XVIII.79 XVIII. STAR-PLANETS 363 Moreover, their filling the lacuna by seṣuḥ, meaning 5° is quite inadequate to make up zero. I have emended saṣṭāṣṭakena into pañcāṣṭakena, meaning 5 × 8 = 40, which will fit the number of days. Also, 10° synodic motion there requires 40 days and it is also the period from setting to going into superior conjunction. ṣaṣṭa is patently wrong spelling, and ṣaṣṭāṣṭakena is meaningless. But TS and NP keep it, which is wrong. That this is the segment of heliacal setting to conj. can be inferred from udayati given for the next segment, and 10° for heliacal setting and rising at superior conj. is given by many siddhāntas. The other minor emendations are TS's. Note 2. 1,18,122 seems to be a very large subtractive constant, equal to more than 300 years, while all others are very near VM's time. But I cannot think of any other number to fit, Note 3. The maximum elongation is seen to be 45°, correctly. (Cf. Table).

364 PAÑCASIDDHĀNTIKĀ XVIII.81 अष्टनव(त्या) नवतिर्दलं च 'मनु'भिस्त्रयोदशविहीनाः | 'गुणरुद्रै': 'शून्यार्का' द्व्यूनेन शतेन 'शशिनवकम्' || ८० || अति जग[त्या सार्धा]र्का(न)स्तमे(त्य)तो 'नव(कु)भि'(र्नि)रंशम् | षोडश सार्धा(न् सौ)रश्चरति रखेः सर्वदा हीनः || ८१ || || शनैश्चरः || Motion of Saturn 79. Subtract 16,518 from the 'days', multiply by 3 and divide by 1118. Take the remainder here and divide by 3. The days left over in the cycle are got. In 18 days Saturn lags behind by 16½°, and rises in the east. 80-81. In 98, 14, 113, 98, and 13 'days', it falls behind 90½°, 13°, 120°, 91°, and 12½°, respectively. Then Saturn sets in the west, and joins the Sun passing 16½° in 19 days. Note 1. In verse 79, ṣaṭkavarka is patently extra, forming syllables not required for the foot, and has been deleted by me as also by TS. aṣṭābhiḥ is corrected into aṣṭiḥ by me, as also by TS, to conform to grammar and facts. In the rest of the minor corrections there is no difference between our corrections. In verse 80, I have retained the dvi in dvyūnena, while TS have made it dyu, meaning one day, which is not necessary, and which leads into trouble later, needing further correction. The minor corrections are common to both. In 81, I have filled up the lacuna by (tyā sārdha), while TS have made it (tibhirardhā). The word is atijagatī, and not atijagatīḥ, which alone can justify TS's tibhiḥ. Also, only sārdhārka can mean 12½, but their ardhārka can mean only 6. I have corrected navati into navaku keeping the nava. But TS have corrected it into atidhṛti, making unnecessary changes in the lettering, though both of us mean the same. The rest of the corrections are minor, and are acceptable. 79a. A.B.C. ॰रसषट्कवर्क (B.वक्रे) शशाङ्के 81a. A1. जग---र्का b. B.भाजिताग्नि (B3.घ्नि) a-b. A.1.3. ॰र्कारस्त (B.स्ते) मेत्यंतो (B3.मेसंतो); c. A.सौरस्य. A.B.धृतिभिरष्टाभि (B1.2.भिः) C. ॰र्दर्द्धार्कानस्तमेत्यतो; D.[॰र्कार्कान् सार्धानस्तमेति] d. A.C.सार्धार्क; B.सार्द्धार्क; D.सार्धार्काद् b. A1.B.नवतिभिर्विंशं; 80a. A.नवर्तिर्ज्या नवति॰; C.D.नवर्तिर्नवतिः C.ऽतिधृतिर्निरांशम्; D.नव[दश]भिर्निरांशम् b. A1.B.C.D.विहीनः c. A1.सार्धात्सौर; B.सार्द्धात्सौर c. B2.शून्यर्का d. A1.रचेः d. C.D.[द्यूनेन]; Ms. A2. breaks off here. A1.शाशि

XVIII.81 XVIII. STAR-PLANETS 365 Note 2. The following is the table of motions:

[इति पञ्चसिद्धान्तिकायाम् अष्टादशोऽध्याये

प्रक्षेपभागः समाप्तः] ॥ Col. A1.B.D. पौलिशसिद्धान्ते (B3 न्तो) ताराग्रहाः (B adds एवम् | C. इति पौलिशसिद्धान्ते ताराग्रहा नामाष्टदशोऽध्यायः Post-Colophonic statements: A1. इत्याचार्य-वराहमिहिरकृता पंचसिद्धांतिका समाप्ता संवत् १६७३ वर्षे शाके १५३८ प्रवर्तमाने द्वितीयाश्विनशुदि २ बुधे अद्येह स्तंभतीर्थे वास्तवं | पंडित-श्रीपीतांवर[:] तत्सूनुः श्री-श्रीरंग[:], तत्पुत्रः पंडित नाना | तत्तनेयो पंडितगोविन्दः | तस्यात्मजेन शंकरेणेयं पंचसिद्धांतिका लिखिता । आत्मपठ (ठ) नार्थ तथा [परो] पकृतये च । शुभं भवतु ।। B1.2.3. इत्याचार्यवराहमि[हि]रकृतायां (B3. om. यां) पञ्चसिद्धान्तिका समाप्ता । (B3. संवत् १९२८ शाके १७९३ प्रवर्तमाने माघशुक्ला २ शुक्रे | ज्योतिर्विदूत्तमरामदुर्लभरामेण लिखिता || अमदावाद-निवासिना मुंबई- बन्दरमध्ये इंद पुस्तकं लिखितं || श्री || C. इति वराहमिहिराचार्यकृता पञ्चसिद्धान्तिका समाप्ता । D. इत्याचार्यवराहमिहिरकृता पंचसिद्धान्तिका समाप्ता ||

Thus ends Chapter XVIII 61-81: A Spurious Supplement entitled ‘Computation of the Star Planets in Brief’, to the Pañcasiddhāntikā of Varāhamihira

1 Page blank APPENDIX I INDEX OF VERSES

अंशाशीत्या 9.7 अक्षे क्षिप्तां लेखां 14.3 अक्षोक्षिप्तस्योदृक् 14.25 अणुमात्रदर्शन 15.12 अतिजगत्या 18.81 अधिमासकेषु 1.13 अधिमासकोन 15.24 अध्यर्धशतं 18.14 अनयोर्विश्लेषांशान् 18.41 अनुवक्रि परि गत्वा 18.5 अनुवक्रोऽशीत्या 18.13 अन्याद्ययोः 10.7 अन्यच्च भवेद् भूमेः 13.7 अन्यद्रोमक 15.25 अपमान्तरविक्षेपा 5.5 अपमान्तरसंयुक्ता 5.1 अपमोनयुताक्ष 4.22 अपवृषमिथुना 4.24 अभिमतदेशाक्ष 14.29 अर्केन्दुदृष्टि 15.6 अर्केन्दुभुक्ति 10.5 अर्केन्दुयोगचक्रे 3.20 अर्कोदद्यन्तारांशान् 18.54 अर्धेनालिख्य 8.18 अर्हत्प्रोक्ते 13.8 अलिनि दशघ्नाः 18.49 अवनतिवर्गं 8.16; 9.26 अविचार्यैवं 15.29 अविदितसंस्था 15.2 अविशेषाद् दृक्क्षेपं 9.24 अष्टगुणे दिनराशौ 3.28 अष्टनहत्या 18.80 अष्टादशभिः 18.65, 72 अष्टौ भागा लिप्ता 16.6 असितात् सितात् 13.38 अस्तोदयन्तारांशा 18.54

