दत्सु भ्रमरेषु वीक्ष्य दयितासन्नं पुरः सारसम् । चक्राह्वेन वियोगिना बिसलता नास्वादिता नोज्झिता कण्ठे केवलमर्गलेव निहिता जीवस्य निर्गच्छतः ॥३४४॥ इत्यादौ वाच्यमेव न तु रसम् । अत्र बिसलता न जीवं रोद्धुं क्षमेति प्रकृताननुगुणोपमा ॥ एष एव च गुणालंकारप्रविभागः । एवं च “समवायवृत्त्या . शौर्यादयः संयोगवृत्त्या तु हारादय इत्यस्तु गुणालंकाराणां भेदः । for long periods of time she does not break off her con- templation!’ (4) In the following verse, the Figure (Simile) adorns only the expressed meaning—and not the Passion depicted. ‘When the sun had gone away, the lotus had closed its mouth in anger, and the bees had begun to cry (in grief), the forlorn Chakravāka bird, seeing the Crane seated closed to his beloved, did not either eat or give up the lotus- fibre; it was only retained in the throat, like a bar, as it were, to the outgoing life-breath.’ As a matter of fact, under the sorrowful circumstances depicted, a lotus-fibre cannot serve to keep back the breath; so that the Simile, as it stands, only mars the effect of the Passion (Erotic—Privative) depicted (and does not help it). Such is the actual difference between ‘Excellence’ and ‘Ornament’. And this puts out of court all such assertions as the following (in the Bhāmahavṛtti, by Bhaṭṭod- bhaṭa)—“The difference between such Excellences as Bravery and the rest, and such Ornaments, as necklace and

304 KĀVYAPRAKĀŚA ओजःप्रभृतीनामनुप्रासोपमादीनां चोभयेषामपि समवायवृत्त्या स्थितिरिति गड्डलिकाप्रवाहेणैवैषां भेदः” इत्यभिधानमसत् ॥ यदप्युक्तम् “काव्यशोभायाः कर्तारो धर्मा गुणास्तदतिशय- हेतवस्त्वलंकाराः” इति तदपि न युक्तम् । यतः किं समस्तैर्गुणैः काव्यव्यवहारः उत कतिपयैः । यदि समस्तैः तत्कथमसमस्त- गुणा गौडी पाञ्चाली च रीतिः काव्यस्यात्मा । अथ कतिपयैः ततः the rest, may be that while the former subsists by in- herence, the latter is present only by conjunction; [this may be true in the case of the Body and its excellences and orna- ments but (in the case of Passion and its delineation) we find that both,—excellences like Floridity and the rest, as well as ornaments, like Simile, Alliteration and the rest— subsist by inherence only; consequently any distinction drawn between these two must be regarded as merely based upon a blind tradition—a case of sheep blindly following another.” Then again, some people (Vāmana and his followers), have stated the distinction in the form that “while Ex- cellences serve to produce charm in poetry, Ornaments serve to heighten the charm already produced.”—This also is not right. Because the questions would arise—Is poetry to be regarded as such only through the presence of all the excellences, or through that of a few of these only? If the former, how could the Gauḍī and Pāñchālī dictions, which are not possessed of all the excellences, constitute the ‘soul of Poetry’ (as has been held by Vāmana)?—If, on the other hand, it is only the presence of a few of the Excellences that renders Poetry capable of being so re- garded,—then, it would be permissible to regard as ‘poetry’,

CHAPTER VIII 305 अद्रावत्र प्रज्वलत्यग्निरुच्चैः प्राज्यः प्रोद्यन्नुल्लसत्येष धूमः ॥३४५॥ इत्यादावोजः प्रभृतिषु गुणेषु सत्सु काव्यव्यवहारप्राप्तिः । स्वर्गप्राप्तिरनेनैव देहेन वरवर्णिनी । अस्या रदच्छदरसो न्यक्करोतितरां सुधाम् ॥३४६॥ इत्यादौ विशेषोक्तिव्यतिरेकौ गुणनिरपेक्षौ काव्यव्यवहारस्य प्रवर्तकौ ॥६७॥ इदानीं गुणानां भेदमाह माधुर्यौजःप्रसादाख्यास्त्रयस्ते न पुनर्दश । एषां क्रमेण लक्षणमाह आह्लादकत्वं माधुर्यं शृङ्गारे द्रुतिकारणम् ॥६८॥ even such statements as— ‘ adrāvatra prajvalatyagniruchchaiḥ prājyaḥ prodyannul lasatyeṣa dhūmaḥ.’ [‘In this hill fire burns high, because there arises thence a dense volume of smoke’], where some of the Excellences, Floridity and the rest, are present.— Further, in such verses as the following— ‘This handsome woman represents the acquisition of the Heaven in this human form, and the loveliness of her lips puts nectar itself into the shade’,— we find that it is regarded as ‘poetry’, through the presence of the two Ornaments or Figures ‘Peculiar Allegation’ and ‘Dissimilitude’, independently of the presence of any excellences. 67. The Author next proceeds to describe the varieties of Excellences.— Sweetness, Floridity and Lucidity—they are these three, and not ten. He states [one by one] the definition of each of these three— ‘Sweetness’ is a source of delectability; it is what leads to mollification in the case of the Erotic Passion. 68.

