काव्यप्रकाश (आचार्य मम्मट - सम्पूर्ण १० उल्लास सटीक)

भावाभासो यथा राकासुधाकरमुखी तरलायताक्षी सा स्मेरयौवनतरङ्गितविभ्रमाङ्गी । तत् किं करोमि विदधे कथमत्र मैत्रीं तत्स्वीकृतिव्यतिकरे क इवाभ्युपायः ॥ ४९ ॥ अत्र चिन्ता अनौचित्यप्रवर्तिता । एवमन्येऽप्युदाहार्याः ॥ भावस्य शान्तिरुदयः सन्धिः शबलता तथा ॥ ३६ ॥

74 KĀVYAPRAKĀŚA क्रमेणोदाहरणम् तस्याः सान्द्रविलेपनस्तनतटप्रश्लेषमुद्राङ्कितं किं वक्षश्चरणानतिव्यतिकरव्याजेन गोपाय्यते । इत्युक्ते क्व तदित्युदीर्य सहसा तत् संप्रमाष्टुं मया साश्लिष्टा रभसेन तत्सुखवशात्तन्व्या च तद्विस्मृतम् ॥५०॥ अत्र कोपस्य । एकस्मिन् शयने विपक्षरमणीनामग्रहे मुग्धया सद्यो मानपरिग्रहग्लपितया चाटूनि कुर्वन्नपि । आवेगादवधीरितः प्रियतमस्तूष्णीं स्थितस्तत्क्षणं मा भूत्सुप्त इवेत्यमन्दवलितग्रीवं पुनर्वीक्षितः ॥ ५१ ॥ अत्रौत्सुक्यस्य । उत्सिक्तस्य तपःपराक्रमनिधेरभ्यागमादेकतः सत्संगप्रियता च वीररभसोत्फालश्च मां कर्षतः । वैदेहीपरिरम्भ एष च मुहुश्चैतन्यमामीलयन् आनन्दी हरिचन्दनेन्दुशिशिरस्निग्धो रुणद्ध्यन्यतः ॥ ५२ ॥ the embrace of her sandal-painted breasts ?"—After she had said this, I said 'where is it ?'—and embraced her suddenly and quickly, for the purpose of wiping off the mark; and the tender one forgot all about it under the fervent bliss ensuing from that embrace'. Here we have the 'allayment' of Anger. (b) 'When the young woman lying on the same bed had her indignation aroused on the naming of her rival, she firmly disdained him with all his advances and loving assurances; and he, having lain silent for a moment, the girl looked back upon him, fearing that he might go to sleep'.

CHAPTER IV 75 अत्रावेगहर्षयोः । क्वाकार्यं शशलक्ष्मणः क्व च कुलं भूयोपि दृश्येत सा दोषाणां प्रशमाय न श्रुतमहो कोपेपि कान्तं मुखम् । किं वक्ष्यन्त्यपकल्मषाः कृतधियः स्वप्नेपि सा दुर्लभा चेतः स्वास्थ्यमुपैहि कः खलु युवा धन्योधरं धास्यति ॥ ५३ ॥ अत्र वितर्कोत्सुक्यमतिस्मरणशङ्कादैन्यधृतिचिन्तानां शबलता । भावस्थितिस्तूक्ता उदाहृता च ॥ ३६ ॥ मुख्ये रसेपि तेऽङ्गित्वं प्राप्नुवन्ति कदाचन । Here we have the ‘manifestation’ of Impatience. (c) ‘On one side attract me my love for good com- pany and sudden outburst of heroism on seeing this recep- tacle of austerity and prowess ; on the other, the exquisite embrace of Sītā, cooling and soft like celestial sandal and like the moon, lulls my consciousness and keeps me back’. Here we have the ‘conjuncture’ of Flurry and Joy. (d) ‘Where on one side is this unblemished lunar dynasty, and where, on the other, this improper act?— May she be seen again ! Our learning is meant to be a check upon evil tendencies ;—her face lovely even in anger ! What shall the wise and pure ones say?—She is difficult to be got at even in a dream ! O, heart, be calm ;—what blessed young man will kiss her lips !’ Here we have the ‘admixture’ of Trepidation, Im- patience, Resolve, Recollection, Anxiety, Depression, Serenity and Painful Reflection. The mere presence of ‘emotion’ has already been described and illustrated (vide above—‘Jāne kopapa- raṅmukhī etc.’) 36. Though it is Passion that is the predominant factor, yet these also acquire predominance sometimes.