अस्माकमुदय 15.8 आकरणाद् रवि 18.66 आवन्त्यकः 18.61 आश्लेषार्धादासीत् 3.21

इष्टक्रान्तिज्याघ्न 4.39 इष्टांशद्विगुणोन 4.5 इष्टा नाड्यो द्यु 4.50 इष्टेऽहनि बुद्ध्वा 14.10c इष्टोत्तरगोलाप 4.32

उक्तश्च संहितायां 15.10 उज्जयिनी लङ्कायाः 13.17 उत्तरगोलेऽर्क 4.35 उत्तरमक्षाच्छुद्धं 8.12 उदगयनं मकरादा 3.25 उदगयने पूर्वार्धे 7.3 उदयगुणिता 18.22 उदयनवांशं 18.7 उदयात् प्रभृति च 8.10 उदयो यो लङ्कायां 15.23

ऋक्षं लिप्ताष्टशती 3.16 ऋजुशङ्कु 13.31

एकादशाष्ट 3.2 एकेन्द्रियवसु 18.34 एकैकोंऽशो 13.15 एवं कृते ग्रहान्त 18.58 एवं कृत्वा हन्यात् 4.43 एवं च नवत्यंशैः 13.16 एवं व्यर्काच्चन्द्रा 5.9 एवं स्फुटमध्याख्यं 17.9, एष निशार्धे 16.1

कन्यांशान् षट् 18.2

कन्यायामुत्कृत्या 18.47 कन्यायामृतुकृत 18.47 कमलोद्भवप्रजेशौ 1.24 कर्कटकादिषु भुक्तं 2.9 कर्कटसिंहयो 18.31 कर्किणि दिग्घ्नैः 18.45 कालापेक्षा 3.36 काष्ठघ्न्यार्क 4.53 किन्वन्तरांशहीनौः 6.5 कुम्भाधर्कारं ताम्रं 14.32 कुम्भेऽह्नां विंशत्या 18.52 कृतगुणमृत्तु 2.1 कृतदिग्ग्रहणे 4.38 कृतियोगपदं 10.6 कृत्वा चतुर्भिरुद्यान् 18.37 fn. क्लैवं क्षयवृद्धी 5.10 केन्द्रान्तरज्या 9.13 क्रमशः मध्यः 18.8 क्षेप्याः स्वरेन्दु 16.10

खखरूपाष्टगुण 8.4 खजिनघ्नी क्रान्ति 4.34 खनवनगाः शशि 8.7 खार्काधिकं भवेद् 3.6

गगनमुपैति 13.4 गणितविषयोपलब्ध 14.41 गतमयनादुत्तरतो 12.5 गतिविश्लेषकृति 18.55 गत्यर्धे भगणार्ध 2.5 गवि द्विकृत 18.43 गवि वेदयम 18.43 fn. गुणरसनवका 4.10 गुणशिखिगुणाम्नि 3.17 गुणसलिलपांशु 14.27 गुरुभूतनया 17.14

368 PAÑCASIDDHĀNTIKĀ गुरूचपलाय 14.28 गोमिथुनतौलिक 18.30 ग्रहणेन्दोः 10.4 घनषोडशहत 2.3 चक्रात् पतितं वक्त्रम् 9.6 चतुराधिकेन शतेन 18.40 चत्वारिंशच्छशि 18.27 चत्वारिंशद्रामा 4.9 चन्द्रच्छेदक 6.13 चन्द्रत्मोव्यास 10.20 चन्द्रादूर्ध्वं बुध 13.39 चन्द्राम्बरान्तर 11.2 चरखण्डपक्षांश 4.27 चरदलकाल 4.31 चरनाडीक्रम 4.51 चित्रार्धाष्टमभागे 14.37 छायाद्वादश 4.45 छायार्कवर्गयोगा 4.52 छायार्को नाडीभिः 4.49 छाया समरेखा 4.55 छायाहरिजाभ्यन्तर 14.6 छेद्यवदर्धकपालं 14.19 छेद्यार्धयष्टि 14.12 जह्यादुदय 18.15 जीवस्य शता 16.2 जीवाध्यर्ध 4.16 ज्ञसितारेज्या 18.60 ज्याविधिना विक्षेपं 9.25 ज्याविधिविक्षेप 18.57 झषवृश्चिका 18.29 तज्ज्या तिर्यग्रेखा 14.11 तज्ज्या स्थितज्य 4.42 [

