काव्यमीमांसा (महाकवि राजशेखर - कवि-रहस्य एवं देश-विभाग सटीक)

SEVENTEENTH ADHYĀYA 243 ll. 25-27. Here Rājaśekhara mentions four places: वामनस्वामी, ब्रह्मशिला, गाधिपुर, and कालप्रिय in order to show that the directions are to be taken only as relative, and not as always accurate. These four places seem to be situated in the four directions of the Kanauj city, and these are used here to prove the inaccuracy of the directions. He says, for instance, that the direction east of Vāmanasvāmi corresponds to the west of Brahmaśilā; similarly, the south of Gādhipura corresponds to the north of Kālapriya. Excepting Brahmaśilā the other three limits of the city of Kanauj are already well-known. It is not, therefore, difficult to imagine that all the four boundaries refer to the city of Kanauj. This is further strengthened by the additional references given below. (1) Vāmanasvāmi is an incarnation of Viṣṇu. According to the Padmapurāṇa, (Sṛṣṭikhaṇḍa, 35 and Uttara. 53) Rāma, the king of Ayodhyā, once built a temple for Vāmanasvāmi in the city of Mahodaya or Kānyakubja. (see the Geographical Dictionary of N. L. Dey. p. 89). Rājaśekhara refers, very probably, to this temple of Vāmana, and according to him it was situated in the western part of the city and towards the west of Brahmaśilā. (2) Gādhipura is also mentioned by Rājaśekhara in his Bālarāmāyaṇa (act X, 88), and apparently he means by that word the city of Kanauj. Here, he mentions further that Gādhipura is situated towards the north of the Kālapriya temple. Gādhipura, therefore, appears to be a suburb of Kanauj in the northern part, while Kālapriya appears to be situated in its southern part. (3) The temple of Kālapriyanātha also must have been a part of Kanauj, and the deity is referred to in the three famous dramas of Bhavabhūti, who mentions that his dramas were staged before an audience assembled in connection with festivities in honour of Śrī Kālapriyanātha. It is well-known that Bhavabhūti was a contemporary of king Yaśovarman of Kanauj (8th century A. D.) and was patronized by him. It is not unnatural, therefore, on the part of Bhavabhūti to refer to the presiding deity Kālapriyanātha belonging to the capital city of his patron king Yaśovarman. The testimony of Rājaśekhara also makes it clear that the temple of Kālapriya was situated in the southern part of Gādhipura which is again a suburb of Kānyakubja.

244 EXPLANATORY NOTES These evidences militate against the views of some of the commentators on Bhavabhūti who are disposed to identify Kālapriyanātha with the deity of Padmapura in Vidarbha, the birth-place of Bhavabhūti, or with Mahākāleśvara of Ujjayinī. As there are not strong reasons to support either of the two theories mentioned above, these may be dismissed as fanciful. (4) Now the position of Brahmaśilā mentioned by Rāja- śekhara may be determined on the strength of the position of the other three places, and its exact situation may be located in the eastern part of the city of Kanauj. It is also probable that Rāja- śekhara, being a teacher of king Mahendrapāla of Kanauj, was well acquainted with the topography of the city, and thus mentioned the four parts of the city of Kanauj to prove the relativity of directions. For his appreciation of the city of Kanauj see intro- duction page xxi.

• [pp. 93-94. With the five divisions of our author cf. "The five Divisions of India, or the "Five Indies," as they are usually called by the Chinese, are as follows:— I. Northern India comprised the Panjab proper, including Kashmir and the adjoining hill states, with the whole of eastern Afghanistan beyond the Indus, and the present Cis-Satlej States to the west of the Saraswati river. II. Western India comprised Sindh and Western Rajpu- tana, with Kachh and Gujarat, and a portion of the adjoining coast on the lower course of the Narbada river. III. Central India comprised the whole of the Gangetic provinces from Thanesar to the head of the Delta, and from the Himālaya mountains to the banks of the Narbada. IV. Eastern India comprised Assam and Bengal proper, including the whole of the Delta of the Ganges, together with Sambhalpur, Orissa, and Ganjam. V. Southern India comprised the whole of the peninsula from Nasik on the west and Ganjam on the east, to Cape Kumari (Comorin) on the south, including the modern districts of Berar and Telingana, Mahārāshṭra and the Konkan, with the separate states of Haidrabad, Mysore and Travancore, or very nearly

SEVENTEENTH ADHYĀYA 245 the whole of the peninsula to the south of the Narbada and the Mahānadī rivers. Cunningham's "The Ancient Geography of India" pp. 11-12. For the various countries cf. नक्षत्रत्रयवर्गैराग्नेयाद्यैर्व्यवस्थितैर्नवधा । भारतवर्षे मध्यात् प्रागादिविभाजिता देशाः ॥ १ ॥ भद्रारिमेदमाण्डव्यसाल्वनीपोज्जिहानसङ्ख्याताः । मरुवत्सघोषयामुनसारस्वतमत्स्यमाध्यमिकाः ॥ २ ॥ माथुरकोपज्योतिषधर्मारण्यानि शूरसेनाश्च । गौरग्रीवोद्देहिकपाण्डुगुडाश्वत्थपाञ्चालाः ॥ ३ ॥ साकेतकङ्ककुरुकालकोटिक्कुकुराश्च पारियात्रनगः । औदुम्बरकापिल्ठलगजाह्वयाश्चेति मध्यमिवम् ॥ ४ ॥ अथ पूर्वस्यामञ्जनवृषभध्वजपद्ममाल्यवद्गिरयः । व्याघ्रमुखसुह्मकर्वटचान्द्रपुराः शूर्पकर्णाश्च ॥ ५ ॥ खसमगधशिबिरगिरिमैथिलसमतटोड्राश्ववदनदन्तुरकाः । प्राग्ज्योतिषलौहित्यक्षीरोदसमुद्रपुरुषादाः ॥ ६ ॥ उदयगिरिभद्रगौडकपौण्ड्रोत्कलकाशिमेकळाम्बष्ठाः । एकपदताम्रलिप्तककोशलका वर्धमानाश्च ॥ ७ ॥ आग्नेय्यां दिशि कोशलकलिङ्गवङ्गोपवङ्गजठराङ्गाः । शौलिकाविदर्भवेत्सान्ध्रचेदिकाश्चोर्ध्वकण्ठाश्च ॥ ८ ॥ वृषनालिकेरचर्मद्वीपा विन्ध्यान्तवासिनस्त्रिपुरी । श्मश्रुधरहेमकुड्यव्यालग्रीवा महाग्रीवाः ॥ ९ ॥ किष्किन्धकण्टकस्थलनिषादराष्ट्राणि पुरिकदशार्णाः । सह नग्नपर्णशबरैराश्लेषाये त्रिके देशाः ॥ १० ॥ अथ दक्षिणेन लङ्का कालाजिनसौरिकीर्णतालिकाटाः । गिरिनगरमलयदर्दुरमहेन्द्रमालिन्यभरुकच्छाः ॥ ११ ॥ कङ्कणटङ्कणवनवासिशिबिकफणिकारकोङ्कणाभीराः । आकरवेणावन्तीकदशपुरगोर्नर्दकेरलकाः ॥ १२ ॥ कर्णाटमहाटविचित्रकूटनासिक्क्यकोल्लगिरिचोलाः । क्रौञ्चद्वीपजटाधरकावेर्यो ऋष्यमूकश्च ॥ १३ ॥ वैडूर्यशङ्खमुक्तात्रिवारिचरधर्मपट्टनद्वीपाः । गणराज्यकृष्णवेल्लूरपिशिकशूर्पाद्रिकुसुमनगाः ॥ १४ ॥ तुम्बवनकार्मेणेयकयाभ्योदधितापसाश्रमा ऋषिकाः । काञ्चीमरुचीपट्टनचेर्यार्यकसिंहलऋषभाः ॥ १५ ॥ बलदेवपट्टनं दण्डकावनतिमिङ्गिलाशना भद्राः । कच्छोऽथ कुञ्जरदरी सताम्रपर्णीति विज्ञेयाः ॥ १६ ॥ नैर्ऋत्यां दिशि देशाः पल्लवकाम्बोजसिन्धुसौवीराः । वडवामुखारबाम्बष्ठकपिलनारीमुखानर्त्ताः ॥ १७ ॥ फेणगिरियवनमाकरकर्णप्रावेयपारशवशूद्राः ।

