प्राचीन भारत में शिक्षा (डॉ. ए.एस. अल्तेकर - गुरुकुल एवं बौद्ध विहार शिक्षण इतिहास)

INDEX 315

[Left Column] Culture, preservation of, as an aim of education, 17-19; 247-8. Curriculum, literary in early Vedic period, 143-5; in late Vedic period 145-6; during 1000 B. C to c. I A. D., 147-9; during 1-1200 A. D., 149-57; in Buddhist institutions, 155-7, 230-1. D Daṇḍa of the Brahmachārī, 280 Debates, 163. Debts, three 18-92. Degrees, 168-9. Dhanurvedic Upanayana, 291. Dharmaśāstra age, education in, 238-40. Discipline, rules of, 66-9. Doctors, status of, 184-189. E Eclipse, 252-3. Education, conception of, 3-8; Aims of, 8-20; Aims of, else- where, 20-1; and how far achie- ved 243-49: when to commence, 26, 272-3; to whom to be given and to whom not, 53-4; how far free, 78-81; in post-college life, 26-7; through private individuals for a long time, 71; system, not other-worldly, 249; characterised by depth, but not equally by breadth, 261; religious bias in, in India and Europe, 249; effect of religion's influence in India, 249-253; and in Europe 254; system becomes degenerated, 262-3; general esti- mate, 263-4; centres, varieties of, 103; primary, female and useful see under Primary edu- cation, Female education and Useful education respectively. Educational finance, 92-102: Educational institutes, rise of 72 Ennayiram temple college, 132-3. Examinations, 167-9.

[Right Column] F Family, and education, 33-6. Fees, 78-81; in ancient Greece 78n. 2 Female education and family, 35; two classes of girl students, 207; Coeducation, 211; Upa- nayana and Vedic studies of girls, 204-6, 212-5; attainments of lady scholars, 207-8, and Buddhism 209, 220, 231; extent of, 212; in cultured families, 217; in ordinary families, 219; in ruling families 220-2; and economic independence, 222-3; in Muslim period, 223-4; and Jainism, 244. Fine arts, training in, 200-1; and women, 217. Foreign scholarship, attitude to- wards, 257; Foreign travel, 257 Forests, as centres of education, 32-3; G Gāyatrī Mantra, 278-9. Girdle, its significance, 275. Government, recruits scholars for its posts, 98; patronises distin- guished scholars and colleges, 97: gives land grants 97; cash grants, 98, taxation exem- ptions and other concessions to scholars, 98-99; does not control education, 99-100; in the west, and education, 100-101. Grammar study, 152-3. Greek education at Taxila, 105-6. Greeks on Hindu character, 244. Gṛihaṇishkramaṇa, a Saṅskāra, 266. Guilds, in India and useful educa- tion, 196-7. Guru, see under teacher. Gurudakshiṇā, 78-80; Gurukula system, 30-2.

316 EDUCATION IN ANCIENT INDIA H Habit, importance of, 28. Harun Khalifa, invites Hindu doctors, 188. Hereditary professions, their effect on education, 197. Heritage, ancient, its preservation, an aim of education, 17-18. 247 Holidays, 86-88. Home education, 33-5. Home work, 63. Hospitals, 186-7; combined with colleges, 133-135. Hours of school, 33-5. I Ibn Batuta, on Hindu character, 245. Income of teachers, 56-7. Individual attention, 164. Industrial training, attitude to- wards, 197-8; efficiency of, 202; degenerates in medieval times, 203. Interdining, 40. Intellect, when creative, 254; when assimilative, 255; J Jesuitical educatiou, 256. Judgment, power of, in students, 15. K Kālās, 64, App. IV. Kalas college, 189. Karman theory, 37. Kharag-bandhāi, 293. Kindergarden stage, 171. Kings, their duty to patronise learning, 96; specific instances of, as patrons of learning, 97; assumed no patronising atti- tude, 100; see also under Government. Kshatriyas, their Upanayana and Vedic studies, 43. L Lady teachers, 210. Laymen, education of, 155. Learning, respect for, 95-6. Libraries, 119, 125, 158. Life-long students, 91-2. Limitation, law of, and students, 99. Literacy, extent of, 174, 179, 181; in ancient Athens and Sparta and medieval Europe. 259. Logic, courses in, 154. Liither, on state's duty to help education, 101; first encourages but later discourage reason, 254. M Malkapuram temple college, 135-6. Marco Polo, on Indian character. 245 Marriage time, 215-6; and student life, 25. Masses, education sf, 259. Medhājanana, a ritual, 281. Medical education, 184-90; and women, 219. Megasthenes, on Indian character, 244. Mekhalā, 275. Method of teaching, see under Teaching. Middle Ages, a period of intel- lectual repression, 255-6. Military education, 190-5. Monastic colleges, administration of, 73-4, 121. Monasteries, as centres of educa- tion, 73-4. 114-29; in Europe and education, 73. Monitorial system, 165-6. Monks, courses for, 156. Muslim rule, its effect on Hindu education, 183, 262-8. N Naishthika Brahmachāri, 91-2. Nālandā University, 114,123; its rise and progress, 114-5; its