APP.I: INDEX OF VERSES 369 नवकृत्या षष्टिः 18.39 बहुलचतुर्दश्यर्था 3.19 यवनान्तरजा 3.13 नवतिस्त्रियुता 4.18 बहुला षष्ठांशान्ते 14.34 यष्ट्या विद्ध्यात् 11.1 नवतस्सप्तशती 9.11 बुध्वा शशिविक्षेपं 14.33 याम्योदग्रेखायां 14.24 नवदिग्भिः 18.75 भागनवत्या राहो 3.31 याम्योदग्विक्षेपा 5.8 नवयमगुण 18.67 भागविशेषात्तिथि 9.23 याम्योदक्समसूत्रा 14.2 नवयमवसुभिः 18.38 भ्रमति भ्रमिस्थितिव 13.6 युगवर्षमासपिण्डं 1.16 नववसुरार्मर्मध्यं 18.38 fn. येष्टेवोदङ् 13.13 नवशतगुणिते 9.3 मकरादौ गुण 2.8 योजनपञ्चनवांशां 13.23 नवशतसहस्त्र 9.2 मध्याज्याकृति 9.20 योजनशतानि 13.18 नव सार्धाः 18.11 मध्यममाना 8.15 नष्टच्छायाप्येवं 13.11 मध्यात् पुनर्वि 17.8 रविकक्षा नवति 10.1 नाड्यः षड्घ्न्यो भागा 14.5 मध्यार्कलम्बित 9.17 रविशशिनोः पञ्च 12.1 नाभ्याः शङ्कुच्छाया 14.14 मध्याह्नं भद्राश्वे 15.22 रविशशिनोः स्फुट 8.2 नित्यमध्यस्थ 13.35 मध्याह्नच्छायार्धं 2.10 रविशशिमान 8.17 नैश्यास्तिथि 6.1 मध्याह्नार्कमयूखं 14.22 रव्युदये लङ्कायां 15.19 मध्याह्ने प्राक् तथा 14.8 रसगुणनवेन्दु 2.2 पञ्चघ्नात् त्रिघ्ना 7.2 मनुभवयम 8.6 रसभववसू 17.2 पञ्चत्रिंशत् त्र्यष्टक 4.25 रसविषयकृत 18.9 पञ्चमहाभूत 13.1 मनुविषयतिथि 4.15 रहिते द्वियम 18.73 पञ्चाब्द्येयो 16.11 मन्दग्रहान्तरज्या 17.13 राशिचतुष्टय 16.5 पञ्चाशता त्रिभिः 9.10 मार्गादिपेत 3.34 राशिज्याप्रक्रमज्या 4.29 पञ्चाशीतिं कृत्वा 18.23 मासाधिपा यथोर्ध्वं 13.42 राहुमुखोनं चक्रं 6.10 पञ्चाष्टकेन 18.78 मासीकृते सम्प्राप्ते 1.9 राहोः सषट्कृति 6.2; 7.5 पदमैकोनं पञ्चा 3.5 मिथुनान्ते च 13.10 रुद्रदस्रमनु 1.10 पर्य्येति शशी 13.41 मीने त्र्यष्टकमह्नां 18.53 fn. रोमकयुगमर्केन्द्वोः 1.15 पूर्वाचार्यमतेभ्यो 1.2 मीनेऽष्टादशमह्नां 18.53 रोमकसूर्यो 8.1 पौलिशतिथि 1.4 मनुयोजे व्येकान्ते 4.12 रौमकमहर्गणं 3.35 पौलिशरोमक 1.3 मुनिकृतगुणेन्द्रिय 9.15 प्रचयः स्वराग्नि 18.17 मुनियमयमद्रि 1.17 लग्नत्र्यगुविवर 8.11 प्रतितेन भवति 13.32 मेरोर्न दिग्विभागः 15.11 लङ्कार्धरात्र 15.20 प्रतिदिवसमेव 13.37 मेरोस्सममुपरि 13.5 लङ्कास्था भूलग्नां 13.26 प्रतिविषयमुदृक् 13.20 मेषतुलादौ विषुवं 3.23 लब्धं द्वादशहीनं 2.13 प्रद्युम्नभूमि 18.62 मेषवृषमिथुन 13.12 लब्धं विषुवज्जीवा 4.21 प्रस्तावेऽपि न 18.64 मेषस्तेषां नित्यं 13.28 लब्धाङ्गुलानि कोटि 4.54 प्रागधं पर्व 12.4 मेषादिषु तदुप 3.11 लम्बकगुणिता 4.56 प्रागुदये षट् 18.25 मेषे दिनषट्कृत्या 18.42 लिप्ताद्वयेन 11.6 प्रोक्ता शशाङ्क 6.12 मेषे विक

16.9 11. सिंहे गुणेन्दु 18.46 fn. 12. सिंहे बाणगुणा 18.46 13. सितबहल्योः 3.18 14. सितवज्जलधेः 3.18 fn. 15. सितशीघ्रं 16.8 16. सूत्रद्वयसम्पात 14.20 17. सूत्रेण बिन्दुकत्रय 14.15 18. सूर्यस्यार्धा 15.26 19. सूर्येन्दुभगण 15.1 20. सैकत्रिंशे द्युगणे 12.3 21. सैकाजे पञ्चाशत् 4.7 22. सौरस्य सहस्र 16.3 23. सौर्यं स्थापित 9.9 24. स्थितिदलनविमर्दे 6.6 25. स्फुटगणितविदिह 3.37 26. स्फुटदिनकर 17.12 27. स्फुटमध्यम 18.24 28. स्फुटयित्वैवं 17.7 29. स्वपरिधिगुणिते 17.5 30. स्वप्रत्ययेन 13.34 31. स्वरवसुमुनीन्द्र 9.16

APPENDIX II INDEX OF PAÑCASIDDHĀNTIKĀ VERSES QUOTED BY LATER ASTRONOMERS

1. Makkibhaṭṭa's Com. on the Siddhāntaśekhara of Śrīpati : PS XIII.36; XV.17-20 (5 verses)
2. Nīlakaṇṭha Somayāji in his Jyotirmīmāṃsā : PS I.3, 4; XV.20 (3 verses)
3. Nīlakaṇṭha Somayāji in his Bhāṣya on the Āryabhaṭīya : PS III.21; XIII.1, 10; XV.20 (4 verses) Nīlakaṇṭha quotes two more verses from the Pañcasiddhāntikā, which, however are not to be found in the present edition of the work : See Nīlakaṇṭha on ABh IV.10 : अत एवोक्तं वराहमिहिरेण पञ्चसिद्धान्ताख्ये करणे कर्तारिकाध्याये — संख्या तु तेषां चिरजीविदृष्टा संवादहीना यदि यत्नभाजः । यंत्रैर्मयोक्तैः खगचारसूक्ष्मैस्तंत्रं विना सिद्ध्यन्ति खेचराणाम् ॥ Again, तदुक्तं कर्तारिकाध्याये — यत्नतः प्रतिनिवृत्तिकालतः सौम्यतश्च विदितं यदन्तरम् । भास्करस्य दलितं यदेव हि क्रान्तिमाहुरधिकं पुरातनाः ॥
4. Parameśvara's Com. on the Āryabhaṭīya : PS XIII.12 (1 verse)
5. Pṛthūdakasvāmin's Com. on the Khaṇḍakhādyaka of Brahmagupta : PS. XIII.2-3, 5-6, 9, 12, 27, 35 (8 verses)
6. Sūryadevayajvan's Com. on the Āryabhaṭīya : XIII.1, 3, 36.
7. Utpala's Com. on the Bṛhatsaṃhitā of Varāhamihira : PS. I.1, 8-10, 16-22; II.13; III.1, 10, 21, 25; IV.20-23, 27-28, 30-33, 35-36, 38, 41-44; 48-49; V.1-10; VI.9-10, 15; VIII.1, 9-18; IX.1; XII.1-3; XIII.1-34, 39-42; XIV.33, 39-40; XV.15, 18-29; XVII.4-5 (117 verses)

APPENDIX III BHŪTASAṄKHYĀ (OBJECT NUMERALS) Used in the Pañcasiddhāntikā akṣa (अक्ष) 5 | caraṇa (चरण) 4 | randhra (रन्ध्र) 9 akṣi (अक्षि) 2 | jala (जल) 4 | ravi (रवि) 12 agni (अग्नि) 3 | jaladhi (जलधि) 4 | rasa (रस) 6 aṅka (अङ्क) 9 | jina (जिन) 24 | rāma (राम) 3 atijagatī (अतिजगती) 13 | tanu (तनु) 8 | rudra (रुद्र) 11 adri (अद्रि) 7 | tithi (तिथि) 15 | rūpa (रूप) 1 anala (अनल) 3 | tīkṣṇāṃśu (तीक्ष्णांशु) 12 | lavaṇoda (लवणोद) 4 abdhi (अब्धि) 4 | darśa (दर्श) 2 | vasu (वसु) 8 [

APPENDIX IV INDEX OF PLACES, PERSONS AND TEXTS Cited in Pañcasiddhāntikā

Arkasiddhānta : See Saurasiddhānta Arhat, XIII.8 Avanti, XVIII.61 Āryabhaṭa, XV.20 Āvantyaka : See Varāhamihira Ujjayinī, XIII.17, 21 Kukaraṇakāra, III.37 Kuru, XV.22 Ketumālā, XV.22 Jayanandi, XVIII.62 Pādāditya, III.33, (34), Pūrvācārya-s, I.2, Paitāmaha-siddhāntā, I.3; XII.1 Pauliśa-siddhānta, I.3, 4, 10, 11 Pradyumna, XVIII.62 (Bṛhat) Saṁhitā, XV.10 Bhadraviṣṇu, III.32 Bhadrāśva. IV.22