246 EXPLANATORY NOTES

वर्बरकिरातखण्डक्रव्यादामीरचञ्चूकाः ॥ १८ ॥ हेमगिरिसिन्धुकालकरैवतकसुराष्ट्रबादरद्रविडाः । खात्याथे भत्रितये ज्ञेयश्च महार्णवोऽत्रैव ॥ १९ ॥ अपरस्यां मणिमान् मेघवान्वनौघः क्षुरार्पणोऽस्तगिरिः । अपरान्तकशान्तिकहहयप्रशस्ताद्रिवोक्काणाः ॥ २० ॥ पञ्चनदरमठपारततारक्षितिजुङ्गवैश्यकनकশকাः । निर्मर्यादा म्लेच्छा ये पश्चिमदिक्स्थितास्ते च ॥ २१ ॥ दिशि पश्चिमोत्तरस्यां माण्डव्यतुखारतालहलमह्राः । अश्मककुलूतलहडस्त्रीराज्यनृसिंहवनसंस्थाः ॥ २२ ॥ वेणुमती फल्गुलुका गुरुहा मरुकुच्चचर्मरङ्गाख्याः । एकविलोचनशूलिकदीर्घग्रीवास्यकेशाश्च ॥ २३ ॥ उत्तरतः कैलासो हिमवान्वसुमान् गिरिर्धनुष्मांश्च । क्रौञ्चो मेरुः कुरवस्तथोत्तराः क्षुद्रमीनाश्च ॥ २४ ॥ कैकयवसातियामुनभोगप्रस्थार्जुननायनाग्नीध्राः । आदर्शान्तर्दीपित्रिगर्ततुरगाननाश्वमुखाः ॥ २५ ॥ केशधरचिपिटनासिकदासेरकवाटधानशरधानाः । तक्षशिलपुष्कलावतकैलावतकण्ठधानाश्च ॥ २६ ॥ अम्बरमद्रकमालवपौरवकच्छारदण्डपिङ्गलकाः । माणहलहूणकोहलशीतकमाण्डव्यभूतपुराः ॥ २७ ॥ गान्धारयशोवतिहेमतालराजन्यखचरगव्याथ । यौधेयदासमयाः श्यामाकाः क्षेमधूर्तार्थ ॥ २८ ॥ ऐशान्यां मेरुकनष्टराज्यपशुपालकीरकाश्मीराः । अभिसारदरदतङ्गणकुलूतसैरन्ध्रवनराष्ट्राः ॥ २९ ॥ ब्रह्मपुरदार्बडामरवनराज्यकिरातचीनकौणिन्दाः । भल्लापलोलजासुरकुनटखसघोषकुचिकाह्याः ॥ ३० ॥ एकचरणानुविद्धाः सुवर्णभूवैसुधनं दिविष्टाश्च । पौरवचीरनिवसनत्रिनेत्रमुञ्जाद्रिगन्धर्वाः ॥ ३१ ॥ वगैराग्नेयाद्यैः क्रूरग्रहपीडितैः क्रमेण नृपाः । पाञ्चालो मागधिकः कालिङ्गश्च क्षयं यान्ति ॥ ३२ ॥ आवन्तोऽथान्तों मृत्युं चायाति सिन्धुसौवीरः । राजा च हारहौरो मद्रेशोऽन्यश्च कौणिन्दः ॥ ३३ ॥ बृहत्संहिता Chapt. XIV. प्राङ्नर्मदार्धशोणोद्वङ्गसुह्मः कलिङ्गबाह्लीकाः । शकयवनमगधशबरप्राग्ज्योतिषचीनकाम्बोजाः ॥ १ ॥ मेकलकिरातविटका बहिरन्तःशैलजाः पुलिन्दाश्च । द्रविडानां प्रागर्द्धं दक्षिणकूलं च यमुनायाः ॥ २ ॥ चम्पोदुम्बरकौशाम्बिचेदिविन्ध्याटवीकलिङ्गाश्च । पुण्ड्रा गोलाङ्गूलश्रीपर्वतवर्धमानाश्च ॥ ३ ॥ इक्षुमतीत्यथ तस्करपारतकान्तारगोपबीजानाम् ।