306 KĀVYAPRAKĀŚA शृङ्गारे अर्थात् संभोगे । द्रुतिर्गलितत्वमिव । श्रव्यत्वं पुनरोजः प्रसादयोरपि ॥ ६८ ॥ करुणे विप्रलम्भे तच्छान्ते चातिशयान्वितम् । [अतिशयान्वितमिति] अत्यन्तद्रुतिहेतुत्वात् ॥ दीप्त्यात्मविस्तृतेर्हेतुरोजो वीररसस्थिति ॥ ६९ ॥ चित्तस्य विस्ताररूपदीप्तत्वजनकमोजः ॥ ६९ ॥ बीभत्सरौद्ररसयोस्तस्याधिक्यं क्रमेण च । वीराद्बीभत्से ततो रौद्रे सातिशयमोजः ॥ शुष्केन्धनाग्निवत् स्वच्छजलवत्सहसैव यः ॥ ७० ॥ व्याप्नोत्यन्यत् प्रसादोऽसौ सर्वत्र विहितस्थितिः ।

It leads to 'mollification',—i.e., soft flow or melting as it were,—in the case of the 'Erotic', i.e., of the agreeable kind. As for mere melodiousness, it belongs to Floridity and Lucidity also (and as such cannot form the differentia of sweetness, as has been held by Bhāskara). 68. In the case of the Pathetic, the Privative—Erotic and the Quietistic, it (Sweetness) is present in an excessive degree. 'Present in an excessive degree'—because it leads to excessive mollification. Floridity, the source of the lustrous expanding of the heart, resides in the Heroic Passion. 69. [For the variant reading आत्मविस्मृतिः —Floridity the source of self- forgetfulness through illumination.] Floridity brings about that glow of the heart which appears in the form of its expansion. 69. It is present in an excessive degree in the Disgustful and Furious Passions, in order. In the Disgustful, Floridity is present, in a greater degree than in the Heroic; and in a still greater degree in the Furious.

CHAPTER VIII 307 अन्यदिति । व्याप्यमिह चित्तम् । सर्वत्रेति । सर्वेषु रसेषु सर्वासु रचनासु च ॥ गुणवृत्त्या पुनस्तेषां वृत्तिः शब्दार्थयोर्मता ॥ ७१ ॥ गुणवृत्त्या उपचारेण । तेषांगुणानाम् । आकारे शौर्यस्येव ।। ७०-७१ ।। कुतस्त्रय एव न दश इत्याह केचिदन्तर्भवन्त्येषु दोषत्यागात्परे श्रिताः । अन्ये भजन्ति दोषत्वं कुत्रचिन्न ततो दश ॥ ७२ ॥ That which quickly pervades the other like fire among dry fuel, or like a clean stream of water, is Lucidity, whose presence is proper everywhere. 'The other'—i. e., the heart. 'Every where'—i.e., in all Passions and in all forms of composition. These (excellences) are held to subsist in words and their meanings only indirectly. 70-71. 'Indirectly'—i. e., figuratively. 'These'—Excellences. These excellences (really subsisting in Passion) are figuratively spoken of (even in Mammaṭa's own definition of Poetry) as subsisting in words and their meanings, in the same manner as Bravery and such qualities are attributed to the body (though really belonging to the soul). 70-71. "Why should the number of these excellences be three only, and not ten (as described by Vāmana)?" The author answers this question— (a) Some (of the ten) are included under these (three) ; (b) others are resolved into the mere negation of certain defects; (c) the rest, in certain cases, have the character of Defects;— for this reason they are not ten. 72.

