APPENDIX VI

SUBJECT INDEX

Abhra, 24 Adar, 24 Adhikamāsa, 17 Ādityadāsa, xxviii Agastya, xxix Agastyodaya, xxix, 278-81 Agni, 24 Agrā, 113-14, 126, 131, 133, 135, 136 Ahargaṇa, xxvii, 241, 243 Aharmāna, xxvii, 34-35, 51-52, 246-47 Ahurmazd, 24 Aja, 24 Ākṣadṛkkarma, 143, 148, 150, 351 Akṣakṣetras, 129 Akṣāṃśa, 267-68 Ākṣavalana, 184, 185 Alexandria, 10, 288 Almagest, 10 Amordad, 24 Amplitude, 114, 126, 131 Anala, 24 Aneran, 24 Aṅgiras, 4 Anna, 24 Anuvakra, 334, 335 Anuvarṇana, 240 Anuvatsara, 242 Apamaṇḍala, 236-38 Ardhakapālayantra, 271 Ārdharātrika (rātra)-pakṣa, 4, 17, 197, 200, 209, 210, 289, 293, 294, 311 Ardibahesht, 24 Arhat, 250 Arkāgrā, 131 Armillary sphere, 272-73 Aruṇa, 4 Āryabhaṭa, xxvii, 17, 92, 196, 197, 198, 200, 210, 252, 289, 311 Āryabhaṭīya, xxvii, xxviii, 3, 5, 10, 26, 42, 44, 59, 60, 61, 62, 196, 198, 205, 210, 223, 289, 292, 299, 371 Āryabhaṭīya-bhāṣya, xviii Ascending node, 67 Ascensional differences, 261-62 Ashisvang, 24 Ashtad, 24 Asman, 24 Astronomer, bad, 74; qualifications of, 112 Astronomical observation, 257-58 Asura, 248, 249, 251 Ativakra, 334, 335 Atri, 4 Audayika-pakṣa, 293 Avan, 24 Avanti, xxi, 353. See also Ujjain Āyana-dṛkkarma, 143, 150, 351 Ayanāṃśa, 68, 73 Āyana-valana, 164 Babylonian astronomy, 316 Babylonians, 291 ‘Bāhu’, 126 Baladeva, 24 Bālava, 57 Banaras, 51, 52, 53 See also Vārāṇasī ‘Base’, 126, 132, 135 Baudhāyana, 139 Bava, 57 Behram, 24 Bhadrāśva-varṣa, 290 Bhadraviṣṇu, 71 Bhadra (viṣṭi), 57 Bhagola, 85-87 Bhārata-varṣa, 290 Bhāskara I, 4, 62, 129 Bhāskara II, 118, 129, 207 261 Bhaṭṭotpala, 4, 10, 179, 187, 244, 292, 293, 301, 310. See also Utpala Bhau Daji, 10 Bhava, 24 Bhoga-rekhā, 272 Bhṛgu, 4 Bhūbhramaṇa, 249-50 ‘Bhuja’, 131, 132, 133, 143, 144, 145, 146 Bhujāntara, 54, 209 Bhūmi, 24 Bhūtasaṅkhyā, 372 Bīja correction of VM for planets, 299 Bimbamāna, 189-90, 215-16 Brahmā, 4, 5, 24 Brahmagupta, xxvii, xxviii, 4, 5, 196, 197, 289 Brahman, 24 Brahmasiddhānta, 5 Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta, xxvii, xxviii, 3, 5, 60, 70, 293 Bṛhadyātrā, xxix Bṛhadyogayātrā, xxix Bṛhajjātaka, xxviii, xxix, 286 Bṛhatsaṃhitā, xxviii, xxix, 3, 4, 10, 17, 22, 62 68, 179, 293, 354, 371 Budhacāra, 340 Budhasphuṭa, 342-60 Burgess, J., xix Caitra-pakṣa, 44 Cakrayantra, 272 Calendar reform, 73 Candracchāyā, 123-25

PAÑCASIDDHĀNTIKĀ 377 Candragrahaṇa, xxvii See also Eclipse, Lunar eclipse Candrāṁśa, 269 Candrasphuṭa, xxviii, 27 Candraśṛṅgonnati, 137-51 Canopus, 278-81 Cara, 48-49, 57, 98 ff., 261 Cara-karaṇa, 57 Carakhanda, 48, 49 Cara-vināḍī, 49, 50, 100, 105 Cardinal directions, 269-70 Catuṣpāda, 57 Celestial equator, 86 Celestial sphere, 270-71 Chāyā, 284 Chedyaka, 267-81 Chedyakayantrāṇi, 267-81 Christian Calendar, 73 Comet, 69 Conjunction of the Moon with a Star, 276-78 Correction for the Equation of the centre, 54 Cosmogony, 248-61 Cyavana, 4 Daily motion of the Sun and the Moon, 185 Dakṣiṇāyana, 60, 176, 177, 248 Dakṣiṇottara, 271 Day, duration of, 246-47 Day, lord of, 21-23, 287, 291 Day-diameter, 96-98 Day-reckoning, 289 Days from Epoch, 5, 8, 10, 11, 25, 26, 197, 241-43 Day-time, 34-35, 51-52 Declination, 85-90 Declination of the Moon 87-90 Declination of the Sun, 87-90 Demons, 248, 249 Depadar, 24 Depdin, 24 Depmohr, 24 Deśāntara, 51-53, 209, 274 Deśāntara-nāḍī, 51 Descending Node, 67, 69 Devas, 248, 249 Dhana, 78 Dhanada, 24 Dharma-śāstra, 10, 69, 74, 139, 251 Dhātrī, 24 Dhruva, 286-87 Dhruvakaraṇī, 77 Dhūmaketu, 68 Dig-jyā, 113-15 Dikshit, S.B., xix, 10 Din, 24 Dinagaṇanā, 288-91 Dina-vyāsa, 96-98 Diophantine equation, 293 Directions from shadow, 126-32 Directions, problems of, 76-130 Dragon's head, 67 Dragon's tail, 67 Drekkāṇa, 258 Dṛkṣepa, 187-89 Dṛkṣepa of the Sun, 219-20 Druma, 24 Duration of a day, 246-47 Duration of the Eclipse, 230-35 Duryavana, 4 Dvādaśāṁśa, 258 Dvāpara, 293 Dvivedi, See also 5, 19, 20; Sudhakara Dvivedi, TS Dyauḥ, 24 Dyugaṇa, 7 Earth, 248 Earth, measures of, 253 Earth, situation of, 248 Earth's shadow, 228-30 Earth-sine, 118-21 Eclipse diagram, 236-40 Eclipse, duration of, 225-27 Eclipses, 195-96, 232-86 Ecliptic, xxvi, 236-38 Egypt 10, 288 Epicycles of the planets, 300-1 Epicyclic theory, 206-9 Epoch, 7, 30, 59 Epoch constant (kṣepa) for Jupiter, 297 Epoch constant for Mars, 297 Epoch constant for Mercury, 298 Epoch constant for Saturn, 297 Epoch constant for Venus, 298 Equation of the centre, 47-48 Farwardin, 24 First point of Aries, 73 First sine, 118-21 Five Schools of Astronomy, 4 Five siddhāntas, compara- tive study, xxvi-vii Gaṇitakaumudī, 265 Garga, 4 Gārgya, 4 Gati, 27, 312 passim. Gavām-ayana-satra, 60 Ghana, 13, 27, 28, 30, 31 Ghaṭī-yantra, 275-76 Gnomon, 91-220 ff., 267-68 Gnomonic shadow, 35 ff. 90-136, 113 Go, 24 God, 250