SEVENTEENTH ADHYĀYA 247 तुषधान्यकटुकतरुकनकदहनविषसमरशूराणाम् ॥ ४ ॥ गिरिसलिलदुर्गकोशलभरुकच्छसमुद्ररोमकतुखाराः । वनवासितहणहलस्त्रीराज्यमहार्णवद्वीपाः ॥ ६ ॥ शोणस्य नर्मदाया भीमरथायाश्च पश्चिमाद्धस्थाः । निर्विन्ध्या वेत्रवती सिप्रा गोदावरी वेणा ॥ ९ ॥ मन्दाकिनी पयोष्णी महानदी सिन्धुमालतीपाराः । उत्तरपाण्ड्यमहेन्द्राद्रिविन्ध्यमलयोपगाश्चोलाः ॥ १० ॥ द्रविडविदेहान्ध्राश्मकभासापुरकौङ्कणाः समऋषिकाः । कुन्तलकेरलदण्डककान्तिपुरमलेच्छसङ्करजाः ॥ ११ ॥ नासिक्यभोगवर्धनविराटविन्ध्याद्रिपार्श्वगा देशाः । ये च पिबन्ति सुतोयां तापीं ये चापि गोमतीसलिलम् ॥ १२ ॥ लौहित्यः सिन्धुनदः सरयूर्गम्मीरिका रथाङ्गा च । गङ्गाकौशिक्याद्याः सरितो वैदेहकाम्बोजाः ॥ १६ ॥ मथुरायाः पूर्वार्ध हिमवद्रोमन्तचित्रकूटस्थाः । सौराष्ट्रसेतुजलमार्गपण्यबिलपर्वताश्रयिणः ॥ १७ ॥ चरपुरुषकुहकजीवकशिशुकविशठसूचकाभिचाररताः । दूतनपुंसकहास्यज्ञभ्रमतन्त्रेन्द्रजालज्ञाः ॥ १९ ॥ सिन्धुनदपूर्वभागो मथुरापश्चार्धभरतसौवीराः । सुस्रोदीच्यविपाशासरिच्छतद्रूरमठसाल्वाः ॥ २१ ॥ त्रैगर्तपौरवाम्बष्ठपारता वाटधानयौधेयाः । सारस्वताजुनायनमत्स्यार्द्धग्रामराष्ट्राणि ॥ २२ ॥ तक्षशिलमार्तिकावतबहुगिरिगान्धारपुष्कलावटकाः । प्रस्थलमालवकैकयदाशार्णोशीनराः शिवयः ॥ २६ ॥ ये च पिबन्ति वितस्तामिरावतीं चन्द्रभागसरितं च । रथरजताकरकुञ्जरतुरगमहामात्रधनयुक्ताः ॥ २७ ॥ आनर्त्तार्वुदपुष्करसौराष्ट्राभीरशूद्ररैवतकाः । नष्टा यस्मिन्देशे सरस्वती पश्चिमो देशः ॥ ३१ ॥ कुरुभूमिजाः प्रभासं विदिशावेदमृतीमहीतटजाः । खलमलिननीचतैलिकविहीन सत्त्वोपहतपुंस्वाः ॥ ३२ ॥ गिरिदुर्गपल्लवश्वेतहूणचोलावगणमरुचीनाः । प्रत्यन्तधनिमहेच्छव्यग्रमायपराक्रमोपेताः ॥ ३८ ॥ बृहत्संहिता—Chap. XVI. cf. also the quotations from पराशर in Bhaṭṭotpala's commentary ad loc. cf. also महेन्द्रो मलयः सह्यः शुक्तिमान् ऋक्षपर्वतः । विन्ध्यश्च पारियात्रश्च सप्तात्र कुलपर्वताः ॥ भारतस्यास्य वर्षस्य नव भेदान्निशामय । इन्द्रद्वीपः कसेरुमान् ताम्रपर्णी गभस्तिमान् ॥

248 EXPLANATORY NOTES नागद्वीपस्तथा सौम्यो गन्धर्वस्त्वथ वारुणः । अयं तु नवमस्तेषां द्वीपः सागरसंवृतः ॥ योजनानां सहस्रं तु द्वीपोऽयं दक्षिणोत्तरात् । पूर्वे किराता यस्यान्ते पश्चिमे यवनाः स्थिताः ॥ ब्राह्मणाः क्षत्रिया वैश्या मध्ये शूद्राश्च भागशः । इज्ज्यायुधवाणिज्यैर्यैर्वर्तयन्तो व्यवस्थिताः ॥ शतद्रूचन्द्रभागाद्या हिमवत्पादनिर्गताः । वेदस्मृतिमुखायाश्च पारियात्रोद्भवा मुने ॥ नर्मदा सुरसाद्याश्च नद्यो विन्ध्याद्रिनिर्गताः । तापीपयोष्णीनिर्विन्ध्याप्रमुखा ऋक्षसम्भवाः ॥ गोदावरीभीमरथीकृष्णवेण्यादिकास्तथा । सह्यपादोद्भवा नद्यः स्मृताः पापभयापहाः ॥ कृतमालाताम्रपर्णीप्रमुखा मलयोद्भवाः । त्रिसामाचिपिकुल्याद्या महेन्द्रप्रभवाः स्मृताः ॥ ऋषिकुल्याकुमाराद्याः शुक्तिमत्पादसम्भवाः । आसां नद्युपनद्यश्च सन्त्यन्याश्च सहस्रशः ॥ तास्विमे कुरुपाञ्चाला मध्यदेशादयो जनाः । पूर्वदेशादिकाश्चैव कामरूपनिवासिनः ॥ पुण्ड्राः कलिङ्गा मगधा दाक्षिणात्याश्च सर्वशः । तथापरान्ताः सौराष्ट्राः शूराभीरास्तथार्बुदाः ॥ कारूषा मालवाश्चैव पारियात्रनिवासिनः । सौवीराः सैन्धवा हूणाः शाल्वाः शाकलवासिनः ॥ मद्रारामास्तथाम्बष्ठाः पारसीकादयस्तथा । आसां पिबन्ति सलिलं वसन्ति सरितां सदा । समीपेतो महाभागा हृष्टपुष्टजनाकुलाः ॥ विष्णुपुराण II, 3. Vinayachandra enumerates 84 countries in his काव्यशिक्षा. ‘चतुरशीतिर्देशाः गौडकन्यकुब्जकौशाककलिङ्गाङ्गवङ्गकुराङ्गचाल्यकामाक्षओड्रपुण्ड्रोड्डीशमालवलो- हितपश्चिमकाष्ठवालभसौराष्ट्रकङ्कणलाटश्रीमालार्बुदमेदपाटमरुवरेन्द्रयसुनागङ्गातीरान्तर्वेदिमागधमध्यकुरु- काहलकामरूपकाञ्च्यवन्तीपापान्तककिरातसौवीरऔशीरवाकाणोत्तरापथगुर्जरसिंधुकेकाणनेपालटक्कतुरु- ष्कताङ्ककारवुर्यूरजर्जरकश्मीरहिमालयलोहपुरुषश्रीराष्ट्रदक्षिणापथसिंघचौलकौशलपाण्डुअन्ध्रविन्ध्यकर्णाट- द्रविडश्रीपर्वतविदर्भधाराउरलाजीतापीमहाराष्ट्राभीरनर्मदातटद्वीपदेशाश्चेति ।’ also हीरूयाणीत्यादि षट्कम् । पत्तनादि द्वादशकम् । मात्रादिक्षेत्रुविंशतिः । वड्डू इत्यादि षट्त्रिंशत् । भालिजादि चत्वारिंशत् । हर्षपुरादि द्विपञ्चाशत् । श्रीनारप्रभृति षट्पञ्चाशत् । जम्बूसरप्र- भृति षष्ठिः । पडवाणप्रभृति षट्सप्ततिः । दर्भावतीप्रभृति चतुरशीतिः । पेटलापद्रप्रभृति चतुरुत्तरशतम् । षदिरालुकाप्रभृति दशोत्तरं शतम् । भोगपुरप्रभृति षोडशोत्तरशतम् । धवलक्कप्रभृति पञ्चशतानि । माहडवासाद्यमर्धाष्टमशतम् । कौङ्कणप्रभृति चतुर्दशाधिकानि चतुर्दशशतानि । चन्द्रावतीप्रभृति अष्टादशशतानि । द्वाविंशतिशतानि महीतटम् । नवसहस्राणि सुराष्ट्राः । एकविंशतिः सहस्राणि लाट-