Bhāratavarṣa, XV.22 Meru, XIII.5, 12, 18, 21, 27; XV.5, 6, 11 Yamakoṭi, XV.23 Yavana, III.13; XV.19 Yavanapura, I.8; III.13; XV.18, 25 Romaka, XV.23, 25, Romakaviṣaya, XV.23, 25 Romaka-siddhānta, I.3, 4, 10, 15; III.35; VIII.1 Laṅkā, XIII.9, 17, 19, 26, 29, 32; XV.19, 20, 23, 25 Lāṭadeva, Lāṭācārya, I.3; XV.8 Varāhamihira, Āvantyaka, XVIII.61, 63, 65 Vārānasi, III.13 Śaka, Śakendra, I.8; XII.2 Sāvitrā : see Saurasiddhānta Siddhapura, XV.23 Saura-siddhānta, Arkasiddhānta, Sāvitra, I.3, 4, 14; IX.1; XVI.1 Himādri, III.12 Horātantra, I.22

APPENDIX V BIBLIOGRAPHY Āryabhaṭa, C. Nīlakaṇṭha Somayāji The Āryabhaṭīya of Āryabhaṭācārya with the Bhāṣya of Gārgya-Kerala-Nīlakaṇṭha Somasūtvan, Trivandrum, 3 vols., 1930, 1931, 1957. (Triv.Skt.Ser. Nos. 101, 110, 185) Āryabhaṭa, C. Parameśvara Āryabhaṭīya with the com. Bhaṭadīpikā of Paramādīśvara, ed. by H. Kern, Leiden, 1874 Āryabhaṭa, C. Sūryadeva Yajvan Āryabhaṭīya of Āryabhaṭa with the com. of Sūryadeva Yajvan, Ed. by K.V. Sarma, New Delhi, INSA, 1976 Brahmagupta, C. Āmarāja Khaṇḍakhādyakam by Brahmagupta, with the commentary called Vāsanābhāṣya by Āmarāja, Ed. by Babua Miśra, Calcutta, Univ. of Calcutta, 1925 Fleet. J.F. The Topographical list of the Brihat Saṁhitā, Ed. (with notes) by Kalyan Kumar Dasgupta, Calcutta, Pub. Semushi, 1973 Nīlakaṇṭha Somayāji Jyotirmīmāṁsā (Investigations on astronomical theories) by Nīlakaṇṭha Somayāji, Ed. K.V. Sarma, Hoshiarpur, VVBISIS, 1977 Pṛthuyaśas, C. Utpala Pṛthuyaśas’ Ṣaṭpañcāśikā with Bhaṭṭotpala’s commentary, Bombay, 1864 Shastri, Ajay Mitra India as seen in the Bṛhatsaṁhitā of Varāhamihira, Delhi, MLBD, 1969 Varāhamihira and his times, Kusumanjali Prakashan, Jodhpur, 1991 Sastry, T.S. Kuppanna Collected Papers on Jyotisha, Tirupati, Kendriya Vidyapeetha, 1989 Śrīpati, C. Makki Bhaṭṭa The Siddhāntaśekhara ... Ed. with the com. of Makkibhaṭṭa .... by Babuāji Miśra, Calcutta, Univ. of Calcutta, 2 vols., 1932, 1947 Vākyakaraṇa with the com. Laghuprakāśikā by Sundararāja, Ed. T.S.K. Sastry and K.V. Sarma, Madras, K.S.R. Institute, 1962

BIBLIOGRAPHY 375 Varāhamihira The Pañcasiddhāntikā, the astronomical work of Varāhamihira. The text ed. with an original com. in Skt. and an Eng. trans. by T.G. Thibaut and MM Sudhākara Dvivedi, Rep. Ch. Skt. Series Office, Varanasi, 1968 The Pañcasiddhāntikā, of Varāhamihira, Ed. and Tr. by O. Neugebauer and D. Pingree, Kobenhavn, Munksgaard, 1970, 2 vols., Samāsasaṁhitā known through quotations. Ṭikaṇikā-yātrā of Varāhamihira, ed. by V.K. Pandit, Jl. of the Bombay Univ., 20 (Arts 26) (1951) 40-63 Vaṭakaṇikā known through quotations Vivāhapaṭala, Mss. Nos. 35161, 35162, Des. Catal. of Skt. Mss. Vol. IX, Sanskrit University, Varanasi. Die Yogayātrā des Varāhamihira [Ed. and Tr. by H. Kern] Indische Studien 10 (1868) 161-212; 14 (1876) 312-58; 15 (1878) 167-84 [Text in Roman characters and Tr.] Yogayātrā ... Ed. ... by Jagadish Lal Shastri, Lahore, 1944 Varāhamihira, C. Rudra (Bṛhajjātakam) Horāśāstram, with the com. Horāvivaraṇa by Rudra, Ed. S. Kunjan Pillai, 2nd edn., Trivandrum, 1958 (Triv. Skt. Ser., No. 91) Varāhamihira, C. Utpala Bṛhadyātrā of Varāhamihira, ed. (with a fragment of Utpala's com.) by David Pingree, Madras, Govt. Or. Mss. Library, 1972 Varāhamihira, C. Utpala Varāhamihira's Bṛhajjātaka with Bhaṭṭotpala's com. Jagaccandrikā, Bombay, 1874 Varāhamihira, C. Utpala Bṛhat Saṁhitā by Varāhamihira, with the com. of Bhaṭṭotpala, Ed. by Avadha Vihari Tripathi, Varanasi, 1968, Varanaseya Skt. Vishvavidyalaya, 2 vols. Varāhamihira, C. Utpala Laghujātakam, with com. of Utpala and a Bengali Tr. by Rajanikanta Acharya, Calcutta, 1910