378 SUBJECT INDEX Gola, 261 Golabandha, 272-73 Gosh, 24 Govad, 24 Govindasvāmī, 61, 91, 311 Grahaṇaparilekha, 195-96 Grahāstodaya, xxvii Graha-vikṣepa, 310 Grahodaya, 309-10 Graphical methods, 261-67 Grāsa-pramāṇa, 234 Great gnomon, 110-12, 130 Greece, 289 Greek, 17 Greenwich, 209 Grīṣma, 65 Guha, 24 Gurucāra, 316-22 Gurusphuṭa, 361 Hali, 24 Hara, 24 Head of Rāhu, 68 Heliacal rising of the planets, 310 Hemanta, 65 Hemispherical Bowl, 271 Herodotus, 17 Hoop, 272 Horā, xxviii, 144 Horā, lord of, 20-23, 291 Horā, lords of, 287, 291 Horāśāstra, xxix Horā-Tantra, 22 Horoscopy, xxviii ‘Hypotenuse’, 6, 143, 144, 145, 146 Iḍāvatsara, 242, 243 Iḍvatsara, 242, 243 India as seen by Varāhamihira, xxviii Indra, 24 Instruments, 267-81 Instruments for measuring time, 274 Intercalary month, 8, 17, 241-42, 290 Iṣa, 65 Iṣṭakālacchāyā, 115-23 Iṣṭakālāgrāsa, 232-34 Iṣṭāntyā, 118 Jain religion, 250 Jambūdvīpa, 290 Jātaka texts, xxviii Jews, 10 Junction-Stars, 277-79 Jupiter, xxi, 316-22; -kṣepa of, 297;-mean, 294-99;-motion of, 361;- rising of, 316-22;-yuga revolutions, 296 Jyautiṣopaniṣat, 282-91 Jyotirmīmāṃsā, xviii, 3, 4, 5, 289, 371 Kakṣā, 214-15;-of the Moon, 214-15;-of the Sun, 214-15 Kāla, 24 Kālabhāga, 309-10, 352-53 Kālāloka prakāśa, 59 Kālamānayantra, 274 Kāla-rekhā, 272 Kali, 293 Kali year, 9 Kālidāsa, 138 Kamalodbhava, 24 Kāpitthaka, xxviii Karaṇa, xxvi, 5, 40, 57-58 Karaṇa-grantha, xxvii Karaṇāvatāra, 3 Karaṇī, 77-80 Karmanibandha, 289 Kāṣṭhā, 63 Kāśyapa, 4 Kaulava, 57 Kendra, 40 Kepler, 206 Ketu, 68, 69 Ketumāla-varṣa, 290 Kha, 24 Khagola, 92-94, 270-71 Khagolārdha, 271 Khaṇḍakhādyaka, 4, 17, 197, 198, 200, 205, 209, 210, 289, 293, 310 Kharega, M.P., xix Khurdad, 24 Khurshed, 24 Kiṃstughna, 57 ‘Koṭi’, 126, 143, 144, 145, 146 Krānti, 85-90 Krañtivṛtta, 86 Kṛta, 293 Kṣepa, 8, 15, 30 Kuhū, 139 Kujacāra, 328-39 Kujasphuṭa, 357-59 Kuṭṭaka, 293 Laghubhāskarīya, 61 Laghujātaka, xxix Laghusaṃhitā, xxix Lagna, 150, 256;-from shadow, 37-39 Lalla, 261 Lambajyā, 96-98 Lambana 172-75, 187 Lambitaparvānta, 221-23 Laṅkā, 253, 289 Laṅkodayamāna, 216 Laṅkodaya-rāśimāna, 102-4 Lāṭadeva, (Lāṭācārya) 4, 5, 288 Later : See also Modern ‘Later’ Sūrya-Siddhānta, 4, 293, 294, 331 Latitude,-from cara, 100-101;-from shadow, 91-92; of planets, 310 Latitude-caused triangles, 129 Local, latitude, 268;- longitude, 274 Lord, of the day, 20, 21;- of the degree, 23;-of the month, 19-23 Lords,-of the day, 297;- of the horās, 287; - of the

PAÑCASIDDHĀNTIKĀ 379 months, 260;-of the week- days, 21-22; of the year, 18, 19, 22 Lunar, 228-35;-days, 290; —eclipse, 152, 228-33 Mādhava, 65 Madhu, 65 Madhyajyā, 216-18 Madhyalagna, 217 Magadhadvija, xxviii Magan calendar, 23 Magas, 23 Mah, 24 Mahābhāskarīya, 17, 26, 49, 52, 54, 60, 91, 131, 143, 293, 310, 311 Mahābhāskarīya-bhāṣya, 59 Mahādoṣaḥ, 60 Mahālayapakṣa, 64 Mahāvyatīpāta, 60, 61, 62 Mahāyātrā, xxix Mahāyuga, 201 Makkibhaṭṭa, xxviii, 259, 288, 371 Manda-Vṛtta, 206 Manes, 64, 283-84 Manu, 4 Marespand, 24 Marīci, 4 Mars, 309;-mean, 294-99; -motion of, 328-29, 357-59; - yuga revolutions, 297 Māsādhipa, 20 Mean, Moon, 198-201; -planets, 293;-Sun, 26, 197-98 Meher, 24 Mercury, xxi, 307-9;- kṣepa of, 298; -motion of, 337, 339-50, 359-60;-Śīghra of, 294-99;-True, 342-60; yuga revolution, 298 Meridian, 271 Meru, 248, 290 Mid-day shadow 251 Minutes into angles, 240 Modern : See also Later Modern Sūrya-Siddhānta, 4, 5, 16, 210, 216, 293 Month, lord of, 20-23 Moon, daily motion, 185-86;-daily rising and setting, 147-51;- true motion, 45-47. See also Mean Moon, True Moon Moon-day time, 148, 149, 151 Moonrise, 138 ff., 148, 149, 150, 151 Moons, two, 250 Moon’s,-anamoly, 211;- ayana, 141 ff.,-cusps, 137-51;-declination, 87-90;-kakṣā, 214-15;- latitude, 69-71;-longi- tude, 269;-luminosity, 258-59;-nakṣatra, 243;- orb, 191-93;-shadow, 123-25;-visibility, 137-45 Moonset, 138 ff., 148, 149, 150 Muhūrta, 33 Mūla-dhruva, 30 Muslim, 10, 139 Nabha, 65 Nabhasya, 65 Nāḍīyantra, 275-76 Nāga, 57 Nakṣatra, xxvi, 5, 33-34, 40, 55, 245-46;-Compu- tation, 54-55 Nakṣatrānayana, 54-55 Nakṣatrasthāna, 277-79 Nakṣatra-tithi, xxvii Nārada, 4 Naraka-caturdaśī, 64 Nati, 175 ff., 189-90, 223-25 Natural astrology, xxviii Nāvāṃśa, 256 Naa-ratnas, xxviii Naugebaver, xiv, xx, 3, 5 See also NP Newton, Isac, 206 Nīlakaṇṭha Somayājī, xviii, 3, 4, 248, 289, 371 Niraya, 24 Nirayana, 104 Niyati, 24 Node, 67-71 Nonagesimal, 188-89 North-polar region, 284 North pole, 251, 255, 256, 257, 258 NP, xiv, xv, xxii, xxvii, 5, 6, 10, 11, 15, 19, 20, 21, 23, 33, 41, 54, 63, 67, 101, 110, 125, 142, 147, 151, 154, 156, 160, 162, 165, 167, 168, 178, 179, 189, 191, 200, 216, 261, 282, 285, 312, 313, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321, 323, 325, 326, 328, 330, 331, 332, 333, 336, 337, 340, 341, 343, 350, 355, 357, 362, 363 Oblique ascension, 48-49 Obscuration of Moon, 232,34 Omitted days, 290 Orbs, 215, 16 Orient Ecliptic Point, 37 Original Saura, 210, 216. See also Saura ‘Pada’, 27, 28, 30, 46 Pādāditya, 71 Paitāmaha, (Siddhānta), xiii, 4, 5, 25, 34, 61, 152; 241, 47; - Content analysis, xxvi Pañcasiddhāntikā, Content analysis, xxii-xxv

380 SUBJECT INDEX Pañca-siddhāntas, 4 See also Five schools, Five Siddhāntas Panchanga, 73 Parahita, 355-65 Paraḥ puruṣaḥ, 24 Parallax, 172, 190 Parallax-corrected New Moon, 221-23 Parallax correction and orbital diameter, 189-90 Parallax in latitude, 176, 223-25 Parallax of longitude, 172-75, 187 Parameśvara, xviii, 3, 91, 251, 371 Parāśara, 4 Parāśara-Siddhānta, 4 Parivatsara, 242 Pauliśa Siddhānta, xiii, xxi, 4, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 26, 42, 66, 68, 70, 76 137-51, 152, 172-80, 196, 197, 205, 217, 224, 235, 265, 288, 292, 293, 310, 312-53;-content analysis, xxv Pauliśa-kṣepa, 11 Pauliśa-moon, 14 Pauliśa-yuga, 16, 17, 18 Paurukutsa, 4 ‘Perpendicular’, 126, 131, 133 Pi, 76-77 Pingree, D., xiv, xvii, xviii, xxi, xxvii-3, 5, 261 See also NP Pitāmaha,-Siddhānta, 4, 5, See Paitāmaha-Siddhānta Pitṛ, 24 Place, problems of, 76-130 Planetary days, 290 Planets,-epicycles of, 300-1;-their situation, 259-60 Poles, 286-87 Prabhākara, 60 Pradyumna, xxi, 353, 355 Prajeśa, 24 Pravaha, 249 Precession of the equinoxes, 65 Prime vertical, 106, 113, 271 Pṛthūdaka, xviii, 3, 60, 248, 249, 251, 259, 371 Pṛthuyaśas, xxviii Ptolemy II, 17, 196, 205 Rāhu, 40, 67-71, 152, 186-87, 201-3, 286, 293 Rāhu’s head, 67 Raivata Pakṣa, 44 Rām, 24 Rāma, 72 Rāmāyaṇa, 72 Raṅganātha, 293, 308 Rashna, 24 R Sines, 86-87 R sine of the Sun’s Zenith distance, 264,66 Rashtriya Panchang, 73 Rāśi division, 252 Rāśyudaya, 104-6, 266 Ravi, 24 See also Sun Ravidṛkṣepa, 218-20 Ravigrahaṇa, xxvii Ravisphuṭa, xxvii Reduction to the equator, 54 Rekhāṁśa, 268 Retrograde motion, 309 Ṛgveda, 69, 246 Right ascensional difference, 102-4 Right ascensions of the signs, 266-67 Rising and setting of Planets, 312-53 Rising signs, 104-6 Romaka (Siddhānta), xiii, xix, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11, 14, 26, 31, 32, 42, 43, 44, 66, 70, 73, 74, 152, 181-197, 205, 213, 225, 288, 313;- Content analysis xxv Romaka-kṣepa, 11 Romaka-pura, 290 Romaka-Yuga, 8, 16, 17, 18, 184, 195 Romaśa, 4 Rome, 290 Rotation of the Earth, 249-50 Ṣaḍaśītimukha, 64 Ṣaḍaśīti-puṇyakāla, 64-65 Sahas, 65 Sahasya, 65 Śaka era, 9 Śaka year, 8, 11 Śakuni, 57 Samakala, Samalipta, 152 ff. Samamaṇḍala, 113, 271 Samāsasaṁhitā, xxix Sama-śaṅku, 106, 110-12 Saṁhitā, xxviii Samīraṇa, 24 Saṁvatsara, 242 Śanaiścara, 69 Śanicāra, 322-28 Śanisphuṭa, 363-65 Śaṅkaranārāyaṇa, 61 Saṅkāśya, xxviii Saṅkramaṇa, 66 Saṅkrāntikāla, 65-66 Śaṅku, 220 ff., 267-68 Śaṅkucchāyā, 35, 90-136, 113 Śāṅkulipta, 118 Śaṅkutala, 126, 129, 130 Śaṅkvagrā, 126, 129, 131 Śarad, 65 Sarosh, 24 Sārpamastaka, 59 Śaśi, 24 Śaśitārāyoga, 276 Śāstra, 24 Sastry, T.S.K., xix, 25, 261 Ṣaṭpañcāśikā, xxviii