SEVENTEENTH ADHYĀYA 249 देशः । सप्ततिसहस्राणि गुर्जरो देशः पारतश्च । अह्वडलक्षाणि ब्राह्मणपाटकम् । नवलक्षाणि डाहलाः । अष्टादशलक्षाणि द्विनवत्यधिकानि मालवो देशः । षट्त्रिंशल्लक्षाणि कान्यकुब्जः । अनन्तरमुत्तरापथं दक्षिणापथं चेति । Hemacandra in his अभिधानचिन्तामणि explains the names of countries as follows:— प्राग्ज्योतिषाः कामरूपा मालवाः स्युरवन्तयः । त्रैपुरास्तु डाहलाः स्युश्चैद्यास्ते चेदयश्च ते ॥ वङ्गास्तु हरिकेलीया अङ्गाश्चम्पोपलक्षिताः । साल्वास्तु कारकुक्षीया मरवस्तु दशेरकाः ॥ जालन्धरास्त्रिगर्त्ताः स्युः तायिकास्तार्जिकाभिधाः कश्मीरास्तु मधुमताः सारस्वता विकर्णिकाः ॥ वाहीकाष्टकनामानः वाल्हीका बाल्हिकाद्वयाः । तुरुष्कास्तु साखयः स्युः कारूषास्तु बृहद्गृहाः ॥ लम्पाकास्तु मुरुण्डाः स्युः गांवीरास्तु कुमालकाः । प्रत्यग्रथास्त्वहिच्छत्राः कीकटा मगधाद्वयाः ॥ औड्राः केरलपर्यायाः कुन्तला उपहालकाः । अभिधानचिन्तामणि. 4. 22-27. Jayamangala in his commentary on the वात्स्यायनकामसूत्र locates the various countries as under:— वङ्गा लौहित्यात् पूर्वेण । अङ्गा महानद्याः पूर्वेण । कलिङ्गा गौडविषयाद्दक्षिणेन । वाहीकदेश्या उत्तरापथिकाः । आवन्तिका उज्जयिनीदेशभवाः । ता एवापरमालव्यः । पश्चिमसमुद्रसमीपे- ऽपरान्तदेशः । अपरमालवपश्चिमेन लाटविषयः । नर्मदाया दक्षिणेन देशो दक्षिणापथः । तत्र कर्णाट- विषयात् पूर्वेणान्ध्रविषयः । नर्मदाकर्णाटविषययोर्मध्ये महाराष्ट्रविषयः । कर्णाटविषयाद्दक्षिणेन द्रवि- डविषयः । कोङ्कणविषयात् पूर्वेण वनवासविषयः । For the description of the countries lying on the way from Ceylon to Ayodhya, see his own बालरामायण (X, 26-96). For the modern equivalents of these places, see Cunningham's 'The Ancient Geography of India', 'The Geographical Dictionary of Ancient and Mediæval India" by N. L. Dey, and "The Original Inhabitants of India" by G. Oppert. For products cf. स्थलपथो हैमवतो दक्षिणापथाच्छ्रेयान्, हस्त्यश्वगन्धदन्ता- जिनरूप्यसुवर्णपण्यास्सारवत्तराः इत्याचार्याः । न इति कौटिल्यः । कम्बलाजिनाश्वपण्यवर्जाः शङ्खवज्रमणिमुक्तासुवर्णपण्याश्च प्रभूततरा दक्षिणापथे । कौटिलीय अर्थशास्त्र p. 298. ] ३२

250 EXPLANATORY NOTES Page. 95. ll. 1–2. In this verse the figure विरोधाभास is shown by the words अपूर्व etc. *[ l. 5. एकं ज्योतिर्दृशो ( सूर्यशतक. 13 ) l. 10. MSS of विवेक read दशदिकूटपर्यन्त. ] l. 11. स्थूललक्ष्य=one who cannot observe minutely. *[ l. 14. Viveka reads द्विधा च दिव्यव्यवहारः ] ll. 12–14. विवक्षापरतन्त्रा=depending on the desire of the speaker. When an astronomer explains the position of directions, he takes recourse to the position of heavenly bodies such as Citrā, Svātī, Dhruva, etc. The direction east is decided by seeing the inter- mediate distance between the two stars चित्रा and स्वाती. Here the word चित्रास्वात्यन्तर denotes also the day on which the sun’s position is between these two stars. That day is known as विषुवान् when the day and night are equal. There are two such days in a year and they are known as चैत्र or शारदसम्पात and रैवत or वसन्तसम्पात. Only on these two days the sun’s position is exactly to the east of the earth at the time of rising, and exact west at the time of setting. In all the other days of the year the sun rises either to the north or to the south in the eastern horizon and the day or night is either longer or shorter according as it is either the Summer Solstice or the Winter Solstice. People in ancient days used to determine the correctness of the eastern direction by the rise of the sun on the विषुवत् day when the sun rises between the चित्रा and स्वाती constellations, or in other words, when he is in the last degrees of the sign of Virgo. Kātyāyana and his commentator Karkācārya, for instance, have adopted this method of चित्रास्वात्यन्तर to determine the correctness of the eastern direction for the Vedic rites. cf: समे शङ्कं निखाय शङ्कुसम्मितया रज्वा मण्डलं परिलिख्य यत्र लेखयोः शङ्कप्रच्छाया निपतति तत्र शङ्कं निहन्ति । सा प्राची । ( कात्यायनशुल्बसूत्र २.) दक्षिणायने तु चित्रां यावदादित्य उपसर्पति । उदगयने स्वातीमिति । विषुवतीये त्वहनि