76 KĀVYAPRAKĀŚA ते भावशान्त्यादयः । अङ्गत्वं राजानुगतविवाहप्रवृत्तभृत्यवत् ॥ अनुस्वानाभसंलक्ष्यक्रमव्यङ्ग्यस्थितिस्तु यः ॥ ३७ ॥ शब्दार्थोभयशक्त्युत्थस्त्रिधा स कथितो ध्वनिः । शब्दशक्तिमूलानुरणनरूपव्यङ्ग्यः, अर्थशक्तिमूलानुरणनरूप- व्यङ्ग्यः, उभयशक्तिमूलानुरणनरूपव्यङ्ग्यश्चेति त्रिविधः ॥३७॥ ‘These’—i. e., the Allayment (Manifestation, Conjun- cture and Admixture) of Emotions. ‘Predominance’.—This occasional predominance is like that of the King’s servant whose marriage is attended by the King (who, for the time, occupies a position subordi- nate to that of the servant). [Having described the suggestion ‘with imperceptible sequence,’ the author proceeds to describe that in which the sequence is percep- tible.] That suggestion in which the (suggested meaning has its sequence to the suggestive word) clearly perceptible, in the manner of a reverberating echo, has been said to be of three kinds— (1) that arising from the force of the word, (2) that arising from the force of the meaning, and (3) that arising from the force of both. 37. The three kinds are—(1) that in which the reverbera- ting suggested meaning is based on the force of the word, (2) that in which the suggested meaning is based upon the force of the meaning, and (3) that in which the suggested meaning is based upon the force of both. [Whether in a certain case the suggestion proceeds from the word or from its expressed meaning is determined by the possibility or otherwise of its being got at even by the changing of the word : If it is found that the suggestion remains unaffected even when we substitute other synonyms of the word, then it is regarded as based upon the meaning, while if the slightest change in the word vitiates the suggestion, then it is regarded as based upon the word.] 37.

CHAPTER IV 77 तत्र अलङ्कारोथ वस्त्वेव शब्दाद्यत्रावभासते ॥ ३८ ॥ प्रधानत्वेन स ज्ञेयः शब्दशक्त्युद्भवो द्विधा । वस्त्वेति, अनलंकारं वस्तुमात्रम् । आद्यो यथा उल्लास्य कालकरवालमहाम्बुवाहं देवेन येन जरठोर्जितगर्जितेन । निर्वापितः सकल एव रणे रिपूणां धाराजलैस्त्रिजगति ज्वलितः प्रतापः ॥ ५४ ॥ Suggestion based upon the force of the word is of two kinds,—according as what is principally represented by the word is (a) a figure of speech or (b) a bare matter of fact. 38. ‘Bare matter of fact,’—i. e. the simple statement of a fact, without any ornamental figure of speech. (a) As an example of the former we have the follow- ing— ‘Ullāsya kālakarabālamahāmbuvāhaṁ Devena yena jaraṭhorjitagarjitena Nirvāpitaḥ sakala eva raṇe ripūṇāṁ Dhārājalaistrijagati jvalitaḥ pratāpaḥ.’ Here the literal meaning of the sentence would be distinctly irrelevant ; hence with a view to avoiding this, it has to be assumed that what is intended is to describe the similarity between the directly mentioned subject (the king) and the one only indirectly implied (Indra) ; and thus what comes to be suggested here is the figure of speech known as ‘Simile’. The full meaning of the sentence being ‘Just as Indra brings up the cloud, dark and fresh, and accompanied by fierce thundering, extinguishes, by means of torrents of rain, the heat of the destructive fires pervading over the three worlds,—in the same manner has this king