PAÑCASIDDHĀNTIKĀ 381

[Column 1] Saturn, xxi, 316;-kṣepa of, 297;-mean, 294-99;- motion of 322-28, 363-65;-yuga revolu- tions, 297 Śaunaka, 4 Saura (Siddhānta), xiii, xix, 4, 10, 11, 12, 16, 197-235, 17, 31, 32, 40, 44, 66, 76, 152, 198, 228, 235, 289, 293, 296, 300, 311, 353, 354; Content analysis, xxvi Sauradina, 356-57 Saura-Saṁhitā, xiii, xix Saura-yuga, 198, 201 Savitṛ, 24 Sāyana, 65, 104, 105 Seasons, 65 Secrets of Astronomy, 282-91 Shadow, 3, 8, 115;-at desired time, 115-23;- diameter of, 228-30;- from time, 122-23;- gnomonic, 35ff.; 90-136 See also Gnomonic shadow Shadow-hypotenuse, 126, 129, 130, 135 Shahrivar, 24 Shastri, Ajay Mitra, xxviii, xxix Shukla, K.S., xix, 3, 20, 23, 25, 75, 261 Siddhāntaśekhara, xviii, 3, 240, 371 Siddhānta Śiromaṇi, 32, 43, 44, 49, 63, 124, 130, 143, 185, 189, 207, 304, 308 Siddhapura, 290 Śīghra-kendra, 302 Śīghra-vṛtta, 206 Sign, 252 Siṁhācārya, 289 Sine amplitude, 113-15

[Column 2] Sine Co-latitude, 96-98 Sine Zenith distance of meridian pt., 95, 216-18 Sinīvālī, 139 Śiñjinī, 78 Śiśira, 65 Sky-sphere, 92-94 Solar-day, 64;-eclipse, 152, 172-227 Solstices, 65 Soma, 4 South pole, 251 Spandarmad, 24 Spheric, 261 Sphuṭagraha, 301 Sphuṭak

382 SUBJECT INDEX Trijyā, 78 Trimśāṁśa, 256 Triśatikā, 265 True, Moon, 27-33, 183-85, 203-6;-motion of Moon, 211;-motion of Sun, 212- 13;-planets, 300, 302;- Sun, 25-27, 203-6;-tithi, 269 TS, xiii, xiv, xv, xvi, xx, xxii, 5, 6, 10, 15, 19, 20, 21, 25, 28, 32, 33, 34, 39, 41, 44, 47, 54, 59, 63, 67, 68, 70, 71, 80, 91, 101, 110, 117, 125, 136, 142, 147, 151, 153, 156, 160, 162, 165, 167, 168, 178, 179, 189, 191, 200, 201, 214, 216, 218, 221, 223, 230, 234, 235, 244, 246, 282, 284, 285, 294, 296, 299, 300, 301, 304, 307, 310, 312, 313, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321, 323, 325, 328, 329, 332, 333, 336, 337, 340, 341, 343, 350, 355, 356, 357, 358, 361, 362, 363, 364. See also Dvivedi; Sudhakara Dvivedi; Thibaut Udayāntara, 54, 209 Ujjain, 10, 26, 32, 33, 36, 51, 52, 53, 184, 195, 196, 197, 198, 200, 209, 210, 212, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 288, 289, 294, 353. Unmaṇḍala, 93, 99, 105, 106, 108, 150 Ūrja, 85 Utpala, xviii, xxviii, xxix, 3, 16, 19, 20, 21, 22, 41, 48, 62, 65, 92, 102, 111, 115, 121, 137, 147, 166, 191, 197, 241, 243, 248, 249, 251, 252, 254, 255, 257, 260, 276, 288, 371. See also Bhaṭṭotpala Uttara-kuru-varṣa, 290 Uttarāyaṇa, 60, 61, 65, 176, 177, 180, 246 Vāgbhāva correction, 299 Vaidhṛti, 40, 58-63 Vāk, 24 Vakra, 309, 334 Vākyakaraṇa, 26, 31, 49, 52, 54, 77 Vaṇijya (Vaṇija), 57 Vāra, xxvi, 5 Varāhamihira, Life and works, xxvii-xxix Vārajñāna, 288 Vārāṇasi, 51 Varṣa, 65 Varṣādhipa, 18, 19 Varuṇa, 24 Vāsa, 24 Vasanta, 65 Vasiṣṭha, 4, 265 Vāsiṣṭha, Siddhānta, 4, 5, 10, 13, 15, 30, 31, 32, 39, 40, 152, 179, 184, 196, 235, 312-53, Contents analysis, xxvi Vāsiṣṭha-moon, 14, 32 Vāsiṣṭha-Pauliśa, 184 Vāsiṣṭha-samāsa- Siddhānta, 39- Vāsiṣṭha-saṁhita, xiii, xix, xxi Vaṭakaṇikā, xxix Vaṭeśvara, 60, 91, 261 Vaṭeśvara-Siddhānta, 23, 52, 70 Vāyu, 24 Veda, 24 Vedāṅga-Jyotiṣa, 34, 59, 62, 65, 74, 246, 247 Venus, xxi, 307-9, 310 Venus, kṣepa of, 298; motion of 312-16, 362-63;- śīghra of, 294-99 Vijayanandi, xxi, 354, 355 Vikrama, xxviii Vimardakāla, 225-27, 230-35 Viṣkambha, 59, 246 Viṣṇu, 4 Viṣṇudharmottara, 5 Viṣṭi (Bhadra) 57 Vivāhapaṭala, xxviii Vyatīpāta, 40, 58-63, 244-46 Vyatīpāta-vaidhṛti, xxvii Weekday, 287 Winter, solstice, 65 Yajurveda, 246 Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa, 65 Yakṣyeśvamedhika-yātrā, xxix Yama, 24, Yamakoṭi, 290 Yantras, 267-81 Yaṣṭi, 269-70 Yavana, 4, 289 Yāvanajātaka, 289 Yavanapura, 7, 9, 10, 26, 32, 33, 51, 52, 53, 54, 184, 198, 288 Yoga, xxvi, 5 Yojana, 252 Yojana-measure, 252 Yogayātrā, xxviii, xxix Yuan Chwang, xxviii Yuga, 8, 16, 290 Yuga of five years, 241-42 Yuga-cycles, 293 Yuga-pāda, 293 Zamvad, 24 Zodiac, 55