SEVENTEENTH ADHYĀYA 251 चित्रास्वात्योर्मध्ये एवोदयः। अतस्तन्मध्ये शङ्गुर्गतैव च्छाया भवति + + + + अपि चाभियुक्तो- पदेशः “चित्रास्वात्योरन्तरालं प्राची” इति। न तदन्तरालमादित्यो जहाति। (कर्कभाष्य. २.) *[ l. 17. द्विन्नेः (विद्धशाल. I. 11.) ll. 21–22. For यियासुः and जिहासुः MSS of विवेक read यियासन् and जिहासन्। l. 23. पश्य पश्चिमदिगन्तलम्बिना (कुमार. VIII. 32)] Page. 96. *[ l. 1. अस्त्युत्तरस्याम्-(कुमार 1.1) l. 6. यादांसि. (बालरामायण. VII. 45)] l. 7. Printed editions of the Bālarāmāyaṇa read as वामेन चन्दन- गिरेरुत दक्षिणेन। *[ l. 14. Read उत्तरादावप्युत्तरदिगभिधानम्। l. 15. तत्रागारम् (मेघदूत. II. 12)] Page. 97. l. 3. मुरल is a country situated in the southern part of India according to the geography given on page 93. l. 26. l. 7. For the country of the Yavanas situated in the western India, see page 94. l. 5. ll. 9–12. The readings of this verse in the Viddhasālabhañjikā (1-25) and the Bālarāmāyaṇa (5-38) are given below for comparison. Viddhaśālabhañjikā : साम्यं सम्प्रति सेवते विचकिलं षाण्मासिकैर्मौक्तिकैः बाह्लीकीदशनव्रणारुणदलैः पत्रैरशोकोऽर्चितः। शृङ्गालम्बितकोटि किंशुकमिदं किंचिद्द्विवृन्तायते माञ्जिष्ठैः स्तवकैश्च पाटलतरोरन्यैव काचिल्लिपिः ॥ Bālarāmāyaṇa:- सूते संप्रति दुग्धमुग्धसुभगं पुष्पोद्गमं मल्लिका बाह्लीकीदशनव्रणारुणदलैः पत्रैरशोकोऽर्चितः। शृङ्गाल्लम्बितकोटि किंशुकमिदं किंचिद्द्विवृन्तायते माञ्जिष्ठैर्मुकुलैश्च पाटलतरोरन्यैव काचिल्लिपिः। Here Rājaśekhara seems to have introduced a change in his own verse to suit the context. l. 15. Hastināpura, where Kurupāṇḍavas ruled, is situated in the Madhyadeśa according to its situation mentioned on page 94. l. 17.

l. 18. The same verse युधिष्ठिर etc. may be taken to show मध्यदेश्यश्यामता also, as poets do not differentiate the two colours कृष्ण and श्याम according to the statement made in कविसमय. see p. 84. l. 23. ll. 21-22. Construe:-उत्तरकोसलेन्द्रपुत्र्याः तव नवनीतपिण्डगौरे अलिके प्रतिफलत् मृगाङ्कबिंबं मृगमदपत्रनिभेन लाञ्छनेन अवगतम् । Here the word नवनीतपिण्डगौरे shows the colour of a woman belonging to मध्यदेश. *[l. 25. कपोले जानक्याः (हनुमन्नाटक. III. 50.)] The MS. B. and two MSS of विवेक read स्मरस्मेरः स्फारोड्डमरपुलकं वक्त्रकमलम् । The reading of the A. MS. is adopted in the text.] ll. 25-26. The Videha country is included in the list of countries in the eastern part of India. The colour of Jānakī there- fore is expected to be black or कृष्ण. But she is described here as white or गौर because she belonged to a royal family. This verse is also found in the drama Mahānāṭaka or Hanumannāṭaka, and describes the state of Rāma's mind when he was awaiting the arrival of the army of Khara and his brothers at Pañcavaṭī. From this quotation, found originally in the Mahānāṭaka and quoted subsequently by Rājaśekhara, it should not be presumed that the text of the Mahānāṭaka as available to-day is the genuine one, or was composed before the Kāvyamīmāṁsā. The drama as at present available seems to be a compilation of verses pertaining to the story of Rāma by a later writer who flourished in the 10th century or later. The present drama contains verses of early dramatists such as Bhavabhūti, Rājaśekhara and others, and it is thus reasonable to suppose that the author flourished a little after the time of Rājaśekhara. The verse पृथ्वि स्थिरा भव of the Bālarāmāyaṇa (1-48) occurs in the Mahānāṭaka (1-29) and the verse चूडाचुम्बित- कङ्कपत्र etc. of Bhavabhūti appears in the Mahānāṭaka (2-3). It cannot, however, be denied that there was a Mahānāṭaka quite different from the available text because some writers on drama- turgy cite a Mahānāṭaka as one of the best dramatic compositions. Śāradātanaya, for instance, in his Bhāvaprakāśana gives the des- cription of the Mahānāṭaka thus:- सर्ववृत्तिविनिष्पन्नं सर्वलक्षणसंयुतम् । समग्रं तत्प्रतिनिधि महानाटकमुच्यते ॥ P. 241-5. तद्वामोऽहं यथैत्यादि महानाटककल्पितम् । P. 279-22.

SEVENTEENTH ADHYĀYA 253 It cannot, therefore, be definitely said that this verse कपोले etc. formed part of the gunuine and the original Mahānāṭaka composed earlier than the Kāvyamīmāṁsā. It is also possible that it belonged to some other drama dealing with the Rāma-story which was composed earlier than the Kāvyamīmāṁsā and later on added to the Mahānāṭaka. Construe this verse thus :- जानक्याः करिकलभदन्तद्युतिमुषि कपोले स्फारोड्डमरपुलकं वक्त्रकमलं सरस्मेरःमुहुः पश्यन् etc. Page. 98. ll. 3-4. Rukmiṇī, the daughter of the king of Vidarbha, is expected to be of black complexion as the Vidarbha country is included in the southern India. But, here, she is described as गौर or पाण्डु because she belonged to a royal family. l. 5. एवमन्यदपि etc. Hemacandra quoted the whole chapter upto this line without expressing his indebtedness to Rājaśekhara but omited the two verses, निगदित etc in his Viveka. ll. 6-9. It is said here that any description contrary to the geographical peculiarities of any country is considered as a blemish in composition and, therefore, poets are advised to be careful in avoiding this Doṣa in their works. cf. Bhāmaha 4,29-30; Daṇḍin 4,40-44 and Vāmana 2,2,23. तदुदाहृतयस्तु दोषेषु । Instances of देशविरोध are illustrated by the author in the chapter dealing with the blemishes of composition or the 16th Adhikaraṇa of the Kāvyamīmāṁsā. This passage also shows that Rājaśekhara, intended to complete this Kāvyamīmāṁsā in 18 Adhikaraṇas as enumerated in the first page of this work. सूत्रितः । This word also indicates that the author's intention was to write this work in the form of Sūtras on the model of the Arthaśāstra and the Kāmasūtra. मद्भुवनकोशम् । According to the list of subjects given on p. 2. l. 4., Bhuvanakośa seems to be the subject-matter of the last chapter of this Adhikaraṇa कविरहस्य, and it immediately follows देशकालविभाग of 17th and 18th chapters. But instead of that, Kālavibhāga is treated as the last subject and the chapter-colophon also shows that the first Adhikaraṇa कविरहस्य ends with the chapter on Kāla- vibhāga. It may, therefore, be surmised that probably there were some more Adhyāyas dealing with the Bhuvanakośa even after