APPENDIX VI

SUBJECT INDEX

Abhra, 24 Adar, 24 Adhikamāsa, 17 Ādityadāsa, xxviii Agastya, xxix Agastyodaya, xxix, 278-81 Agni, 24 Agrā, 113-14, 126, 131, 133, 135, 136 Ahargaṇa, xxvii, 241, 243 Aharmāna, xxvii, 34-35, 51-52, 246-47 Ahurmazd, 24 Aja, 24 Ākṣadṛkkarma, 143, 148, 150, 351 Akṣakṣetras, 129 Akṣāṃśa, 267-68 Ākṣavalana, 184, 185 Alexandria, 10, 288 Almagest, 10 Amordad, 24 Amplitude, 114, 126, 131 Anala, 24 Aneran, 24 Aṅgiras, 4 Anna, 24 Anuvakra, 334, 335 Anuvarṇana, 240 Anuvatsara, 242 Apamaṇḍala, 236-38 Ardhakapālayantra, 271 Ārdharātrika (rātra)-pakṣa, 4, 17, 197, 200, 209, 210, 289, 293, 294, 311 Ardibahesht, 24 Arhat, 250 Arkāgrā, 131 Armillary sphere, 272-73 Aruṇa, 4 Āryabhaṭa, xxvii, 17, 92, 196, 197, 198, 200, 210, 252, 289, 311 Āryabhaṭīya, xxvii, xxviii, 3, 5, 10, 26, 42, 44, 59, 60, 61, 62, 196, 198, 205, 210, 223, 289, 292, 299, 371 Āryabhaṭīya-bhāṣya, xviii Ascending node, 67 Ascensional differences, 261-62 Ashisvang, 24 Ashtad, 24 Asman, 24 Astronomer, bad, 74; qualifications of, 112 Astronomical observation, 257-58 Asura, 248, 249, 251 Ativakra, 334, 335 Atri, 4 Audayika-pakṣa, 293 Avan, 24 Avanti, xxi, 353. See also Ujjain Āyana-dṛkkarma, 143, 150, 351 Ayanāṃśa, 68, 73 Āyana-valana, 164 Babylonian astronomy, 316 Babylonians, 291 ‘Bāhu’, 126 Baladeva, 24 Bālava, 57 Banaras, 51, 52, 53 See also Vārāṇasī ‘Base’, 126, 132, 135 Baudhāyana, 139 Bava, 57 Behram, 24 Bhadrāśva-varṣa, 290 Bhadraviṣṇu, 71 Bhadra (viṣṭi), 57 Bhagola, 85-87 Bhārata-varṣa, 290 Bhāskara I, 4, 62, 129 Bhāskara II, 118, 129, 207 261 Bhaṭṭotpala, 4, 10, 179, 187, 244, 292, 293, 301, 310. See also Utpala Bhau Daji, 10 Bhava, 24 Bhoga-rekhā, 272 Bhṛgu, 4 Bhūbhramaṇa, 249-50 ‘Bhuja’, 131, 132, 133, 143, 144, 145, 146 Bhujāntara, 54, 209 Bhūmi, 24 Bhūtasaṅkhyā, 372 Bīja correction of VM for planets, 299 Bimbamāna, 189-90, 215-16 Brahmā, 4, 5, 24 Brahmagupta, xxvii, xxviii, 4, 5, 196, 197, 289 Brahman, 24 Brahmasiddhānta, 5 Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta, xxvii, xxviii, 3, 5, 60, 70, 293 Bṛhadyātrā, xxix Bṛhadyogayātrā, xxix Bṛhajjātaka, xxviii, xxix, 286 Bṛhatsaṃhitā, xxviii, xxix, 3, 4, 10, 17, 22, 62 68, 179, 293, 354, 371 Budhacāra, 340 Budhasphuṭa, 342-60 Burgess, J., xix Caitra-pakṣa, 44 Cakrayantra, 272 Calendar reform, 73 Candracchāyā, 123-25

PAÑCASIDDHĀNTIKĀ 377 Candragrahaṇa, xxvii See also Eclipse, Lunar eclipse Candrāṁśa, 269 Candrasphuṭa, xxviii, 27 Candraśṛṅgonnati, 137-51 Canopus, 278-81 Cara, 48-49, 57, 98 ff., 261 Cara-karaṇa, 57 Carakhanda, 48, 49 Cara-vināḍī, 49, 50, 100, 105 Cardinal directions, 269-70 Catuṣpāda, 57 Celestial equator, 86 Celestial sphere, 270-71 Chāyā, 284 Chedyaka, 267-81 Chedyakayantrāṇi, 267-81 Christian Calendar, 73 Comet, 69 Conjunction of the Moon with a Star, 276-78 Correction for the Equation of the centre, 54 Cosmogony, 248-61 Cyavana, 4 Daily motion of the Sun and the Moon, 185 Dakṣiṇāyana, 60, 176, 177, 248 Dakṣiṇottara, 271 Day, duration of, 246-47 Day, lord of, 21-23, 287, 291 Day-diameter, 96-98 Day-reckoning, 289 Days from Epoch, 5, 8, 10, 11, 25, 26, 197, 241-43 Day-time, 34-35, 51-52 Declination, 85-90 Declination of the Moon 87-90 Declination of the Sun, 87-90 Demons, 248, 249 Depadar, 24 Depdin, 24 Depmohr, 24 Deśāntara, 51-53, 209, 274 Deśāntara-nāḍī, 51 Descending Node, 67, 69 Devas, 248, 249 Dhana, 78 Dhanada, 24 Dharma-śāstra, 10, 69, 74, 139, 251 Dhātrī, 24 Dhruva, 286-87 Dhruvakaraṇī, 77 Dhūmaketu, 68 Dig-jyā, 113-15 Dikshit, S.B., xix, 10 Din, 24 Dinagaṇanā, 288-91 Dina-vyāsa, 96-98 Diophantine equation, 293 Directions from shadow, 126-32 Directions, problems of, 76-130 Dragon's head, 67 Dragon's tail, 67 Drekkāṇa, 258 Dṛkṣepa, 187-89 Dṛkṣepa of the Sun, 219-20 Druma, 24 Duration of a day, 246-47 Duration of the Eclipse, 230-35 Duryavana, 4 Dvādaśāṁśa, 258 Dvāpara, 293 Dvivedi, See also 5, 19, 20; Sudhakara Dvivedi, TS Dyauḥ, 24 Dyugaṇa, 7 Earth, 248 Earth, measures of, 253 Earth, situation of, 248 Earth's shadow, 228-30 Earth-sine, 118-21 Eclipse diagram, 236-40 Eclipse, duration of, 225-27 Eclipses, 195-96, 232-86 Ecliptic, xxvi, 236-38 Egypt 10, 288 Epicycles of the planets, 300-1 Epicyclic theory, 206-9 Epoch, 7, 30, 59 Epoch constant (kṣepa) for Jupiter, 297 Epoch constant for Mars, 297 Epoch constant for Mercury, 298 Epoch constant for Saturn, 297 Epoch constant for Venus, 298 Equation of the centre, 47-48 Farwardin, 24 First point of Aries, 73 First sine, 118-21 Five Schools of Astronomy, 4 Five siddhāntas, compara- tive study, xxvi-vii Gaṇitakaumudī, 265 Garga, 4 Gārgya, 4 Gati, 27, 312 passim. Gavām-ayana-satra, 60 Ghana, 13, 27, 28, 30, 31 Ghaṭī-yantra, 275-76 Gnomon, 91-220 ff., 267-68 Gnomonic shadow, 35 ff. 90-136, 113 Go, 24 God, 250