Appendix VII Śaka and Samvatsara, Time of Varāhamihira, Reasons of falsification 1. Śaka and Samvatsara Śaka is considered related to Śaka tribe or the Śaka–dvīpa (continent) which surrounds or is adjacent to Jambū- dvīpa as per purāṇas. Another misconception is that it was started by Kuṣāṇa (a branch of Śaka-tribe) king Kaniṣka. This assumption has 3 fallacies-(a) As per Rājatarangiṇī of Kalhaṇa, three Turkistan chieftains Huşka, Juşka, and Kaniṣka ruled from 1294 to 1234 BC. They were Buddhists, but they had not started any calendar.(b) Śālivāhana-Śaka started in 78 AD long after period of Kaniṣka whose period is shifted by 1200 years to make it tally with this era. (c) Śālivāhana is not the only Śaka- there are śakas in name of Yudhiṣṭhira starting on 17-12- 3139 BC, Śūdraka in 756 BC, Śrī Harṣa śaka in 456 BC, Kalchuri or Chedi śaka in 248 AD, and various local śa- kas started by local kings in Nepal (Newar in 889 AD, claimed unification in 1769 AD), Shivaji śaka in 1673 AD, Kapilendra śaka in Orissa 1426 etc. None of these kings are of Śaka tribe. Even Siddhārtha Buddha (1886-1805 BC as per purāṇas) is called 'Śākyamuni' though he was descendant of Sūryavamśī Rāmachandra, not of śaka tribe. Similarly, only the following years are called 'Samvat- (a) Sṛṣṭi (creation) samvat from which time planetary system of sun is moving in present manner as per Sūrya- siddhānta (about 198 crore years) (b) Paraśurām-samvat, called Kollam (Kalamba) in Kerala, starting in 6,177 BC. (c) Kali Samvat starting on 17/18-2-3102 BC (without counting 0 AD), Ujjain mid-night. (d) Vikrama (Vikramāditya of Paramāra-Agni dynasty of Ujjain, 82 BC to 19 AD)- Samvat starting in 57 BC. It is surprising that even the astronomers are now using these two words - śaka and samvatsara- in same meaning due to ignoring our veda and purāṇas and depending on deliberately distorted and ignorant European books. Śālivāhana-Śaka is frequently called as 'Śaka -samvat' which has no meaning. It can be either 'Śaka' or 'samvat', and there are many other Śaka, as per examples shown above. Otto Neugebauer in his book- 'Exact Sciences of Antiquity'(Harvard university,1957) has written that two sys- tems of calendar were simultaneously in use in Egypt- one was for mathematical purpose which tallied with sea- sons and the other for civil purpose which was simple to use. Only other reference to double system is 'amali (from amal or rule of a king), and 'fasali'(tallying with seasonal cycle of agriculture) in Persian language. To indicate year Vedas have used only 'samvatsara' whose short form is 'samvat'. This is further shortened to san in Persian. Samvatsara has the following derivations and meanings- (i) Collection of seasons-'Samvasanti ṛtavah yasmin'= in which ṛtu (seasons) reside. This has two meanings. In the space of solar system there are 6 zones of varying energy-Zone number location Ahargaṇa No.(radius of nth zone = earth radius x 2 n-3) 0 Earth surface 3 (2 layers within earth as image of solar system, galaxy) 1 2⁶ times earth 9 (sphere enclosing moon orbit) 2 2¹² times earth 15 (sphere extending up to 60% of venus orbit) 3 2¹⁸ times earth 21sphere around sun, radius of 1000 sun diameter)

4 2²⁴ times earth 27 (maitreya or sāvitrī maṇḍala, 1 lakh sun diameter) 5 2³⁰ times earth 33 (dyu or sky of solar system, 1 crore diameter) Energy (prāṇa) of these 33 ahargaṇa zones- 3 in earth and 30 outside- are 33 devatā. In Indian scripts their signs are consonants from ‘k’ to ‘h’. The scripts are thus a chiti (arrangement, city) of devas in symbols of letters- so it is called ‘Devanāgarī’= Nagara (city) of devas. These 6 zones are called 6 ‘Vaṣaṭkāra’-each are further divided into 6 ahargaṇa spacing ( Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa.1/7/2/21,11/2/2/5) Here, ahargaṇa is count of zones of sun field. On earth it means count of days used for calculation of planetary positions from a fixed point of time. Outside earth, zone of sun extends up to 30 dhāmas (Ṛk ved 10/189/3, Sāmveda 632, 1398, Atharva 6/31/3 Yajurveda 3/8). Par- allel to 6 vaṣaṭkāra in space, there are 6 seasons on earth, each extending to motion of sun in 2 signs (600 ). (ii)Curved motion- Pandit Madhusudan Ojha in his Brahma-Siddhānta ( Nepal granthmala, Banaras Hindu Univer- sity, 1963) has derived it from root verb ‘tsara’= to move hidingly or in curve-Pāṇini dhātupāṭha (1/373).It has three meanings-earth motion in its orbit is constantly changing direction, this is cause of change of seasons. Change of seasons in solar system or on earth surface is continuous, our marking of boundaries is arbitrary. (iii)Followed by all-Sam+vat+sarati, i.e. all move according to it. Thus all our activities accounts year, educational session, festivals etc. are based on samvatsara. In Jain tradition, anniversary is called Samavasaraṇa. Śaka word is used in astronomy books for calculation purpose. This is also used in Vedas but not in the meaning of year. This is formed of ‘kuśa’(straw) whose derivations are- (i) kuśa (Pāṇini 9/50)= to extract, test or conclude (ii) Kuś or Kus (Pāṇini 4/108) = to join, bind. (iii) Ku (earth) + śubh (Pāṇini 6/33)= spread on earth or its beauty. (iv) Kṛśa (Pāṇini 4/117) = to be thin or fine Śaka has 3 root verbs- (i)Śaka (Pāṇini 4/76) = to withstand, tolerate. (ii) Śaklṛ (Pāṇini 5/16) = to have power, able (iii) Śach (Pāṇini 1/723) = to combine. Thus a kuśa (straw) is a thin line shaped object symbol of smallest and root number 1.Counting of bigger numbers is by adding it, the cumulative count is ‘śaka’. Countings are marked in the following manner- IIII, IIII, IIII, IIII, II ........ After 4 kuśa are collected, they are tied with the 5th kuśa, thus making bundles of 5-5 kuśas. By making bundle, ‘kuśa’ becomes stronger, and is called śaka (powerful).Thus total count of days (ahargaṇa) is called śaka, and the year system starting from a point is also called ‘śaka’. So in Mexico and Sumeria, historians have written that years were counted for thousands of years by adding a straw for each year to the bundle. This is only conceptual adding, otherwise straw will not last even for one year. For over thousands years even the social organizations or government will not survive to maintain this system.

2. Time of Varāhamihira

Varāhamihira and Kālidāsa were among 9 jewels in court of Paramāra king Vikramāditya of Ujjain (82 BC-19 AD) who started Vikrama samvata at Paśupatinātha in Nepal when king Avantivarman (103-33 BC) was ruling. But

they have given their times in a śaka, but that is calculated in śaka started in 78 AD long after their death by Śālivāhana, grandson of Vikramāditya. He has indicated in Bṛhat-saṁhitā (13/3) that he was using a śaka of 612 BC (Yudhiṣṭhira śaka 2526). In same Yudhiṣṭhira śaka of 3138 BC, he has given his date of birth as 8-3-95 BC (śaka, 3042, Chaitra śukla 8) in Kutūhala-mañjarī- वराहमिहिर-कुतूहल मञ्जरी-स्वस्ति श्रीनृप सूर्यसूनुज-शके याते द्वि-वेदा-म्बर-त्रै (३०४२) मानाब्दमिते त्वनेहसि जये वर्षे वसन्तादिके। चैत्रे श्वेतदले शुभे वसुतिथावादित्यदासाद्भूद् वेदाङ्गे निपुणे वराहमिहिरो विप्रो रवेराशीर्भिः॥ वराहमिहिर-बृहत् संहिता (१३/३)- आसन् मघासु मुनयः शासति पृथ्वीं युधिष्ठिरे नृपतौ। षड्-द्विक-पञ्च-द्वि (२५२६) युतः शककालस्तस्य राज्ञस्य॥ He has indicated his birth in Kapitthaka and later life at Avantikā, then under Vikramāditya- वराहमिहिर-बृहज्जातक, अध्याय २८-उपसंहार- आदित्यदास तनयस्तदवाप्त बोधः कापित्थके सवितृलब्धवरप्रसादः। आवन्तिको मुनिमतानवलोक्य सम्यग् घोरां वराहमिहिरो रुचिरां चकार॥९॥ He has indicated start of north motion of sun from Makara sign in Bṛhat-saṁhitā and equivalent yoga calculation in Pañcha-siddhāntikā वराहमिहिर-बृहत् संहिता (३/१-२)-आश्लेषार्द्धाद्दक्षिणमुत्तरमयनं रवेर्धनिष्ठाद्यम्। नूनं कदाचिदासीद्येनोक्तं पूर्वशास्त्रेषु॥१॥ साम्प्रतमयनं सवितुः कर्कटकाद्यं मृगादितश्चान्यत्। उक्ताभावो विकृतिः प्रत्यक्षपरीक्षणैर्व्यक्तिः॥२॥ = Earlier books stated south motion of sun from middle of Āśleṣā (113⁰20’) and north motion from start of Dhaniṣṭhā. Now, it is from start of Karka (90⁰) and Makara (270⁰) signs, which can be easily verified by observa- tion. पञ्चसिद्धान्तिका, अध्याय ३ (पौलिश सिद्धान्त)- अर्केन्दुयोगचक्रे वैधृतमुक्तं दशर्के सहिते (तु)। यदि च(क्रं) व्यतिपातो वेला मृग्या (युतैः भोगैः॥२०॥ आश्लेषार्धार्दासीद्यदा निवृत्तिः किलोष्णकिरणस्य। युक्तमयनं तदाऽऽसीत् साम्प्रतमयनं पुनर्वसुतः॥२१॥ When sum of sun and moon sign/degrees is 360⁰, then it is Vaidhṛti yoga-when declination of sun and moon are same but in opposite directions (north-south). Adding 10 nakṣatras (133⁰20’), it is Vyatīpāta yoga, when sun-moon have same declination, but on opposite ends of ecliptic. That is possible only when south motion of sun started from middle of Āśleṣā (113⁰20’) which now starts from Punarvasu (Karka sign starts with its fourth quarter, 90⁰). In his book Pañcha-siddhāntikā, he has taken reference year as 427 śaka (185 BC)- पञ्चसिद्धान्तिका, अध्याय १- सप्ताश्विवेद (४२७) संख्यं शककालमपास्य चैत्रशुक्लादौ। अर्धास्तमिते भानौ यवनपुरे सौम्य दिवसाद्यः॥८॥ = On Śaka 427, Chaitra śukla 1 start when sun was half set at Yavanapur, it was day of Saumya (mercury, sun of Soma = moon). Thebaut has changed Saumya to Soma (Monday). S.B. Dixit made it Bhauma =Tuesday, so that it tallies with counting from Śālivāhana-śaka starting after death of Varāhamihira in 78 AD. Yavanapura is assumed to be Romaka-pattana of Sūrya-siddhānta, 90⁰ west from Ujjain. Sun is set from evening to sunrise, its middle point is midnight. When it is midnight there, it will be sunrise in Ujjain. This Śaka started in year 2526 of Yudhiṣṭhira Śaka. वराहमिहिर-बृहत् संहिता (१३/३)-