बहूनामपि पदानामेकपद्वद्भासनात्मा यः श्लेषःयश्चारोहा- वरोहक्रमरूपः समाधिः या च विकटत्वलक्षणा उदारता यश्चौजो- मिश्रितशैथिल्यात्मा प्रसादः तेषामोजस्यन्तर्भावः । पृथक्पदत्वरूपं माधुर्यं भङ्ग्या साक्षादुपात्तम् । प्रसादेनार्थव्यक्तिर्गृहीता । मार्गाभेदरूपा समता क्वचिद्दोषः । तथाहि ‘मातङ्गाः किमु वल्गितैः’ इत्यादौ सिंहाभिधाने मसृणमार्गत्यागो गुणः । कष्टत्वग्राम्यत्वयोर्दुष्टताभिधानात्तन्निराकरणेनापारुष्यरूपं सौकु- मार्यम् औज्ज्वलरूपा कान्तिश्च स्वीकृता ॥

(Among the ten enumerated by Vāmana) are—(1) Śhleṣa, Coalescence, defined as that property whereby several words have the appearance of a single word,—(2) Samādhi, Smoothness, defined as consisting in the proper adjustment of ascent (high-flown language) and descent (simple langu- age),—(3) Udārartā, Magnificence, consisting in the fanciful grouping of words,—(4) Prasāda, Simplicity, consisting in dullness mixed with floridity ;—and all these are included in ‘Floridity’ (as defined by ourselves) ;—(5) Mādhurya, Sweetness, consisting in the distinctness of words, has, in a way, been admitted by us also under the same name ;— (6) Arthavyakti, Clearness of Meaning, is included under ‘Lucidity ’,—(7) Samatā, Uniformity, consisting in the sameness of style, is, in some cases, a defect ; e. g., in such verses, ‘mātaṅgāiḥ kimu &c.’ (see above stanza No. 229.), where too, the abandoning of the softer diction, in the description of the Lion (in the fourth line), is a posi- tive excellence,—(8) Saukumārya, Softness, consisting in the absence of harshness, and (9) Kānti, Polish, consisting in the brightness of style, are admitted as the negations respectively of ‘harshness’ and ‘vulgarity’, which have been mentioned as defects.

CHAPTER VIII 309 एवं न दश शब्दगुणाः ॥ ‘पदार्थे वाक्यरचनं वाक्यार्थे च पदाभिधा । प्रौढिर्व्याससमासौ च साभिप्रायत्वमस्य च ॥’ इति या प्रौढिः ओज इत्युक्तं तद् वैचित्र्यमात्रम् न गुणः । तदभावेपि काव्यव्यवहारप्रवृत्तेः । अपुष्टार्थत्वाधिकपदत्वानवी- कृतत्वामङ्गल रूपाश्लील ग्राम्याणां निराकरणेन च साभि- प्रायत्वरूपमोजः अर्थवैमल्यात्मा प्रसादः उक्तवैचित्र्यरूपं माधुर्यम् अपारुष्यरूपं सौकुमार्यम् अग्राम्यत्वरूपा उदारता च Thus it follows that the number of excellences pertain- ing to words is not ten. As regards those same Excellences as pertaining to the meaning, (1) the first (mentioned by Vāmana) is Prauḍhi, Boldness, also called (the first kind of ‘ojas’ ‘strength’), which has been defined as consisting (a) in the use of a sentence for the expressing of what can be expressed by a single word, (b) in using a single word for the expressing of what would be expressed by a sen- tence, (c) in expansion, (d) in brevity and (e) in the effective- ness of epithets. But this is merely a flourish of style, and not an ‘excellence’; since expressions are regarded as ‘poetical’ even in the absence of the said (five kinds of) Boldness.—(1a) the second kind of ‘ojas’, ‘strength’, which has been defined as consisting in significance (a preg- nancy of meaning), is only the negation of the defect of Irrelevancy;—(2) ‘Prasāda’, consisting in clearness of meaning, is the negation of the defect of ‘redundancy’; —(3) ‘Mādhurya’, consisting of fanciful expression, is the negation of the defect of ‘monotony’;—(4) Saukumārya, consisting of freedom from ruggedness, is the negation of the defect of ‘Indecorous Inauspiciousness’;—(5) Udāratā, consisting in the absence of vulgarity, is the

310 KĀVYAPRAKĀŚA स्वीकृतानि । अभिधास्यमानस्वभावोक्त्यलंकारेण रसध्वनि- गुणीभूतव्यङ्ग्याभ्यां च वस्तुस्वभावस्फुटत्वरूपा अर्थव्यक्तिः, दीप्तरसत्वरूपा कान्तिश्च स्वीकृता । क्रमकौटिल्यानुल्बणत्वोप- पत्तियोगरूपघटनात्मा श्लेषोपि विचित्रत्वमात्रम् । अवैषम्य- स्वरूपा समता दोषाभावमात्रं न पुनर्गुणः । कः खल्वनुन्मत्तो- न्यस्य प्रस्तावेन्यदभिदध्यात् । अर्थस्यायोनेरन्यच्छायायोनेर्वा यदि न भवति दर्शनं तत्कथं काव्यम् इत्यर्थदृष्टिरूपः समाधिरपि न गुणः ॥७२॥ negation of the defect of ‘ vulgarity.’—(6) Arthavyakti, consisting in the distinctness of the character of things, is included under the Figure of Svabhāvokti, ‘ natural description,’—going to be described later on ; (7) Kānti, consisting in the brilliance of Passion, is included under the ‘ Suggestion of Passion ’, either as the predominant or the subordinated factor.—(8) Shleṣa,—consisting of a combination of several circumstances, such as (a) sequence of several actions, (b) deceit (c) well-known character, and (d) statement of, reasons,—is only a flourish of the poetic fancy.—(9) Samatā, consisting in the non-relinquish- ment of continuity, is only the negation of a defect (of ‘ Broken Uniformity ’), and not a positive excellence ; what man, unless he were mad, would ever begin with one thing and then speak of a totally different thing ?—(10) Samādhi, consisting in the true appreciation of the meaning (as being original or imitated), is not an excellence ; because unless one comprehends the true meaning of a poem, and recognises whether it is an original idea of the poet concerned, or has its source in the idea of some other poet,—how can the composition be regarded as ‘ poetry ’ at all ? 72.