INDEX 317

[Left Column]

lay-out 115;, boarding arrange- ments, 116; number of students, 117, its curriculum, 120; its standard of admission, 118; its libraries, 119; its fame in Java and Tibet, 122; how destroyed, 123. Night classes, 84-5. Nature and Nurture, their influence on education, 86-9. Non-Brāhmaṇas, as Vedic teachers 40. O Originality disappears, 255. P Pauranic age, education in, 240-2. Personality, development of, as aim of education, 12-18, 246-7. Peshwa, his help for education, 98. Philosophy, study of, 154. Physical exercises, 63. Physical punishment, 27-8. Pitṛiṛiṇa theory, and education, 18. Poetesses, 217-8. Poetry course, the study in, 153. Prakrit, during 200 B.C.—300 A.D. 151-2; development of, arrested, 152; in primary education, 180; effect of the neglect of, 259-260. Pre-school education, 38-4. Priests as teachers, in India, 40; in Europe, 78. Primary education, upto 1000 B.C. 171-2; during 1000-200 B. C., 172-5; during 200 B. C.—800 A. D. 175-80; during 800 A. D. —1200 A. D., 180-83; why not once important, 170; and Buddhism, 231. Principles of education, 22-35. Private teachers, 71; and fees, 79. Promotions, 164-167. Punishment, physical, limitation on, 27-8. Punjab, condition of education in, at c. 1850 A. D., 95-6.

[Right Column]

Purāṇas, study of, 153-4. reverence for, 252. Princes, education of, 193-4. Princesses, education of, 220-2. R Raghu, a king, his concern for education, 80 n. 2. Rāhu-Ketu theory of eclipses, 252-3. Rationalism, properly cultivated in early times, 250; discouraged in later days, 251; its effect on research, 252; discouraged in Europe also in medieval times, 254. Religion, its influence on education, 9; gives rise to educational rituals like Vidyārambha, 265; Upanayana, 268; Upākarma, 283; does not make education other-worldly, 249; helps edu- cation, 94-5, 269; discourages reason, 250-4; discourages secular studies, 249-50; Reservation of seats for subjects in colleges, 132-34. Rituals, educational, App. I Routine, importance of, 29. S Sacred Thread, App. II. Salaries of teachers, 183; 57-58. Salotgi temple college, 130-2. Samāvartana, a privilege of the few, but later extended to all 287-8; ceremony described, 288; of Dhanurveda students, 292-3. Sanskrit, ascendancy of, 151; its effect on Prakrits, 151-2 and on the spread of education 259-60; courses in, 152-3. Sarvajñapura Agrahāra college 189. Sattras for the poor students, 94. Sāvitrī-Mantra, 278-9. School-hours, 38. Self-confidence and students, 13-4

318 EDUCATION IN ANCIENT INDIA

Self-respect encouraged in students, 13. Self-restraint and student life, 14. Shadaṅgas, 305. Sippas or branches of useful edu- cation, 306. Ship-building, 202. Smṛiti age, education in, 149-57. Smṛitis, study of, 153; reverence for, 252, Snāna, see under Samāvartana, Social efficiency, as aim of edu- cation, 15-16. Society, its help for education, 93-5; makes provision for poor students; 312-3. Sources, 2-3. Śrāvaṇi, why so called, see under Upākarma. Staff of the students, 280. State, see under Government. Strabo on Indian character, 244. Spinning, and women, 222-3. Students, their duties towards teachers, 58-60; how far working in their teachers' houses, 59-60; their relation' with their teachers in after- life, 62; their marriages with teacher's daughters, 61-2; daily routine of their life, 62-4; their duty to beg, how far discharged, 64-66; general rules for their life, 66-8; how far staying with their teachers, 30-1; boarding arrangements for, 76; and marriage, 25, 215-6; free boardings for, 116, 182, 185. Shudras, and Vedic studies, 44-5. Surgery, training in, 185-6. Svetaketu on post-collegiate edu- cation, 284.