आसन् मघासु मुनयः शासति पृथ्वीं युधिष्ठिरे नृपतौ। षड्-द्विक-पञ्च-द्वि (२५२६) युतः शककालस्तस्य राज्ञस्य॥ = Saptarṣis (muni) were in Maghā when Yudhiṣṭhira was ruling the world. To get Śaka of that king (Yudhiṣṭhira), add 2526 (to current Śaka). Yudhiṣṭhira Śaka started on day of his coronation 17-12-3139 BC. After 5 days, Bhīṣma expired at start of north motion of sun on 22 December. 36 years after that, Kali started on 17-2-3102 BC when Kṛṣṇa left world. After fur- ther 36 years, Yudhiṣṭhira expired when Saptarṣis left Maghā after 100 year stay in that. Kota Venkatachalam takes that as start of Yudhiṣṭhira Śaka and makes Śaka of Varāhamihira from 550 BC to tally it with Persian king Darius-assuming him to be the great Śaka king. But it has been explained that Śaka year has no link with tribe. Darius was not a Śaka, nor he ever ruled India. Then it was Āndhra-Sātavāhana rule, so he has called it Āndhra- Sātavāhana Śaka also. Calculation is being given for Śaka of 612 BC and other assumed Śaka as per Jagannath-Hora software of Nara- simha Rao- (1) 612 BC-Epoch 18-2-185 BC- Chaitra śukla 1 started on 18 at 10-10-24 hrs. But sunrise at Ujjain was at 7-6-39 hrs. So date was 17-2-185 BC, Wednesday. (2) 550 BC of Darius -Epoch 5-3-124 BC- Chaitra śukla 1 from 6-44-24. Sunrise at 6-53-44 on 4 March, Thursday. (3) Vikrama Samvat of 57 BC-This is samvat, not a Śaka, still calculation is done for that as the different is not understood. Chaitra śukla 1 of 427 year on 4-3-371 AD at 2-13-54. Sunrise on 3 March Thursday at 6-51-51. (4) Śālivāhana Śaka of 78 AD-(a) 427 current (gamya) year- Chaitra śukla 1 on 20-2-505, at 8-8-08 hrs. Sunday. As sunrise was at 7-0-22 hrs, Pratipadā will be counted on next day-monday. (b) 427 lapsed (gata)- Chaitra śukla 1 on 11-3-506 at 3-14-54. Friday on 12, sunrise at 6-43-49 on 10th. Thus, the Śaka of Varāhamihira does not fit with any other year except 612 BC. 3 . Time of Brahmagupta- His father Jiṣṇugupta was a contemporary of Varāhamihira and Kālidāsa and has used the same Śaka of 612 BC, calling it Chāpa-Śaka. His father was a famous man so Brahmagupta and others have frequently called him as son of Jiṣṇugupta. Vaṭeśvara has named only his father-for criticism. ब्राह्मस्फुटसिद्धान्त, मध्यमाधिकार (१/२)- ब्रह्मोक्तं ग्रहगणितम् महताकालेन यत् खिलीभूतम्। अभिधीयते स्फुटं तज्जिष्णुसुत ब्रह्मगुप्तेन॥ वटेश्वर सिद्धान्त-ब्राह्म-स्फुटसिद्धान्त परीक्षणाध्याय दिव्यशास्त्रमपहाय यदन्यत् प्राह जिष्णुतनयो निज बुद्ध्या। तस्य शास्त्रमधिकृत्य ततोऽहं दूषणानि कतिचित् कथयामि ॥१॥ जिष्णुपुत्र कथितैर्युगाङ्घ्रिभिः खेचरो नहि यतः स्वपर्ययम्। भुञ्जते सममतो युगाङ्घ्रयः श्रीमदार्यभटकीर्तितास्फुटाः॥२॥ पुलिशरोमकसूर्यपितामहप्रकथितैर्मनुकल्पयुगाङ्घ्रिभिः। न हि समाः खलु जिष्णुसुतेरिताः कथमपीह यतो न ततः स्फुटः॥५॥ जिष्णु सुतोक्तं ब्रह्मोक्तसम्मतमित्यस्य खण्डनम्- न ब्रह्मोक्त्या घटते जिष्णुसुतोक्तं युगादि किञ्चिदपि।यस्मान्मृषैव तस्माद्ब्रह्मोक्तमिति यच्चकार तत् संज्ञम्॥१३॥ युगपादान् जिष्णुसुतस्त्रीन् यातानाह कलियुगादौ यत्। तस्य द्वापरादो युगगतयेये स्फुटे जातः॥१४॥ लङ्कासमयाम्योत्तररेखायां भास्करोदये मध्याः। जिष्णुसुतेनोक्तं यन तत्स्फुटं विषुवतोऽन्यत्र॥१५॥ न समा युगमनुकल्पाः कल्पादिगतं कृतादियातं च। ब्राह्मोक्तैर्जिष्णुसुतो नातो जानाति मध्यगतिम्॥१९॥

भूपरिधिखण्डवर्गो देशान्तरयोजनैः कृतस्तेन। तदतीव गणितजाड्यं प्रदर्शितं जिष्णुतनयेन॥२५॥ नातोऽस्ति ज्या नियमः शरसौक्ष्म्यात्तन्निवर्तनं युक्तम्। सप्तक (७) शरे निवृत्तिर्जिष्णुसुतस्यैव युक्ततमा॥३१॥ प्राक् क्षितिजेऽपमवलयोदयमानं प्राङ् निरूपितं दृष्टम्। जिष्णुसुतेनान्यत्र तु नातो जानाति तद् भ्रमणम्॥३६॥ वास्तववेधादन्यज्जिष्णोस्तनयस्य भाविनी भाऽपि। दूरभ्रष्टाऽङ्गुलकैरतोऽस्फुटास्तस्य सर्वेऽपि॥३७॥ नो वा गोलं नो लम्बनकं संस्थानं नो तथा क्षेत्रम्। नापि रविग्रहहृदयं जिष्णुसुतो गणितगोलबाह्योऽयम्॥४०॥ उदयास्तमयभानोरिष्टे काले ग्रहस्य दृक्कर्म। कृतवान् जिष्णुसुतो यस्त्वौदयिके सुगणितजाड्यं तत्॥४३॥ भानुभुजाविनियोगाच्चन्द्रे शुक्लं प्रदर्शितं तेन। नो लग्नभुजानुगं वेत्ति तु शुक्लं सुतो जिष्णोः॥४४॥ जिष्णुसुतदूषणानां संख्यां वक्तुं न शक्यते यस्मात्। तस्मादयमुद्देशो बुद्धिमताऽन्यानि योज्यानि॥४५॥ एकमपि न वेत्ति जिष्णुसुतो गणित गोलानाम्। न मया प्रोक्तानि ततः पृथक् पृथग् दूषणान्येषाम्॥४६॥ His time is indicated at end of his book- ब्राह्मस्फुटसिद्धान्त (२४/७-८)-श्रीचापवंशतिलके श्रीव्याघ्रमुखे नृपे शकनृपाणाम्। पञ्चाशत् संयुक्तैर्वर्षशतैः पञ्चभिरतीतैः॥ ब्राह्मः स्फुटसिद्धान्तः सज्जनगणितज्ञगोलवित् प्रीत्यै। त्रिंशद्वर्षेण कृतो जिष्णुसुतब्रह्मगुप्तेन॥ Here, year of a king of Chāpa-vamśa is followed who had started a śaka. Gotra of Bhīṣma and Pāṇḍavas was Vyāghrapada of Vasiṣṭha line and a seer of Ṛgveda. Main king in their line whose year was being followed is called Vyāghramukha (i.e head of that line). That was one of the 4 Agni-vamśas joining hand under king Śūdraka at Mount Abu in 756 BC (Śūdraka-śaka). They were Chapahāni, Pratihāra, Paramāra, Chālukya (Solanki, Sālunkhe). In Chapahāni clan, famous king Chāhamāna routed Assyria and its capital Nineve in 612 BC-which was marked by start of a śaka. Thereafter, it was famous as Chauhāna-the last king being Prithviraj Chauhan who was last independent king of Delhi. They were experts in archery or they were protectors of west border of India in shape of Chāpa (bow) called Mālvā-like a garland (mālā). So, they were called Chapahāni. When Saras- vatī river dried up, Hastinapur was destroyed by Ganga floods and Pāṇḍava king Nichakṣu-8 generations after Mahābhārata had to shift to Kosambi. In same generation Pārśvanātha (Jaina Tīrthankara 23) was born in ruling family of Kashi. His sanyāsa time is called Jaina-Yudhiṣṭhira-śaka of 2634 BC. That was era of 100 years without rain (in Sarasvatī river region) when Chapahāni kings protected west border and saved people from famine. That has been called incarnation of Śākambharī in Durgā-saptaśatī, chapter 11. So, Chauhans have been famous as belonging to Śākambharī. भविष्य पुराण, प्रतिसर्ग पर्व (१/६)- एतस्मिन्नेवकाले तु कान्यकुब्जो द्विजोत्तमः। अर्बुदं शिखरं प्राप्य ब्रह्महोममथाकरोत्॥४५॥ वेदमन्त्रप्रभावाच्च जाताश्चत्वारि क्षत्रियाः। प्रमरस्सामवेदी च चपहानिर्यजुर्विदः॥४६॥ त्रिवेदी च तथा शुक्लोऽथर्वा स परिहारकः॥४७॥ अवन्ते प्रमरो भूपश्चतुर्योजन विस्तृता॥४९॥ प्रतिसर्ग (१/७)-चित्रकूटगिरिर्देशे परिहारो महीपतिः। कालिंजर पुरं रम्यमक्रोशायतनं स्मृतम्॥१॥ राजपुत्राख्यदेशे च चपहानिर्महीपतिः॥२॥ अजमेरपुरं रम्यं विधिशोभा समन्वितम्॥३॥ शुक्लो नाम महीपालो गत आनर्तमण्डले। द्वारकां नाम नगरीमध्यास्य सुखिनोऽभवत्॥४॥ विष्णु पुराण (४/२१)-अतः परं भविष्यानहं भूपालान्कीर्तयिष्यामि॥१॥ योऽयं साम्प्रतमवनीपतिः परीक्षित्तस्यापि जनमेजय-श्रुतसेनो-ग्रसेन- भीमसेनश्चत्वारः पुत्राः भविष्यन्ति॥२॥ जनमेजयस्यापि शतानीको भविष्यति॥३॥ योऽसौ याज्ञवल्क्याद्वेदमधीत्य कृपाद्ब्रह्मास्त्रमवाप्य विषम-विषय- विरक्त-चित्तवृत्तिश्च शौनकोपदेशादात्म-ज्ञान-प्रवीणः परं निर्वाणमवाप्स्यति॥४॥ शतानीकादश्वमेधदत्तो भविता॥५॥ तस्मादप्यधिसीमकृष्णः॥६॥ अधिसीमकृष्णान्निचक्षुः॥७॥ यो गङ्गायापहृते हस्तिनापुरे कौशाम्ब्यां निवत्स्यति॥८॥