254 EXPLANATORY NOTES the Kālavibhāga chapter in order to complete the first Adhikaraṇa, and these are irretrievably lost to us just as the other 17 Adhi- karaṇas. This Bhuvanakośa does not seem to be a separate work of Rājaśekhara because he mentions this as a part of the Kāvya- mīmāṁsā, and also because the author is known to have composed only six works as mentioned in the Bālarāmāyaṇa. cf. विद्धि नः षट् प्रबन्धान्। 1–12. Such being the case, the Bhuvana- kośa cannot be included in this list of six works, and it is very improbable that Rājaśekhara should compose an independent work by name Bhuvanakośa in addition to this voluminous work Kāvyamīmāṁsā. The following six works may be taken as his composition: the four dramas, the Kāvyamīmāṁsā and the Haravilāsa Kāvya. For detailed information, see introduction.

Adhyāya XVIII. l. 13. This line is not found in any of the MSS of this work. On the authority of Hemacandra who quoted the whole chapter in the same order in his Kāvyānuśāsanaviveka, this line has been added on to the text. *[l. 14. काष्ठा etc. cf. with this, the division of time in कौटिलीयार्थ- शास्त्र p. 108. Read समेते।] ll. 14–15. This verse is found in the Vāyupurāṇa with slight modifications: काष्ठा निमेषा दश पञ्च चैव त्रिंशच्च काष्ठा गणयेत् कलान्तम्। त्रिंशत्कलश्चैव भवेन्मुहूर्तः तैस्त्रिंशता रात्र्यहनी समेते। chapter 50–169. In the Arthaśāstra the division of time is different:— द्वौ त्रुटौ लवः। द्वौ लवौ निमेषः। पञ्च निमेषाः काष्ठा। त्रिंशत्काष्ठाः कला। चत्वारिंशत्कला नाडिका। द्विनाडुको मुहूर्तः। पञ्चदश मुहूर्तो दिवसो रात्रिश्च। It may be noted that Kauṭilya states five Nimeṣas as equi- valent to one Kāṣṭhā, and eighty Kalās as equivalent to one Muhūrta. But according to Vāyupurāṇa 15 Nimeṣas make one Kāṣṭhā while thirty Kalās make one Muhūrta. ll. 16–25. Compare Arthaśāstra 2. 20. 38 on the subject of देशकालमान। *[l. 21. The Viveka reads वर्धमानसोमशुक्लिमा and वर्धमान सोमकृष्णिमा.]

EIGHTEENTH ADHYĀYA 255 Page. 99. *[l. 1. Cf. मधुश्च॒ माधव॑श्च शु॒क्रश्च॒ शुचि॑श्च॒ नभ॑श्च नभ॒स्य॑श्चेषश्चोर्ज॑श्च॒ सह॑श्च सह॒स्य॑श्च तप॑श्च तप॒स्य॑श्चोपयाम गृहीतोऽसि । तैत्तिरीयसंहिता. 1-4-14-1.] ll. 1-3. The names नभानभस्य etc. are Vedic terms for twelve months. l. 4. पूर्वो वायुः । The wind originates in the eastern horizon. The Ācāryas think that the wind originates from the west in the rainy season, and that by the eastern wind the clouds are dispersed and therefore the rains are obstructed. ll. 7-8. अम्भोभृत=filled with water. वारुणा:=belonging to the west, the direction assigned to the god *Varuṇa. *[l. 10. पौरस्त्यस्तोयदतः । सूर्यशतक. 55. There the reading is पवनः ]. l. 22. सारी=full of the essence. *[l. 24. लम्पाकीनां (बालरामायण 5-35).] ll. 24-27. Rājaśekhara seems to have changed the reading of this verse from the version adopted by him in his Bālarāmāyaṇa in order to suit the present context. The last line in the Bālarāmāyaṇa reads:—हैमना वान्ति वाताः । According to the list of countries given above on page 94, the countries Limpāka, Valhava and Kulūta mentioned in this verse, are situated in the northern part of India. Page. 100. l. 5. Reading मिलितमलयजः seems to be better than मलितमलयजः and it means that the southern wind comes in contact with the products of the Malaya mountains. सीमन्तिनीनाम्, must be connected with मानचौरः । l. 11. वीतार्णसाम्=bereft of water. l. 15. कुकूलम्=a fire made of chaff. l. 16. कार्शोनवै:=weapon made of fire. l. 17. Here Rājaśekhara describes the six seasons of the year and enumerates the customs adopted in those seasons, and asks poets to follow the same method in their poetry. He also records the

256 EXPLANATORY NOTES effects on the natural and seasonal changes on the produce of the country and on men, women and animals. He further describes the seasonal changes as recorded by early poets, and the practices of civilized people and rich men during these seasons. l. 18. The fact that the Balākās or cranes conceive under the influence of the clouds and that the growth of bamboos is depen- dent on the clouds, is handed down by tradition alone and is alluded to by the early poets. cf. मेघाभिकामा परिसंपतन्ती संमोदिता भाति बलाकपङ्क्तिः । Rāmāyaṇa. गर्भाधानक्षणपरिचयान्नूनमाबद्धमालाः सेविष्यन्ते नयनसुभगं खे भवन्तं बलाकाः । Meghasandeśa. 9. गर्भं बलाका दधतेऽभ्रयोगान्नाके निबद्धाबलयः समन्तात् । Karṇodaya. l. 24. This remark चकोरहर्षी seems to be new inasmuch as the Cakoras are known traditionally to feel happy in a moon-lit night but not in the rainy season, or is it a scribe's error for the word मयूरहर्षी ? यतिचारचौरः=because during the rainy season the Yatis are not allowed to wander under the laws of the Dharmaśāstra. *[l. 26. MSS. B. and C. of Viveka read किल कामिनीभिः ] l. 26. The reading किल कामिनिभिः seems to be better than करिकामि- निभिः for the context. l. 27. चतुः समम् । An unguent in which the four things, sandal, agallochum, saffron and musk are mixed. The things mentioned in this verse are the primary luxuries of the rainy season. Page. 101. l. 1. The चातक birds are believed to drink only the rain-water. l. 4. विषम्=water. l. 8. घर्मात्ययः=the end of summer. l. 10. Peacocks are known to become happy at the sight of the clouds or in the rainy-season but not when the clouds disappear in Autumn. But, here in the description of the S'arat season the reading गर्जयन्ती विमदान् मयूरान् seems to go against the tradition.