T

Taxila, as centre of education, 104-10; its early history, 104; Greek influence over, 105-6; not a University of the modern type, 106; its all-India fame, 107-8; boarding arrangements, 108; subjects taught at, 109; how destroyed, 109-10. Taxation, exemption from, 99. Teacher, his importance, 48; re- garded as a spiritual father, 49; why venerated, 50, his training, 51-2; qualifications of, 52; usually a householder, 33; his income, 56-8; 133-4; his caste, 41-2; his relations with stu dents, 60-1; must not delay- education, 58; must not sti pulate for fees, 78; must take filial care of students, 55; must not with-hold anything from students, 54; domestic work in his house, 59; his high code of honour, 58; his power of inflicting physical punishment, 27-8; daughters of, marrying students, 61-2, Women as, 210. Teaching, method of, in Vedic period, 144-146; 148; in Vedic classes, 158-9 in primary schools, 176; the place of cramming in, 161; and of exposition, 162-3, individual attention in, 164; senior stu- dents' help in, 165. Temple Colleges, 74, 130-8; Text books, competition for, 156-7. Tibet and Nâlandâ scholars, 122, and Vikramasîlâ scholars, 126. Tīrthas as centres of education, 104. Tirumukkudal temple college, 133. Tiruvorriyur temple college, 134. Tols, 141, Tonsure, 267. Training colleges for teachers, 51. Treasure-trove laws, 99.

U

Ugrabhūti, his efforts to get his book prescribed, 156.

INDEX 319 Universities, 72-4. 117. Upādhyāyā, 210. Upākarma, at the beginning of the college term, 282-3; why ex- tended to all, 284-5; description of, 285-6; and the sacred thread, 286. Upanayana, its antiquity, 270; meaning of. 268-9; when per- formed, 272; performed by married men, 268-9; a simple ritual, 270; when and why made compulsory 269; as the second birth, 49 m; why prescribed for the dumb and deaf, 269; why prescribed as a Prāyaśchitta, 269 of Asvattha tree, 270; critical survey of, 274-8; significance of; the presentation to deities in, 276, presentation to the teacher in, 277; teaching of the Sāvitrī mantra in, 278; significance of the whole ritual, 281-2; of Kshatriyas and Vaishyas, 43; of women, 206, 213; for Āyurveda students, 289; for Dhanurveda students, 291. Upanishad age, education in, 147-9, 236 8. Utsarjana ceremony, at the end of the session, 286-7. V Vacation, 85-6. Vaishyas, their Upanayana and Vedic studies, 43. Valabhi as a centre of education, 123-5. Varâhamibira on eclipses; 252-3: on Greeks' achievements in astro- nomy, 256. Vedic study, how far a mere cramming. 144-8; its nature in different periods, 144-147, 149; falling into background, 149; during 1-1200 A. D. 149-50; and Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras, 43-44. Vernaculars, education in, 259-60; in Europe, 260, Veterinary science, 190. Vidyās, 14, App. IV. Vidyārambha Sanskāra, 265-8. Vikramasīlā Monastic college, 125-9 W Wastage in Education, 264. Women, status of, 212-14; Upana- yana of, 206; 213; as teachers, 210; as poetesses 217-18; as Vedic seers, 205; as governors, 221; and medical studies, 219; scholars mentioned in Brahmayajña, 208; literacy among 212, 223-4; age at the marriage of, 215; and military training, 221, their economic position, 222. Work, in teachers' houses, 59-60. Y Yajñopavīta, originally an upper garment of skin, then of cloth, 294-5; how supplanted by the thread, 296; could be removed, 298. Yuan Chwang, on Indian charac- ter 244-5. Z Zemandars, and Sanskrit Pâtha- sâlâs, 141.