दुर्गा-सप्तशती (११/४६-४९)-भूयश्च शतवार्षिक्यामनावृष्ट्यामनम्भसि। मुनिभिः संस्तुता भूमौ सम्भविष्याम्ययोनिजा॥४६॥ ततः शतेन नेत्राणां निरीक्षिष्यामि यन्मुनीन्। कीर्तयिष्यन्ति मनुजाः शताक्षीमिति मां ततः॥४७॥ ततोऽहमखिलं लोकमात्मदेहसमुद्भवैः। भरिष्यामि सुराः शाकैरावृष्टेः प्राणधारकैः॥४८॥ शाकम्भरीति विख्यातिं तदा यास्याम्यहं भुवि। तत्रैव च वधिष्यामि दुर्गमाख्यं महासुरम्॥४९॥ जिनविजय महाकाव्य (संस्कृत चन्द्रिका ५/२)-ऋषिवारः तथा पूर्णं मर्त्याक्षौ वाममेलनात् (२०७७), एकीकृत्य लभेताङ्कः क्रोधी स्यात् तत्र वत्सरः। भट्टाचार्य कुमारस्य कर्मकाण्डैकवादिनः, ज्ञेयः प्रादुर्भवस्तस्मिन् वर्षे युधिष्ठिरे शके॥ ऋषि=७, वार =७, पूर्ण =०, मर्त्याक्षौ =२, (जैन) युधिष्ठिर शक (२६३४) से आरम्भ) के २०७७ वर्ष, अर्थात् ५५७ ईसापूर्व में कुमारिल भट्ट का जन्म। दुर्घटना-नन्दः पूर्णं भूः च नेत्रे मनुजानां (२१०९) च वामतः, मेलने वत्सरो धाता युधिष्ठिरशकस्य वै। भट्टाचार्य कुमारस्य कर्मकाण्डैकवादिनः, जातः पराभवस्तस्मिन् विज्ञेयो वत्सरे शुभे॥ मृत्यु-पश्चाद् पश्चादशे वर्षे शंकरस्य गते सति। भट्टाचार्य कुमारस्य दर्शनं कृतवान् शिवः॥ Jiṣṇugupta at time of Vikramāditya is given by Varāhamihira and Kālidāsa- वराहमिहिर- बृहज्जातक सप्तमोऽध्यायः- आयुर्दाय विष्णु (जिष्णु) गुप्तोऽपि चैवं देव स्वामी सिद्धसेनश्च चक्रे। दोषैश्चैषां जायते अष्टावरिष्टं हित्वा नायुर्विंशतेः स्याद् अधस्तात् || ७|| कालिदास-ज्योतिर्विदाभरण-अध्याय २२-ग्रन्थाध्यायनिरूपणम्- श्लोकैश्चतुर्दशशतै सजिनैर्मयैव ज्योतिर्विदाभरणकाव्यविधा नमेतत् ॥ २२.६ ॥ विक्रमार्कवर्णनम्-वर्षे श्रुतिस्मृतिविचारविवेकरम्ये श्रीभारते खधृतिसम्मितदेशपीठे। मत्तोऽधुना कृतिरियं सति मालवेन्द्रे श्रीविक्रमार्कनृपराजवरे समासीत् ॥ २२.७ ॥ **नृपसभायां पण्डितवर्गा-**शङ्कु सुवाग्वररुचिर्मणिरङ्गदत्तो जिष्णुस्त्रिलोचनहरो घटखर्पराख्य। अन्येऽपि सन्ति कवयोऽमरसिंहपूर्वा यस्यैव विक्रमनृपस्य सभासदोऽमो ॥ २२.८ ॥ सत्यो वराहमिहिर श्रुतसेननामा श्रीबादरायणमणित्थकुमारसिंहा। श्रविक्रमार्कनृपसंसदि सन्ति चैते श्रीकालतन्त्रकवयस्त्वपरे मदाद्या ॥ २२.९ ॥ **नवरत्नानि-**धन्वन्तरि क्षपणकामरसिंहशङ्कुर्वेतालभट्टघटखर्परकालिदासा। ख्यातो वराहमिहिरो नृपते सभायां रत्नानि वै वररुचिर्नव विक्रमस्य ॥ २२.१० ॥ Grandfather of Brahmagupta was most famous king Amśuvarman (103-33 BC) of Nepal during whose time Vik- ramāditya had started his samvat at Paśupatinātha in 57 BC. Huensang has described Amśuvarman as a king famous for knowledge who had written a book on grammar. By calculating time of Amśuvarman from start of Harṣavardhana rule (605-646 AD), his time is calculated after Huensang. Extract of ‘Nepal chronology’ by Kota Venkatachalam, 1953, Vijayawada. is given below- Nepal Kings- Gopāla-vamśa-(1) Bhuktamānāgata Gupta (4159-4071 BC), ***Ahīra-vamśa-***Three kings of India ruled for 200 years Kirāta-vamśa-(12) Yalambarā, (18) Jitedāstī-He died in Mahābhārata war on Pāṇḍava side. This is also described in Kirāta-parva under Vana- parva of Mahābhārata and famous epic Kirātārjunīyam of Daṇḍī. 7 kings ruled for 300 years (3437-3138 BC), Soma-vamśa-(41) Nimiṣa, (42) Mānākśa, (43) Kākavarman, (44-48)-Unknown, (49) Paśuprekśa Deva-In his pe-