CHAPTER VIII 311 तेन नार्थगुणा वाच्याः न वाच्याः न वक्तव्याः ॥ प्रोक्ताः शब्दगुणाश्च ये । वर्णाः समासो रचना तेषां व्यञ्जकतामिताः ॥ ७३ ॥ के कस्य इत्याह मूर्ध्नि वर्गान्त्यगाः स्पर्शा अटवर्गा रणौ लघू । अवृत्तिर्मध्यवृत्तिर्वा माधुर्ये घटना तथा ॥ ७४ ॥ टठडढवर्जिताः कादयो मान्ताः शिरसि निजवर्गान्त्ययुक्ताः तथा रेफणकारौ ह्रस्वान्तरिताविति वर्णाः समासाभावो मध्यमः For these reasons, the excellences (held by others) as pertaining to the meaning should not be mentioned sep arately). ‘Should not be mentioned’—do not deserve to be mentioned. Those excellences that have been spoken of as pertaining (indirectly) to words, (though really belonging to Passion depicted)— these are suggested by Letters, compounds and diction. 73. The text proceeds to describe what is suggestive of what excellence.— (a) The ‘sparsha’ [mute] consonants, with the exception of those of the ‘ṭa’-group, combined with the last consonant of their group,—(b) the consonants ‘r’ and ṇ’ when short,—(c) expressions free compounds,—(d) compounds of medium length,— and (e) harmonious diction—are (suggestive) of Sweetness. 74. (a) All the consonants from k to m—except ṭ, ṭh, ḍ and ḍh—combined with the last letter of their res- pective groups, (b) r and ṇ combined with short vowels ; —these are the ‘letters’ (suggestive of Sweetness). As for ‘compounds’—(e) ‘expressions free from com- pounds’ or (d) ‘compounds of medium length’ (are suggestive of Sweetness).

312 KĀVYAPRAKĀŚA. समासो वेति समासः तथा माधुर्यवती पदान्तरयोगेन रचना माधुर्यस्य व्यञ्जिका ।। उदाहरणम् अनङ्गरङ्गप्रतिमं तदङ्गं भङ्गीभिरङ्गीकृतमानताङ्ग्याः । कुर्वन्ति यूनां सहसा यथैताः स्वान्तानि शान्तापरचिन्तनानि ॥३४७॥७४।। योग आद्यतृतीयाभ्यामन्त्ययो रेण तुल्ययोः । टादिः शषौ वृत्तिदैर्घ्यं गुम्फ उद्भट ओजसि ॥ ७५ ॥ वर्गप्रथमतृतीयाभ्यामन्त्ययोः द्वितीयचतुर्थयोः रेफेण अध उपरि उभयत्र वा यस्य कस्यचित् तुल्ययोः तेन तस्यैव (e) ‘Harmonious diction’—i. e., such diction in which the words are so combined as to make it soft—is also suggestive of Sweetness. Example— ‘Anaṅgaraṅgapratimaṁ tadaṅgaṁ Bhaṅgībhirāṅgīkṛtamānatāṅgyāḥ Kurvanti yūnāṁ sahasā yathaitāḥ Svāntāni shāntāparachintanāni.’ ‘The exquisite body of the slender-bodied one, re- sembling the sportive altar of the Love-god, accompanied by graceful motions makes the innermost hearts of young- men think of things other than the quietistic.’ 74. (A) The combination—(a) of the first and of the third consonants of a group with the consonant following them,—(b) of any consonant with r,—and (c) of any two similar consonants;—(B) the consonants beginning with ṭ—(C) the consonants sh and ṣ—(D) long compounds,—and (E) the bombastic diction,—these are suggestive of Floridity. 75. (a) The combination of the first and third letters of a group with those following them—i.e., with the second and the fourth respectively;—(b) any consonant