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ABBREVIATIONS AND TRANSLITERATION ABBREVIATIONS A. D. S. Āpastamba Dharma Sūtra A. G. S. Āpastamba Gṛiha Sūtra A. N. Aṅguttara Nikāya Ait. Ar. Aitareya Āraṇyaka Alberuni Sachau, Alberuni's India Aś. Gr. S. Āśvalāyana Gṛihya Sūtra A. S. R. Archæological Survey of India, Annual Reports, New Series A. S. W. I. Archæological Survey of Western India, Reports of. A. V. Atharvaveda B. D. S. Baudhāyana Dharma Sūtra Bau. Gr. S. Baudhāyana Gṛihya Sūtra Beal, Life. Life of Hiuen Tsiang Bh. Gr. S. Bhāradvāja Gṛihya Sūtra Bṛ. Up. Bṛihadāraṇyaka Upanishad Ch. Up. Chhāndogya Upanishad Dr. Gr. S. Drāhyāyaṇa Gṛihya Sūtra E. C. Epigraphia Carnatica E. I. Epigraphia Indica Elliot, History Elliot's History of India, as told by its historians, Vols. I-2, London, 1870. Go. Br. Gopatha Brāhmaṇa Go. Gr. S. Gobhila Gṛihya Sūtra Hi. Gr. S. Hiraṇyakeśi Gṛihya Sūtra I. A. Indian Antiquity I. M. P. Inscriptions from Madras Presidency. I.-tsing Record of the Western World by I-tsing, edited by Takakusu

viii J. A. S. B. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal J.B.B.R.A.S. Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. J. B. O. R. S Journal of the Bihar and Orissa Re- search Society Jai. Gr. S. Jaimini Gṛihya Sūtra Jai. Up. Br. Jaimini Upanishad Brāhmaṇa K. M. Kāvyamīmānsā Kh. Gr. S. Khādira Gṛihya Sūtra Kū. P. Kūrma Purāṇa K. S. Kāṭhaka Saṁhitā Kss. Kathāsaritsāgara K. UP. Kaṭhopanishad Ma. Gr. S. Mānava Gṛihya Sūtra M. A. S. I. Memoirs of the Archæological Survey of India Mbh. Mahābhārata Mil. Pan. Milinda Pañha (S. B. E. edition) M. N. Majjhima Nikāya M. S. Maitrāyaṇīya Saṁhitā Mu. Up. Muṇḍakopanishad M. V. Mahāvagga N. S. Nītiśataka P. Gr. S. Pāraskara Gṛihya Sūtra Par. Ma. Mādhava's commentary on Parāśara Smṛiti P. M. Pūrva Mīmānsā Pr. Up. Praśnopanishad R. V. Ṛig-veda Sachau Alberuni's India, edited by Sachau Śānti P: Śānti Parvan of the Mahābhārata Sāraṅga. P. Sāraṅgadhara Padhati Ś. Br. Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa S. B. E. Sacred Books of the East Series

ix SCS. Smṛitichandrikā, Sanskāra Kāṇḍa S. I. E. R. Annual Reports of South Indian Epigraphy. Tai. Ar. Taittirīya Āraṇyaka Tai. Br. Taittirīya Brāhmaṇa T. S. Taittirīya Saṁhitā Tai Up. Taittirīya Upanishad V. D. S. Vasishṭha Dharma Sūtra Va. Gr. S. Varāha Gṛihya Sūtra Vaj. Sam. Vājasaneya Saṁhitā Vi. Dh. S. Vishṇu Dharma Sūtra or Vishṇu Smṛiti VMS. Vīramitrodaya, Saṁskāra-prakāśa Watters, Watters, on Yuan Chwang's Travels Yaj. Yājñavalkya-Smṛiti S. R. S. Subhāshita-Ratna-Sandoha S. R. B. Subhāshita-Ratna-Bhāṇḍāra TRANSLITERATION Current words like Brahmana, Vaishya or Shudra and modern names like Sivaji and Paithan are written usually without diacritical marks. Sanskrit, Prākrit and Pāli words are transliterated according to the following scheme. आ ā ई ī ऊ ū ऋ ṛi विसर्ग ḥ ङ् ṅ च ch छ chh ञ ñ ट ṭ ठ ṭh ड ḍ ढ ḍh ण ṇ श ś ष sh स s ह h ळ ḷ क्ष kṣh ज्ञ jñ. Sometimes the long vowel is denoted also by the mark ^ above it ; e. g. आ by â.

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