378 SUBJECT INDEX Gola, 261 Golabandha, 272-73 Gosh, 24 Govad, 24 Govindasvāmī, 61, 91, 311 Grahaṇaparilekha, 195-96 Grahāstodaya, xxvii Graha-vikṣepa, 310 Grahodaya, 309-10 Graphical methods, 261-67 Grāsa-pramāṇa, 234 Great gnomon, 110-12, 130 Greece, 289 Greek, 17 Greenwich, 209 Grīṣma, 65 Guha, 24 Gurucāra, 316-22 Gurusphuṭa, 361 Hali, 24 Hara, 24 Head of Rāhu, 68 Heliacal rising of the planets, 310 Hemanta, 65 Hemispherical Bowl, 271 Herodotus, 17 Hoop, 272 Horā, xxviii, 144 Horā, lord of, 20-23, 291 Horā, lords of, 287, 291 Horāśāstra, xxix Horā-Tantra, 22 Horoscopy, xxviii ‘Hypotenuse’, 6, 143, 144, 145, 146 Iḍāvatsara, 242, 243 Iḍvatsara, 242, 243 India as seen by Varāhamihira, xxviii Indra, 24 Instruments, 267-81 Instruments for measuring time, 274 Intercalary month, 8, 17, 241-42, 290 Iṣa, 65 Iṣṭakālacchāyā, 115-23 Iṣṭakālāgrāsa, 232-34 Iṣṭāntyā, 118 Jain religion, 250 Jambūdvīpa, 290 Jātaka texts, xxviii Jews, 10 Junction-Stars, 277-79 Jupiter, xxi, 316-22; -kṣepa of, 297;-mean, 294-99;-motion of, 361;- rising of, 316-22;-yuga revolutions, 296 Jyautiṣopaniṣat, 282-91 Jyotirmīmāṃsā, xviii, 3, 4, 5, 289, 371 Kakṣā, 214-15;-of the Moon, 214-15;-of the Sun, 214-15 Kāla, 24 Kālabhāga, 309-10, 352-53 Kālāloka prakāśa, 59 Kālamānayantra, 274 Kāla-rekhā, 272 Kali, 293 Kali year, 9 Kālidāsa, 138 Kamalodbhava, 24 Kāpitthaka, xxviii Karaṇa, xxvi, 5, 40, 57-58 Karaṇa-grantha, xxvii Karaṇāvatāra, 3 Karaṇī, 77-80 Karmanibandha, 289 Kāṣṭhā, 63 Kāśyapa, 4 Kaulava, 57 Kendra, 40 Kepler, 206 Ketu, 68, 69 Ketumāla-varṣa, 290 Kha, 24 Khagola, 92-94, 270-71 Khagolārdha, 271 Khaṇḍakhādyaka, 4, 17, 197, 198, 200, 205, 209, 210, 289, 293, 310 Kharega, M.P., xix Khurdad, 24 Khurshed, 24 Kiṃstughna, 57 ‘Koṭi’, 126, 143, 144, 145, 146 Krānti, 85-90 Krañtivṛtta, 86 Kṛta, 293 Kṣepa, 8, 15, 30 Kuhū, 139 Kujacāra, 328-39 Kujasphuṭa, 357-59 Kuṭṭaka, 293 Laghubhāskarīya, 61 Laghujātaka, xxix Laghusaṃhitā, xxix Lagna, 150, 256;-from shadow, 37-39 Lalla, 261 Lambajyā, 96-98 Lambana 172-75, 187 Lambitaparvānta, 221-23 Laṅkā, 253, 289 Laṅkodayamāna, 216 Laṅkodaya-rāśimāna, 102-4 Lāṭadeva, (Lāṭācārya) 4, 5, 288 Later : See also Modern ‘Later’ Sūrya-Siddhānta, 4, 293, 294, 331 Latitude,-from cara, 100-101;-from shadow, 91-92; of planets, 310 Latitude-caused triangles, 129 Local, latitude, 268;- longitude, 274 Lord, of the day, 20, 21;- of the degree, 23;-of the month, 19-23 Lords,-of the day, 297;- of the horās, 287; - of the

PAÑCASIDDHĀNTIKĀ 379 months, 260;-of the week- days, 21-22; of the year, 18, 19, 22 Lunar, 228-35;-days, 290; —eclipse, 152, 228-33 Mādhava, 65 Madhu, 65 Madhyajyā, 216-18 Madhyalagna, 217 Magadhadvija, xxviii Magan calendar, 23 Magas, 23 Mah, 24 Mahābhāskarīya, 17, 26, 49, 52, 54, 60, 91, 131, 143, 293, 310, 311 Mahābhāskarīya-bhāṣya, 59 Mahādoṣaḥ, 60 Mahālayapakṣa, 64 Mahāvyatīpāta, 60, 61, 62 Mahāyātrā, xxix Mahāyuga, 201 Makkibhaṭṭa, xxviii, 259, 288, 371 Manda-Vṛtta, 206 Manes, 64, 283-84 Manu, 4 Marespand, 24 Marīci, 4 Mars, 309;-mean, 294-99; -motion of, 328-29, 357-59; - yuga revolutions, 297 Māsādhipa, 20 Mean, Moon, 198-201; -planets, 293;-Sun, 26, 197-98 Meher, 24 Mercury, xxi, 307-9;- kṣepa of, 298; -motion of, 337, 339-50, 359-60;-Śīghra of, 294-99;-True, 342-60; yuga revolution, 298 Meridian, 271 Meru, 248, 290 Mid-day shadow 251 Minutes into angles, 240 Modern : See also Later Modern Sūrya-Siddhānta, 4, 5, 16, 210, 216, 293 Month, lord of, 20-23 Moon, daily motion, 185-86;-daily rising and setting, 147-51;- true motion, 45-47. See also Mean Moon, True Moon Moon-day time, 148, 149, 151 Moonrise, 138 ff., 148, 149, 150, 151 Moons, two, 250 Moon’s,-anamoly, 211;- ayana, 141 ff.,-cusps, 137-51;-declination, 87-90;-kakṣā, 214-15;- latitude, 69-71;-longi- tude, 269;-luminosity, 258-59;-nakṣatra, 243;- orb, 191-93;-shadow, 123-25;-visibility, 137-45 Moonset, 138 ff., 148, 149, 150 Muhūrta, 33 Mūla-dhruva, 30 Muslim, 10, 139 Nabha, 65 Nabhasya, 65 Nāḍīyantra, 275-76 Nāga, 57 Nakṣatra, xxvi, 5, 33-34, 40, 55, 245-46;-Compu- tation, 54-55 Nakṣatrānayana, 54-55 Nakṣatrasthāna, 277-79 Nakṣatra-tithi, xxvii Nārada, 4 Naraka-caturdaśī, 64 Nati, 175 ff., 189-90, 223-25 Natural astrology, xxviii Nāvāṃśa, 256 Naa-ratnas, xxviii Naugebaver, xiv, xx, 3, 5 See also NP Newton, Isac, 206 Nīlakaṇṭha Somayājī, xviii, 3, 4, 248, 289, 371 Niraya, 24 Nirayana, 104 Niyati, 24 Node, 67-71 Nonagesimal, 188-89 North-polar region, 284 North pole, 251, 255, 256, 257, 258 NP, xiv, xv, xxii, xxvii, 5, 6, 10, 11, 15, 19, 20, 21, 23, 33, 41, 54, 63, 67, 101, 110, 125, 142, 147, 151, 154, 156, 160, 162, 165, 167, 168, 178, 179, 189, 191, 200, 216, 261, 282, 285, 312, 313, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321, 323, 325, 326, 328, 330, 331, 332, 333, 336, 337, 340, 341, 343, 350, 355, 357, 362, 363 Oblique ascension, 48-49 Obscuration of Moon, 232,34 Omitted days, 290 Orbs, 215, 16 Orient Ecliptic Point, 37 Original Saura, 210, 216. See also Saura ‘Pada’, 27, 28, 30, 46 Pādāditya, 71 Paitāmaha, (Siddhānta), xiii, 4, 5, 25, 34, 61, 152; 241, 47; - Content analysis, xxvi Pañcasiddhāntikā, Content analysis, xxii-xxv