78 KĀVYAPRAKĀŚA अत्र वाक्यस्यासंबद्धार्थाभिधायकत्वं मा प्रसाङ्क्षीदिति प्राकरणिकाप्राकरणिकयोरुपमानोपमेयभावः कल्पनीय इत्य- त्रोपमालंकारो व्यङ्ग्यः । तिग्मरुचिरप्रतापो विधुरनिशाकृद्विभो मधुरलीलः मतिमानतत्तववृत्तिः प्रतिपदपक्षाग्रणीर्विभाति भवान् ॥५५॥ अत्रैकैकस्य पदस्य द्विपदत्वे विरोधाभासः । with a fierce roar, lifted his sharp sword, and by means of its flickering edge, has destroyed the glory of his enemies, which was extending over the three worlds.’ And this suggestion is held to be ‘ based upon the force of the word,’ because the words used here lend them- selves to the above interpretation only because they have double meanings; and this effect would be lost if they were replaced by their synonyms.] (Another example of the same)—(a) Tigmaruchirapratāpo, (b) Vidhuraniśākṛd vibho, (c) madhuralīlaḥ, (d) ‘ Matimānatattvavṛttiḥ, and (e) Pratipadapakṣāgraṇīrvibhāti bhavān.’ Here, if each of the five terms (a, b, c, d and e) is re- solved into two terms, we get the suggestion of the figure of speech known as ‘ Seeming Contradiction.’ [‘ Vibho bhavān vibhāti,’ ‘ O’ Lord, you are resplendent’, is the principal sentence, the other five terms are epithets of ‘ bhāvan ’. (a) ‘ Tigmaruchirapratāpaḥ ’, When taken as one word, means ‘ he whose splendour is tigma, fierce, and ruchira, sweet ’ ; but when it is resolved into two words, it means ‘ tigmaruchiḥ, with fierce splendour’ and ‘apratāpaḥ, wanting in splendour, which expresses two contra- dictory qualifications ;—(b) ‘ vidhuraniśākṛt,’ taken as one word, means ‘ capable of bringing about the niśā, extinction, of his vidhura, enemies ;’ but when resolved into two words, it means ‘ vidhuḥ’ the moon, and ‘ aniśākṛt, not the night making moon,’ an apparent contradiction; (c) ‘madhurlīlaḥ’, when taken as one word, means ‘he whose līlā, operations, are madhura, sweet, pleasing ’ ; but when resolved into words, it means ‘ madhu’ the spring-time,’ and alīlaḥ,

CHAPTER IV 79 अमितः समितः प्राप्तैरुत्कर्षैर्हर्षद प्रभो । अहितः सहितः साधुयशोभिरसतामसि ॥ ५६ ॥ अत्रापि विरोधाभासः । निरूपादानसंभारमभित्तावेव तन्वते । जगच्चित्रं नमस्तस्मै कलाश्लाघ्याय शूलिने ॥ ५७ ॥ अत्र व्यतिरेकः । devoid of beauty,’ a contradiction ;—(d) ‘matimānatattvavṛttiḥ’, taken as one word, means ‘who acts with mati, intelligence, and māna, magnanimity ;’ but when resolved into two terms, it means ‘matimān, intelligent’ and ‘atattvavṛttiḥ, acting blankly,’ an apparent contradiction ;—(e) ‘pratipadapakṣāgraṇīḥ’, as one term, means the ‘agraṇīḥ, of your pakṣa, party, pratipada, at each step’ ; but when it is resolved into two terms, it means ‘pratipat, the first day of the fortnight, and ‘apakṣāgraṇīḥ, not the opening day of the fortnight’, an apparent contradiction.] [Here also the suggestion of ‘Seeming Contradiction’ would be lost if other synonyms were substituted ; hence it is held to be ‘based upon the force of words’.] [Another example of the same kind] ‘Amitaḥ samitaḥ prāptairutkarṣairharṣada prabho Ahitaḥ sahitaḥ sādhu-yaśobhirasatāmasi.’ Here also Seeming Contradiction is the figure suggested. [The meaning is ‘prabho, O Lord, harṣada, you who are the giver of joy, (harṣam dadāti) and also the destroyer of joy (harṣam dyati),— through the glories attained in battle (samitaḥ) you are ‘amitaḥ’ immea- sureably great, (you are both samitaḥ, measureable, and amitaḥ, immea- sureable) ; being endowed, sahitaḥ, with good fame, you are the ahitaḥ, enemy, of all wicked men.’ The epithets are so chosen as to imply, in their second intention, an apparent contradiction.] [Another example of the same kind.] ‘Salutation to that Trident-bearer whose art is so praiseworthy that he paints the mundane picture without aboard and without the painting brush or other accessories:’