EIGHTEENTH ADHYĀYA 257

The reading तर्जयन्ती is, therefore, suggested here and this means that the S'arat season threatens the peacocks by removing the clouds. The reading द्रागर्जयन्ती is also suited to the context. *[l. 20. चन्द्रिकांबुनीलावभासम् may be taken as one phrase. l. 21. विवेक reads सुरेभवीथी दिवि सावतारा ।] l. 21. The meaning of this line is not quite clear. सुरेभ refers to Airāvata the elephant of Indra. The reading of the Kāvyānu- śāsanaviveka दिवि सावतारा suggests the meaning that a row of stars begins to appear in the sky. l. 25. बुध्यते च etc. mean that god Viṣṇu gets up from his sleep on the day of उत्थानैकादशी while आषाढैकादशी is known as देव- शयनैकादशी or the day on which Viṣṇu goes to sleep. l. 26. कलमा:=the first paddy crop. l. 27. The old आमलक is preferable for medicinal purposes. This verse केदार एव etc. is quoted in the S'uktimuktāvali (G. O. S. edition. p. 229) with the remark कस्यापि.

Page. 102. ll. 1-2. Both the words एर्वारुक and त्रपुसीफल mean cucumber. *[l. 7. तीक्ष्णम् attributed to Bhāsa in S'ārṅgadharapaddhati p. 593. ll. 9-10. चित्तमन्तः instead of धर्मचिन्ता, पङ्कः instead of पङ्कम् are the different readings.] ll. 7-10. This verse also is quoted in the Sūktimuktāvali. The reading धर्मचित्तम् seems to be better than धर्मचिन्ता. Read पङ्कः for पङ्कम्. l. 11. नद्यो वहन्ति is quoted in the Sūktimuktāvali as anonymous. *[l. 14. Read मीनानुसारिबकदत्तकरालफालाः] l. 14. फाल=tilling. *[l. 20. द्वित्रि is attributed to कालिदास in सुभाषितमुक्तावली. l. 26. वराहव्रणौणि नवौदनानि may mean rice cooked along with the flesh of a boar]. l. 26. वराहव्रणौणि etc. Rājaśekhara seems to describe here the habits of uncivilized people. Similar description is found on page 39 lines 8-9 of this work. Cf. ३३

258 EXPLANATORY NOTES इक्षुदण्डस्य मण्डस्य दध्नः पिष्टकृतस्य च । वाराहस्य च मांसस्य सैष गच्छति फाल्गुनः ॥ The word वराहवभ्राणि seems to mean वराहमांस । Page. 103. l. 6. त्रिशङ्कु is a star which is believed to represent the king Triśaṅku of Ayodhyā who rose to heaven by the spiritual power of Viśvāmitra. This star becomes visible in this season. l. 9. खाण्डवः=sugar-candy. l. 13. The word हेमन्तधर्मा is grammatically correct according to the rule ‘धर्मादनिच् केवलात्’ 5-4-124 of Pāṇini. l. 18. पृथुरतक्रमपीतशीतम् । This word may be taken as an adverbial clause to स्वपन्ति or an adjective to रजनी when it is changed to ॰शीताम् । Page. 104. l. 3. सौभाग्यम् etc. This idea is derived from the verse of Vālmīki quoted already in this work. p. 71. l. 6. Cf :- रविसङ्क्रान्तसौभाग्यस्तुषाराविलमण्डलः । निःश्वासान्ध इवादर्शश्चन्द्रमा न प्रकाशते ॥ Rāmāyaṇa 3. 16. 13. The purport of this verse is as follows :- The faculty of pleasing every-one belongs naturally to the moon ; the sun seems to be endowed with this faculty in winter days, and consequently, the moon is deprived temporarily of the faculty of pleasing all in winter nights. l. 5. सिद्धार्थयष्टि=the plant of the white mustard. l. 15. दरिद्रनिन्द्यः । Because poor people do not possess sufficient clothing to protect themselves in winter. *[l. 17. अभिनववधू. attributed to मालवरुद्र in औचित्यविचारचर्चा and to भास in सुभाषितहारावलि, found also in सरस्वतीकण्ठाभरण. The first Pāda is found in वामनालङ्कार too.] l. 24. पृथ्बीमपि=though quite large. Page. 105. ll. 5-6. The worship of Gaurī and the love-god or Manmatha is introduced here.

EIGHTEENTH ADHYĀYA 259 l. 11. महारजनांशुक=clothing with golden embroidery. ll. 23-26. The purport of this verse is that ladies learn from the spring how to twist their hair into a braid on seeing the Mādhavī buds which grow on the advent of the spring; also, how to speak sweetly on hearing the sweet tone of the cuckoos and to worship Manmatha with the flowers of Damanaka tree. Page. 106. ll. 1-4. For similar description, compare :- कुरवक कुचाघातक्रीडारसेन वियुज्यसे etc. Kāvyamīmāṁsā p. 73. l. 10. and मुखमदिरया पादन्यासैः विलासविलोकितैः बकुलविटपी रक्ताशोकस्तथा तिलकद्रुमः । Ibid. p. 73. ll. 14-15. l. 9. गुवाकः=the betel-nut tree. l. 10. हिन्ताल=a kind of palm tree. *[l. 24. Read सक्तुधाने ] l. 24. सक्तुपान=a drink prepared with rice-flour. शुचौ=in the months of Jyeṣṭha and Āṣāḍha. l. 25. प्रगे=early in the morning. l. 26. कायमान=a hut. Page. 107. l. 2. मुष्टियोगः=handy combination, i. e. materials easily available to alleviate the heat of the summer. l. 20. उच्चारघट्टघटिकावलयाः=a row of pitchers creating noise at the entrance of the wells. l. 25. रसाला=curd mixed with sugar and spices. Known also as श्रीखण्ड. सहकाररसार्चिता=to which the essence of the mango fruit is added. l. 26. जलभक्तम्=cooked rice mixed with water. मन्थाः=curd which has been churned. Page. 108. l. 1. मृगलावरसाः=essence of deer and the Lāva birds. l. 4. तार=a big pearl.