riod many persons came from India in 1867 BC (period of Buddha and Mahāvīra in Bihar). These 9 kings ruled for 464 years (2319-1875 BC) , (52) Bhāskaravarman-He conquered India (some adjacent parts) and without any son. He adopted Aramāna of Sūrya vaṁśa who became king in 1712 BC in name of Bhūmivarman. Sūrya vaṁśa- (53) Bhūmivarman (1712-1645 BC), .. (83) Viśvadevavarman (151-101 BC). After him his son-in-law became king. Ṭhākurī-vaṁśa-(84) Aṁśuvarman (101-33 BC)-Paramāra king Vikramāditya of Ujjain came in 57 BC and started his Vikrama-samvat at Paśupatinātha from Chaitra śukla 1st. (85) Kṛtavarman (33 BC-54 AD), (86) Bhīmārjuna (54-147 AD). Inscriptions-As Vikrama samvat was started in period of Aṁśuvarman (101-33 BC), his earlier inscriptions are as- sumed in Śrīharṣa-śaka (456 BC) which is wrongly related to Harṣavardhana of Thaneswar (605-646 AD) who had never started any era as per his own writings or as per his biographer Bāṇabhaṭṭa or Chinese traveller Huen- sang. Later inscriptions are in Vikrama-samvat.-http://indepigr.narod.ru/licchavi/content81.htm (1) No. 69-Samvat 535-Śrāvaṇa śukla 7 (if it is in Śrīharṣa-śaka of 456 BC, year will be 79 AD-long after his rule. Thus, reference is Chāpa śaka of 612 BC giving date of 77 BC-after start of Aṁśuvarman rule and before Vikrama -samvat.) (2) No. 76-Samvat 29-Jyeṣṭha śukla 10. ( Vikrama samvat now onwards) (3) No. 77-Samvat 30- Jyeṣṭha śukla 6. (4) No. 78-Samvat 31-Prathama (month name missing-Pauṣa as per next inscription) pañchamī-that year had adhika month. (5) No. 79-Samvat 31-Dvitīya Pauṣa śukla aṣṭamī. (6) No. 80-Samvat 31, Māgha śukla 13. (7) No. 81-Samvat 32, Āṣāḍha śukla 13. (8) No. 83-Samvat 34-Prathama Pauṣa śukla 2-year of extra month. (9) No. 84-Samvat 36- Āṣāḍha śukla 12. (10) No. 85-Samvat 37-Phālguna śukla 5. (11) No. 86-Samvat 39-Vaiśākha śukla 10. (12) No. 87-Samvat 43-Vyatīpāta- Jyeṣṭha kṛṣṇa (date missing). (13) No. 89-Samvat 45- Jyeṣṭha śukla (date missing) Jiṣṇugupta has 2 inscriptions in which dates are missing. His coins have been found. One is shown on http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licchavi_(kingdom).

Copper coin of Jishnu Gupta (ca. AD 622-633) of the Nepalese Licchhavi Dynasty. Obverse. The inscription above the winged horse is Śrī Jiṣṇu Guptasya. 4. Reasons of Falsification—(1) Racial superiority war- After colonial rule of Europeans, only research in history is to show racial superiority of Greeko-Roman civilization whose successors were these countries-Britain, France etc. (2) Biblical date of creation-(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Ussher)-James Ussher (sometimes spelled Usher) (4 January 1581 – 21 March 1656) was Church of Ireland Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of All Ireland be- tween 1625–56. He was a prolific scholar, who most famously published a chronology that purported to establish the time and date of the creation as the night preceding Sunday, 23 October 4004 BC, according to the proleptic Julian calendar. Till today, history of world is being fitted after that, though it is well known that earth was created about 4.5 billions years ago and current human species is at least 1.5 million years old. (3) Deliberate post dating of Indian history-Declared aim of Boden chair at Oxford University in 1831 was to de- stroy Vedic culture so that Indians can be shown light of Christianity. For that, many distortions were done-(1) All kings who started a calendar were declared fictitious, though there are voluminous records of them. (2) Everything in Vedas or old literature was declared to be works of illiterates by persons who themselves were ignorant of those subjects. (3) All Indian texts are considered false. Though entire old history is solely from purāṇas, their chronol- ogy is arbitrarily changed. Only Indus valley inscriptions are considered authentic though they have not been read till today. (4) Greco-Roman tradition of forgery-Greco-Roman tradition of forgery of history to show cultural superiority has continued till Boden Chair declaration of Oxford in 1831 to destroy Vedic culture. Under tradition of slavery, it still continues by Indian devotees. One of the comments of Berosus can be seen on http://www.angelfire.com/nt/Gilgamesh/classic.html- Berosus derided the "Greek historians" who had so distorted the history of his country. He knew, for example, that it was not Semiramis who founded the city of Babylon, but he was himself the prisoner of his own environ- ment and cannot have known more about the history of his land than was known in Babylonia itself in the 4th cen- tury BC.. (5) George Hulze, Epigrapher of Madras (now Chennai) in 1909, read in Rājatarangiṇī that 43rd Kashmir king Go- nanda (1440-1400 BC) became Bauddha due to which Bauddhas of central Asia destroyed his kingdom. This story was fitted to Maurya Ashoka (1472-1436 BC) and both shifted to 269 BC to fit his grandfather with Maegas- thenes. (6) Sewel, S.B. Dixit, Kielhorn studied all the Indian eras. But all insisted that Śālivāhana śaka of 78 AD was only śaka and was linked with Kashmir king Kaniṣka of 1294-1234 BC. Thus, dates of all astronomers born much be- fore that were interpreted in that era only. (7) Abul Fazal had given date of start of Din-elahi in all earlier eras starting with Yudhiṣṭhira (17-12-3139 BC), Śrīharṣa (456 BC), Vikrama (57 BC) and Śālivāhana (78 AD). To destroy history, all these were declared fictitious after studying their calendars in detail. (8) William Jones changed date of Āryabhaṭīya from 360 Kali to 3600 Kali which was obeyed by Sudhakara

Dwivedi to become Principal of Queen’s Sanskrit college, Varanasi in his translation. But it was never explained why he chose the base year of start of kali in stead of at least 12 eras starting up to 3600 Kali. (9) There was more anger against Vikramāditya as he influenced west Asia and Roman empire by his di- rect rule upto Arab-His astrologers certified Jesus to be a great man, Jesus studied in India for 12 years termed as missing period, defeat and capture of Julius Caesar which led to his murder by Brutus, start of Julian and Hizra eras according to rules of Vikrama Samvat. ) Calendar Committee report-part 3 (CSIR publication) also mentions that Vikrama samvat has influenced start of Julian calendar in 46 BC after delay of 7 days. He intended to start year from winter solstice, but people started 7 days later with new moon. It is assumed that 7 days after winter solstice of 46 BC was new moon-actually it was full moon of Pauṣa after which Māgha Kṛṣṇa month started in Vikrama year 10 (lapsed). Vikrama samvat is only luni solar year in world which month starts with dark half. All our texts of astronomy and purāṇas still calculate adhika-māsa on basis of lunar month starting with bright half or new moon. To start a system opposed to general worldwide rule, it needs a powerful logic (shift of seasons by 45 days after start of kali) and a powerful king Vik- ramāditya who influenced India and Roman empire under Julius Caesar. That is why, no oriental scholar since British rule wants to admit existence of Vikramāditya and inserts fake stories in his name. It has also indicated that Hizra era started with start of Vikrama year 679. Quoted from History of the Calendar, by M.N. Saha and N. C. Lahiri (part C of the Report of The Calendar Re- forms Committee under Prof. M. N. Saha with Sri N.C. Lahiri as secretary in November 1952-Published by Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, Rafi Marg, New Delhi-110001, 1955, Second Edition 1992. Page, 168-last para-“Caesar wanted to start the new year on the 25th December, the winter solstice day. But people resisted that choice because a new moon was due on January 1, 45 BC. And some people considered that the new moon was lucky. Caesar had to go along with them in their desire to start the new reckoning on a tradi- tional lunar landmark.” Importance of winter solstice was ancient and Bhīṣma Pitāmaha departed on that very day in year 3139 BC-36 years before death of Śrī Kṛṣṇa. Now that day is called Christmas, though it was intended to be new year day. It has been assumed that the start was from new moon day. Actually, it was from start of Māgha month of Vikrama year 11 lapsed. Vikrama samvat is only year which starts with dark half-all other lunar years start from bright half starting with new moon. Strong following of Vikrama samvat, just 10 years after its inception in Rome against wishes of Caesar shows influence of Vikramāditya. Page 180-“It has been shown by Dr. Hashim Amir Ali of the Osmania University, Hyderabad, that the Moham- medan calendar was originally luni-solar in which intercalation was made when necessary, and not purely lunar. .... According to this view, proper intercalation was applied in all years where necessary up to A.H. 10 and conse- quently the year A.H. 11 which started on March 29, 632 A.D. (Footnote)-Initial epoch of the Hejira era thus arrived at is the evening of March 19, 622 A.D., Friday, the day fol- lowing the vernal equinox.” Thus, Hejira era also started with start of year in India-it was start of Vikrama year 679. Vedic ROOTS of pre- Islamic Arabia and the Kaaba