380 SUBJECT INDEX Pañca-siddhāntas, 4 See also Five schools, Five Siddhāntas Panchanga, 73 Parahita, 355-65 Paraḥ puruṣaḥ, 24 Parallax, 172, 190 Parallax-corrected New Moon, 221-23 Parallax correction and orbital diameter, 189-90 Parallax in latitude, 176, 223-25 Parallax of longitude, 172-75, 187 Parameśvara, xviii, 3, 91, 251, 371 Parāśara, 4 Parāśara-Siddhānta, 4 Parivatsara, 242 Pauliśa Siddhānta, xiii, xxi, 4, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 26, 42, 66, 68, 70, 76 137-51, 152, 172-80, 196, 197, 205, 217, 224, 235, 265, 288, 292, 293, 310, 312-53;-content analysis, xxv Pauliśa-kṣepa, 11 Pauliśa-moon, 14 Pauliśa-yuga, 16, 17, 18 Paurukutsa, 4 ‘Perpendicular’, 126, 131, 133 Pi, 76-77 Pingree, D., xiv, xvii, xviii, xxi, xxvii-3, 5, 261 See also NP Pitāmaha,-Siddhānta, 4, 5, See Paitāmaha-Siddhānta Pitṛ, 24 Place, problems of, 76-130 Planetary days, 290 Planets,-epicycles of, 300-1;-their situation, 259-60 Poles, 286-87 Prabhākara, 60 Pradyumna, xxi, 353, 355 Prajeśa, 24 Pravaha, 249 Precession of the equinoxes, 65 Prime vertical, 106, 113, 271 Pṛthūdaka, xviii, 3, 60, 248, 249, 251, 259, 371 Pṛthuyaśas, xxviii Ptolemy II, 17, 196, 205 Rāhu, 40, 67-71, 152, 186-87, 201-3, 286, 293 Rāhu’s head, 67 Raivata Pakṣa, 44 Rām, 24 Rāma, 72 Rāmāyaṇa, 72 Raṅganātha, 293, 308 Rashna, 24 R Sines, 86-87 R sine of the Sun’s Zenith distance, 264,66 Rashtriya Panchang, 73 Rāśi division, 252 Rāśyudaya, 104-6, 266 Ravi, 24 See also Sun Ravidṛkṣepa, 218-20 Ravigrahaṇa, xxvii Ravisphuṭa, xxvii Reduction to the equator, 54 Rekhāṁśa, 268 Retrograde motion, 309 Ṛgveda, 69, 246 Right ascensional difference, 102-4 Right ascensions of the signs, 266-67 Rising and setting of Planets, 312-53 Rising signs, 104-6 Romaka (Siddhānta), xiii, xix, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11, 14, 26, 31, 32, 42, 43, 44, 66, 70, 73, 74, 152, 181-197, 205, 213, 225, 288, 313;- Content analysis xxv Romaka-kṣepa, 11 Romaka-pura, 290 Romaka-Yuga, 8, 16, 17, 18, 184, 195 Romaśa, 4 Rome, 290 Rotation of the Earth, 249-50 Ṣaḍaśītimukha, 64 Ṣaḍaśīti-puṇyakāla, 64-65 Sahas, 65 Sahasya, 65 Śaka era, 9 Śaka year, 8, 11 Śakuni, 57 Samakala, Samalipta, 152 ff. Samamaṇḍala, 113, 271 Samāsasaṁhitā, xxix Sama-śaṅku, 106, 110-12 Saṁhitā, xxviii Samīraṇa, 24 Saṁvatsara, 242 Śanaiścara, 69 Śanicāra, 322-28 Śanisphuṭa, 363-65 Śaṅkaranārāyaṇa, 61 Saṅkāśya, xxviii Saṅkramaṇa, 66 Saṅkrāntikāla, 65-66 Śaṅku, 220 ff., 267-68 Śaṅkucchāyā, 35, 90-136, 113 Śāṅkulipta, 118 Śaṅkutala, 126, 129, 130 Śaṅkvagrā, 126, 129, 131 Śarad, 65 Sarosh, 24 Sārpamastaka, 59 Śaśi, 24 Śaśitārāyoga, 276 Śāstra, 24 Sastry, T.S.K., xix, 25, 261 Ṣaṭpañcāśikā, xxviii

PAÑCASIDDHĀNTIKĀ 381

[Column 1] Saturn, xxi, 316;-kṣepa of, 297;-mean, 294-99;- motion of 322-28, 363-65;-yuga revolu- tions, 297 Śaunaka, 4 Saura (Siddhānta), xiii, xix, 4, 10, 11, 12, 16, 197-235, 17, 31, 32, 40, 44, 66, 76, 152, 198, 228, 235, 289, 293, 296, 300, 311, 353, 354; Content analysis, xxvi Sauradina, 356-57 Saura-Saṁhitā, xiii, xix Saura-yuga, 198, 201 Savitṛ, 24 Sāyana, 65, 104, 105 Seasons, 65 Secrets of Astronomy, 282-91 Shadow, 3, 8, 115;-at desired time, 115-23;- diameter of, 228-30;- from time, 122-23;- gnomonic, 35ff.; 90-136 See also Gnomonic shadow Shadow-hypotenuse, 126, 129, 130, 135 Shahrivar, 24 Shastri, Ajay Mitra, xxviii, xxix Shukla, K.S., xix, 3, 20, 23, 25, 75, 261 Siddhāntaśekhara, xviii, 3, 240, 371 Siddhānta Śiromaṇi, 32, 43, 44, 49, 63, 124, 130, 143, 185, 189, 207, 304, 308 Siddhapura, 290 Śīghra-kendra, 302 Śīghra-vṛtta, 206 Sign, 252 Siṁhācārya, 289 Sine amplitude, 113-15

[Column 2] Sine Co-latitude, 96-98 Sine Zenith distance of meridian pt., 95, 216-18 Sinīvālī, 139 Śiñjinī, 78 Śiśira, 65 Sky-sphere, 92-94 Solar-day, 64;-eclipse, 152, 172-227 Solstices, 65 Soma, 4 South pole, 251 Spandarmad, 24 Spheric, 261 Sphuṭagraha, 301 Sphuṭak