260 EXPLANATORY NOTES *[l. 18. च्युतसुमनसः attributed to मालवकुवलय in औचित्यविचारचर्चा; quoted in वामनालङ्कार. III. 2, 5. There the second pāda is मलयमरुतः सर्पन्तीमे वियुक्तधृतिच्छिदः । The Vṛtti runs as: ऋतुसन्धिप्रतिपादनपरेऽत्र द्वितीयपादे प्रक्रमभेदः । एवं द्वितीयपादः पठितव्यः ‘मनसि च गिरं बध्नन्तीमे किरन्ति न कोकिलाः ।] l. 20. Construe : सवितुः मरीचयः शीतोल्लासं लुनन्ति । न च ऊष्मोदयदायिनीं जरठता- मालम्बन्ते । Kṣemendra explains in his Aucityavicāracarcā the meaning of this verse in the following passages :- अत्र शिशिरवसन्तकान्तोपवननवरसोल्लाससूच्यमानमनसिजोत्कण्ठावर्णनायामृतुसंधिसमुचिताः कुन्दाः कुसुमावसानशून्यतनवः, किंशूकाशोकाः कलिकोद्गमभरालसाः, मनसि कोकिलाः कलकूजितान्य- नुसन्दधति, रवेर्मरीचयः शीतोल्लासमथ च निवारयन्ति न च सन्तापदायिनीं प्रौढतामालम्बन्ते ॥' l. 23. This verse appears also in the Viddhaśālabhañjikā of our author (1-23). Page. 109. *[l. 2. साम्यम् Cf. विद्धशालभञ्जिका. 1-25] l. 2. The first line alone of this verse is taken from 1-25 of the Viddhaśālabhañjikā, while the other three lines are newly com- posed in order to suit the context. *[l. 9. खं वस्ते quoted in सरस्वतीकण्ठाभरण II.] ll. 9-12. In this verse the commencement of the rainy season is described. Here the blossoming of the lotus which happens in summer, is described as continued in the rainy season also. ll. 14-19. Here Rājaśekhara states some other signs of previous seasons which are described as continued in subsequent seasons. Here धूलीकदम्ब, a sign of the summer, is described in this verse to represent धाराकदम्ब of the rainy season. In this verse all adjectives apply to the subject represented by the word समरवारि- धरागमस्य । ll. 20-25. Here it is stated that the Jātī flower which is known in the rainy days as कार्दमी or ‘muddy', continues blossoming even in Autumn when its fragrance is enriched. Page. 110. ll. 1-2. In this verse, the commencement of S'arat and a new- comer from his wanderings, are described as similar by the उपमा and श्लेष figures of speech. Here the days of S'arat season are stated as similar to the legs of the new-comer.

EIGHTEENTH ADHYĀYA 261 l. 4. Bāṇa, Āsana and Kuruṇṭakas represent different kinds of plants. *[l. 7. द्वादशमासः। cf. पञ्चपादं पञ्चर्तैवः.........हेमन्तशिशिरावेकीकृत्यैयं कल्पना। शङ्करभाष्य on प्रश्नोपनिषद् 1. 11.] l. 7. All the signs of Hemanta are here said to continue even in S'is'ira, as 'these two are not generally considered as separate seasons. l. 9. सुरभिः=the spring or वसन्त. The three verses beginning from गेहे वाहीकयूनाम्, illustrate an in- stance of descriptive method in which the signs of Hemanta and S'is'ira are said to continue even in the spring. ll. 11–14. In this verse, the flowers of दमनक etc., are described as continued even in the spring. ll. 17–18. Construe:—श्रवणकटु रटत् नवमधुपटलीलम्पटं षट्पदानां चकं कर्पटेन धुन्वन् सोत्कण्ठः अभ्येति। *[l. 19. धुनानः कावेरी quoted in सदुक्तिकर्णामृत ( 1–457 )] ll. 24–25. Here, the signs of the spring and the winter are described as continued in the summer. Page. 111. *[l. 1. कर्णे स्मेरं शिरीषम् ( बालरामायण. 5. 26 )] l. 2. कलाची=fore-arm. The Bālarāmāyaṇa reads the second line as:—कण्ठे माला विशाला वपुषि च नलिनीमूलकाण्डाः कलापाः। But the reading found here seems to be better than that of the Bālarāmāyaṇa. l. 9. एवमुदाहरणान्तराणि । For the other examples illustrating natural sceneries of different countries and the costume and manners of ladies inhabit- ing them, a reference may be made to the author's other works such as the Bālarāmāyaṇa, Karpūramañjarī, Viddhasālabhañjikā and Bālabhārata where he has exhibited his profound knowledge of the subject, particularly, of the seasonal changes and the topo- graphy of the different parts of India. ll. 10–11. Here Rājaśekhara says that the commencement, development and continuation of the different seasons are described

262 EXPLANATORY NOTES here only in a very concise form, and that the other characteristics of the seasons, therefore, should be imagined by the poets themselves. नामग्राहं कियद्ब्रूमः। The author regrets here his inability to deal in detail with everything that he happened to know. This testifies to his vast knowledge and his love of the subject. It may further be said that there is no other work in the Sanskrit literature, superior to this portion of the Kāvyamīmāṁsā on the subject of the description of the different seasons. The inferiority of such works as the Ṛtusaṁhāra will be quite apparent when it is compared with this chapter. ll. 12–13. Here the author advises other poets not to record their observations indiscriminately in their compositions but to adopt only the method followed by the early poets as their chief guide while describing. l. 14. Rājaśekhara wants to close this chapter on seasons and their divisions after noting down two more points regarding the flowers and fruits which also belong to the main theme of this chapter. According to Rājaśekhara flowers are required to serve six different functions, such as:—(1) शोभा beauty (2) अन्धस् food (3) गन्ध smell (4) रस essence (5) फलम् fruits (6) अर्चनम् worship. There is no seventh function to be served by them except to wither and decay in the forest. ll. 16–23. A period of four months is to be allowed by poets while describing the process of transformation from a flower to a ripened fruit. This period of four months refers only to the case of the flowers of the trees and not to those of the creepers in which case the period of maturity is two months only. ll. 24–25. Here Rājaśekhara classifies fruits under six heads according to their form. The word व्याज here means pretence. In every fruit the kernel is hidden in the useless and rough skin and this is what is known as pretence. This pretence also varies in six ways by its position in the fruits, either inside or out-side or in both places, and so on. All fruits are divided into six groups following the nature of the pretence of the fruits. Page. 112. ll. 1–4. The fruit of the Lakuca tree has व्याज only in the middle and all other portions of it are useful. This fruit may be like the Ciku (चिकु) fruit of the present day.