The text of the crucial Vikramāditya inscription, found inscribed on a gold dish hung inside the Kaaba shrine in Mecca, is found recorded on page 315 of a volume known as ‘Sayar-ul-Okul’ treasured in the Makhtab-e-Sultania library in Istanbul, Turkey. Rendered in free English the inscription says: "Fortunate are those who were born (and lived) during king Vikram’s reign. He was a noble, generous dutiful ruler, devoted to the welfare of his subjects. But at that time we Arabs, oblivious of God, were lost in sensual pleasures. Plotting and torture were rampant. The darkness of ignorance had enveloped our country. Like the lamb struggling for her life in the cruel paws of a wolf we Arabs were caught up in ignorance. The entire country was enveloped in a darkness so intense as on a new moon night. But the present dawn and pleasant sunshine of education is the result of the favour of the noble king Vikramaditya whose benevolent supervision did not lose sight of us- foreign- ers as we were. He spread his sacred religion amongst us and sent scholars whose brilliance shone like that of the sun from his country to ours. These scholars and preceptors through whose benevolence we were once again made cognizant of the presence of God, introduced to His sacred existence and put on the road of Truth, had come to our country to preach their religion and impart education at king Vikramaditya’s behest." http://www.guardiansofdarkness.com/GoD/muslims.pdf (5) Defeat and capture of Caesar by Vikramādiya of Ujjain (82 BC-19 AD)- Defeat of Caesar is noted in many places, e.g. at http://www.heritage-history.com/www/heritage.php?Dir=wars&FileName=wars_romanpersian.php The first Roman contact with the Parthian Empire came during the Mithridatic Wars which lasted from 82 to 63 B.C. The Kingdom of Pontus was an independent Kingdom that bordered on Parthian territory. By the third Mithi- datic War, the Romans pursued Mithridates and his ally, Tigranes, deep into Armenia, and conquered most of the Armenian Empire, including Syria and Judea for Rome. From this point on, the Eastern border of Rome's territory bordered on Parthia. Rome recognized that Parthia, far from being barbaric was a highly civilized country with rich booty. The lure of conquest was behind most of Rome's incursions into Parthian territory in the following centuries. Soon after Pompey had conquered Syria and Judea for Rome, Crassus, already one of the richest men in Rome, launched a campaign against Parthia in Mesopotamia. He was defeated however, with great slaughter at Carrhae (53 B.C.). Caesar was planning a campaign of retribution when he was assassinated so the task fell to his succes- sor in the east Mark Antony. www.livius.org/caa-can/caesar/caesar_t01.htm- In 75, Julius Caesar was captured by Cilician pirates, who infested the Mediterranean sea. The Romans had never sent a navy against them, because the ... Vikramāditya has become most hated by Oxford because his calendar is still followed for all festivals surviving attempts to change it. Jyotirvidābharaṇa of Kālidāsa has been declared fake as it describes arrest of Caesar by him. But 3 epics indicated here are not considered fake and studied widely-Raghuvamśa, Meghadūta, Ku- mārasambhava. ज्योतिर्विदाभरण,ग्रन्थाध्यायनिरूपणम् २२विक्रमार्कवर्णनम्- वर्षे श्रुतिस्मृतिविचारविवेकरम्ये श्रीभारते खधृतिसम्मितदेशपीठे।

मत्तोऽधुना कृतिरियं सति मालवेन्द्रे श्रीविक्रमार्कनृपराजवरे समासीत् ॥ २२.७ ॥ नृपसभायां पण्डितवर्गाः- शङ्कुः सुवाग्वररुचिर्मणिराङ्गदत्तो जिष्णुस्त्रिलोचनहरो घटखर्पराख्यः। अन्येऽपि सन्ति कवयोऽमरसिंहपूर्वा यस्यैव विक्रमनृपस्य सभासदोऽमी ॥ २२.८ ॥ सत्यो वराहमिहिरः श्रुतसेननामा श्रीबादरायणमणित्थकुमारसिंहाः। श्रीविक्रमार्क नृपसंसदि सन्ति चैते श्रीकालतन्त्रकवयस्त्वपरे मदाद्याः ॥ २२.९ ॥ नवरत्नानि- धन्वन्तरि क्षपणकामरसिंहशङ्कुवैतालभट्टघटखर्परकालिदासाः। ख्यातो वराहमिहिरो नृपतेः सभायां रत्नानि वै वररुचिर्नव विक्रमस्य ॥ २२.१० ॥ सभापरिजना- अष्टौ यस्य शतानि मण्डलधराधीशाः सभायां सदा, स्युः संसत्परिणाहकोटिसुभटाः सत्पण्डिताः षोडश। दैवज्ञा दशपण्मिताश्च भिषजो भट्टास्तथा ढाढिनो वेदज्ञा रसचन्द्रमा विजयते श्रीविक्रमः सोऽधिभूः ॥ २२.११ ॥ सैन्यवर्णनम्- यस्याष्टादशयोजनानि कटके पादातिकोटित्रयं वाहनानामुतायुतं च नवतिखिन्ना कृतिर्हस्तिनाम्। नौकालक्षचतुष्टयं विजयिनो यस्य प्रयाणे भवत् सोऽयं विक्रमभूपतिर्विजयते नान्यो धरित्रीधरः ॥ २२.१२ ॥ शाकप्रवृत्तिकाल- येनास्मिन्वसुधातले शकगणांन्सर्वा दिशः सङ्गरे हत्वा पञ्चनवप्रमान्कलियुगे शाकप्रवृत्तिः कृता। श्रीमद्विक्रमभूपुजा प्रतिदिनं मुक्तामणित्वर्णगो सत्तीभाद्यपवर्जनेन विहितो धर्मः सुवर्णाननः ॥ २२.१३ ॥ दिग्विजयवर्णनम्- उद्दामद्रविडद्रुमैकपरशुर्लाटाटवीपावको, वेल्लद्वङ्गभुजङ्गराजगरुडो गौडाब्धिकुम्भोद्भवः। गर्जद् गुर्जरराजसिंधुरहरिर्धारान्धकारार्यमाः, काम्बोजाम्बुजचन्द्रमा विजयते श्रीविक्रमार्को नृपः ॥ २२.१४ ॥ प्रभुत्ववर्णनम्- येनाप्युग्रमहीधराग्रविषये दुर्गाण्यसह्यान्यहो, नीत्वा यानि नतीकृतास्तदधिपाः दत्तानि तेषां पुनः। इन्द्राम्भोध्यमरद्रुमरसुरक्ष्माभृद् गणेनाञ्जसा, श्रीमद्विक्रमभूपुताखिलजनाम्भोजेन्दुना मण्डले ॥ २२.१५ ॥ उज्जयिनीवर्णनम्- यद्राजधान्युज्जयिनी महापुरी सदा महाकालमहेशयोगिनी। समाश्रयिप्राण्यपवर्गदायिनी श्रीविक्रमार्कोऽवनिपो जयत्यपि ॥ २२.१६ ॥ यो रुक्मदेशाधिपतिं शकेश्वरं जित्वा गृहीत्वोज्जयिनीं महाहवे। आनीय सम्भ्राम्य मुमोच यत्त्वहो स विक्रमार्कः समसह्यविक्रमः ॥ २२.१७ ॥ तस्मिन् सदाविक्रममेदिनीशे विराजमाने समवन्तिकायाम्। सर्वप्रजामङ्गलसौख्यसम्पद् बभूव सर्वत्र च वेदकर्म ॥ २२.१८ ॥ शङ्कादिपण्डितवराः कवयस्त्वनेके ज्योतिर्विदः सभमवंश्च वराहपूर्वाः। श्रीविक्रमार्कनृपसंसदि मान्यवृद्धिरस्तत्राप्यहं नृपसखा किल कालिदासः ॥ २२.१९ ॥ काव्यत्रयं सुमतिकृद्रघुवंशपूर्वं पूर्वं ततो ननु कियच्छुतिकर्मवादः। ज्योतिर्विदाभरणकालविधानशास्त्रं श्रीकालिदासकवितो हि ततो बभूव ॥ २२.२० ॥ वर्षेः सिन्धुरदर्शनाम्बरगुणैर्याते कलौ (3068 Kali)

इति श्रीकविकालिदासोदिते ज्योतिर्विदाभरणे ग्रन्थाध्यायनिरूपणक्रमनृपविक्रमवीरवर्णनाध्यायो द्वाविंशतितमः ॥ २२ ॥ (10) Result is that Indian students deny existence of all literature which they study for whole life and assume base- less things for which there is no reference or mention. All students of Sanskrit literature study Mṛcchhakaṭikam of Śūdraka, then tell that there is no reference of this king because he started Mālava Samvat in 756 BC. It contin- ued till Śrī Harṣa śaka 456 BC which has been called 300 years of democracy by Megasthenes. After reading Nai- shasha-charita of Śrī Harṣa and Nāgāvalī of Harṣavardhana (605-646 AD) and Harṣa-charita of Bāṇabhaṭṭa, Śrī Harṣa is equated with Harṣavardhana. Most study is of works by Nava-ratnas of Vikramāditya –Amara-koṣa of Amara Simha, Jaina texts of Kṣapaṇaka, Suśruta-saṃhitā of Dhanvantari, Bṛhat-saṃhitā, Bṛhat-Jātaka, Pañcha- siddhāntikā of Varāhamihira, Raghuvamśa, Meghadūta, Kumāra-sambhava of Kālidāsa, present version of Purāṇas by Betāla Bhaṭṭa, and survey by Śanku revived by Moghul king Akbar. Literature on Vikramāditya is next only to Rāma and Kṛṣṇa, but it is claimed that there is no mention about him. A fake Vikramāditya has been cre- ated in Chandragupta-2 of Gupta period, about him only half word has been found-‘Chandra’-on Mehrauli iron pil- lar of Delhi. If it is assumed Chandragupta, then it could be one of 3 famous-1 in Maurya and 2 in Gupta period. But capital of all was at Patna, not at Delhi. Chandra only meant that it was to mark northernmost position of moon motion in 456 BC when Śrī Harṣa started his śaka in 456 BC and Kutub-Minār made, called Pillar of Hercules by Megasthenes.