382 SUBJECT INDEX Trijyā, 78 Trimśāṁśa, 256 Triśatikā, 265 True, Moon, 27-33, 183-85, 203-6;-motion of Moon, 211;-motion of Sun, 212- 13;-planets, 300, 302;- Sun, 25-27, 203-6;-tithi, 269 TS, xiii, xiv, xv, xvi, xx, xxii, 5, 6, 10, 15, 19, 20, 21, 25, 28, 32, 33, 34, 39, 41, 44, 47, 54, 59, 63, 67, 68, 70, 71, 80, 91, 101, 110, 117, 125, 136, 142, 147, 151, 153, 156, 160, 162, 165, 167, 168, 178, 179, 189, 191, 200, 201, 214, 216, 218, 221, 223, 230, 234, 235, 244, 246, 282, 284, 285, 294, 296, 299, 300, 301, 304, 307, 310, 312, 313, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321, 323, 325, 328, 329, 332, 333, 336, 337, 340, 341, 343, 350, 355, 356, 357, 358, 361, 362, 363, 364. See also Dvivedi; Sudhakara Dvivedi; Thibaut Udayāntara, 54, 209 Ujjain, 10, 26, 32, 33, 36, 51, 52, 53, 184, 195, 196, 197, 198, 200, 209, 210, 212, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 288, 289, 294, 353. Unmaṇḍala, 93, 99, 105, 106, 108, 150 Ūrja, 85 Utpala, xviii, xxviii, xxix, 3, 16, 19, 20, 21, 22, 41, 48, 62, 65, 92, 102, 111, 115, 121, 137, 147, 166, 191, 197, 241, 243, 248, 249, 251, 252, 254, 255, 257, 260, 276, 288, 371. See also Bhaṭṭotpala Uttara-kuru-varṣa, 290 Uttarāyaṇa, 60, 61, 65, 176, 177, 180, 246 Vāgbhāva correction, 299 Vaidhṛti, 40, 58-63 Vāk, 24 Vakra, 309, 334 Vākyakaraṇa, 26, 31, 49, 52, 54, 77 Vaṇijya (Vaṇija), 57 Vāra, xxvi, 5 Varāhamihira, Life and works, xxvii-xxix Vārajñāna, 288 Vārāṇasi, 51 Varṣa, 65 Varṣādhipa, 18, 19 Varuṇa, 24 Vāsa, 24 Vasanta, 65 Vasiṣṭha, 4, 265 Vāsiṣṭha, Siddhānta, 4, 5, 10, 13, 15, 30, 31, 32, 39, 40, 152, 179, 184, 196, 235, 312-53, Contents analysis, xxvi Vāsiṣṭha-moon, 14, 32 Vāsiṣṭha-Pauliśa, 184 Vāsiṣṭha-samāsa- Siddhānta, 39- Vāsiṣṭha-saṁhita, xiii, xix, xxi Vaṭakaṇikā, xxix Vaṭeśvara, 60, 91, 261 Vaṭeśvara-Siddhānta, 23, 52, 70 Vāyu, 24 Veda, 24 Vedāṅga-Jyotiṣa, 34, 59, 62, 65, 74, 246, 247 Venus, xxi, 307-9, 310 Venus, kṣepa of, 298; motion of 312-16, 362-63;- śīghra of, 294-99 Vijayanandi, xxi, 354, 355 Vikrama, xxviii Vimardakāla, 225-27, 230-35 Viṣkambha, 59, 246 Viṣṇu, 4 Viṣṇudharmottara, 5 Viṣṭi (Bhadra) 57 Vivāhapaṭala, xxviii Vyatīpāta, 40, 58-63, 244-46 Vyatīpāta-vaidhṛti, xxvii Weekday, 287 Winter, solstice, 65 Yajurveda, 246 Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa, 65 Yakṣyeśvamedhika-yātrā, xxix Yama, 24, Yamakoṭi, 290 Yantras, 267-81 Yaṣṭi, 269-70 Yavana, 4, 289 Yāvanajātaka, 289 Yavanapura, 7, 9, 10, 26, 32, 33, 51, 52, 53, 54, 184, 198, 288 Yoga, xxvi, 5 Yojana, 252 Yojana-measure, 252 Yogayātrā, xxviii, xxix Yuan Chwang, xxviii Yuga, 8, 16, 290 Yuga of five years, 241-42 Yuga-cycles, 293 Yuga-pāda, 293 Zamvad, 24 Zodiac, 55

Appendix VII Śaka and Samvatsara, Time of Varāhamihira, Reasons of falsification 1. Śaka and Samvatsara Śaka is considered related to Śaka tribe or the Śaka–dvīpa (continent) which surrounds or is adjacent to Jambū- dvīpa as per purāṇas. Another misconception is that it was started by Kuṣāṇa (a branch of Śaka-tribe) king Kaniṣka. This assumption has 3 fallacies-(a) As per Rājatarangiṇī of Kalhaṇa, three Turkistan chieftains Huşka, Juşka, and Kaniṣka ruled from 1294 to 1234 BC. They were Buddhists, but they had not started any calendar.(b) Śālivāhana-Śaka started in 78 AD long after period of Kaniṣka whose period is shifted by 1200 years to make it tally with this era. (c) Śālivāhana is not the only Śaka- there are śakas in name of Yudhiṣṭhira starting on 17-12- 3139 BC, Śūdraka in 756 BC, Śrī Harṣa śaka in 456 BC, Kalchuri or Chedi śaka in 248 AD, and various local śa- kas started by local kings in Nepal (Newar in 889 AD, claimed unification in 1769 AD), Shivaji śaka in 1673 AD, Kapilendra śaka in Orissa 1426 etc. None of these kings are of Śaka tribe. Even Siddhārtha Buddha (1886-1805 BC as per purāṇas) is called 'Śākyamuni' though he was descendant of Sūryavamśī Rāmachandra, not of śaka tribe. Similarly, only the following years are called 'Samvat- (a) Sṛṣṭi (creation) samvat from which time planetary system of sun is moving in present manner as per Sūrya- siddhānta (about 198 crore years) (b) Paraśurām-samvat, called Kollam (Kalamba) in Kerala, starting in 6,177 BC. (c) Kali Samvat starting on 17/18-2-3102 BC (without counting 0 AD), Ujjain mid-night. (d) Vikrama (Vikramāditya of Paramāra-Agni dynasty of Ujjain, 82 BC to 19 AD)- Samvat starting in 57 BC. It is surprising that even the astronomers are now using these two words - śaka and samvatsara- in same meaning due to ignoring our veda and purāṇas and depending on deliberately distorted and ignorant European books. Śālivāhana-Śaka is frequently called as 'Śaka -samvat' which has no meaning. It can be either 'Śaka' or 'samvat', and there are many other Śaka, as per examples shown above. Otto Neugebauer in his book- 'Exact Sciences of Antiquity'(Harvard university,1957) has written that two sys- tems of calendar were simultaneously in use in Egypt- one was for mathematical purpose which tallied with sea- sons and the other for civil purpose which was simple to use. Only other reference to double system is 'amali (from amal or rule of a king), and 'fasali'(tallying with seasonal cycle of agriculture) in Persian language. To indicate year Vedas have used only 'samvatsara' whose short form is 'samvat'. This is further shortened to san in Persian. Samvatsara has the following derivations and meanings- (i) Collection of seasons-'Samvasanti ṛtavah yasmin'= in which ṛtu (seasons) reside. This has two meanings. In the space of solar system there are 6 zones of varying energy-Zone number location Ahargaṇa No.(radius of nth zone = earth radius x 2 n-3) 0 Earth surface 3 (2 layers within earth as image of solar system, galaxy) 1 2⁶ times earth 9 (sphere enclosing moon orbit) 2 2¹² times earth 15 (sphere extending up to 60% of venus orbit) 3 2¹⁸ times earth 21sphere around sun, radius of 1000 sun diameter)