80 KĀVYAPRAKĀŚA अलंकार्यास्यापि ब्राह्मणश्रमणन्यायेनालंकारता । वस्तुमात्रं यथा पंथिअ ण एत्थ सत्थरमत्थि मणं पत्थरत्थले गामे । उण्णअपओहरं पेक्खिऊण जइ वससि ता वससु ॥ ५८ ॥ अत्र यद्युपभोगक्षमोसि तदा आस्स्वेति व्यज्यते । शनिरशनिश्च तमुच्चैर्निहन्ति कुप्यसि नरेन्द्र यस्मै त्वम् । यत्र प्रसीदसि पुनः स भात्युदारोनुदारश्च ॥ ५९ ॥ Here the figure of speech suggested is the Vyatireka, Dissimilitude (between the god described and the ordinary painter.) Though in the examples cited the figure suggested is the predominant factor, and hence something to be embellished (alaṅkārya ; and for that reason, it cannot be right to call it, as the text has done, an alaṅkāra, an em- bellishment, a figure of speech), yet it is so called on the analogy of the expression ‘ brāhmaṇaśramaṇa.’ [When one has become a ‘ śramaṇa,’ a Buddhist monk, he has no- caste ; and yet the expression ‘ brāhmaṇa śramaṇa ’ is used in the sense ‘ the monk that was, under other circumstances, a Brāhmaṇa ’ ; similarly in the case in question, what is meant by the suggested mea- ning being a figure, an ‘ alaṅkāra,’ is that, under other circumstances, —i. e. when expressed directly by the word and not only suggested,—it. would be so, even though in the instances cited it is not so.] (b) The following is the example of that where what is suggested is a bare matter of fact.— ‘ O traveller, in this village of stones, there is not a bedding to be had ; yet, seeing the rising clouds (unnata- payodhara, my blossoming breasts), if you decide to lodge here, you may do so.’ Here what is suggested is—‘ if you are fit to enjoy my company, then you may stay here.’

CHAPTER IV 81 अविरुद्धावपि त्वदनुवर्तनार्थमेकं कार्यं कुरुत इति ध्वन्यते । अर्थशक्त्युद्भवोप्यर्थो व्यञ्जकः संभवी स्वतः ॥ ३९ ॥ प्रौढोक्तिमात्रसिद्धो वा कवेस्तेनोम्भितस्य वा । वस्तु वालंकृतिर्वेति षड्भेदोऽसौ व्यनक्ति यत् ॥ ४० ॥ वस्त्वलंकारमथवा तेनायं द्वादशात्मकः । स्वतःसंभवी न केवलं भणितिमात्रनिष्पन्नो यावद्बहिरप्यौ- चित्येन संभाव्यमानः । कविना प्रतिभामात्रेण बहिरसन्नपि निर्मितः कविनिबद्धेन वक्त्रेति वा द्विविधोऽपर इति त्रिविधः । [Another example of the same kind]— ‘ O King, when you are angry with a man, both Śani (the evil planet Saturn) and Aśani (the thunderbolt) strike him fiercely ; while when you are pleased with a man, he shines nobly (udāra) and has his wife obedient to him (anudārā)’. Here what is suggested is that even mutually con- tradictory forces (Śani—Aśani, and Udāra—Anudārā) co-operate in obeying your wishes. Inasmuch as the suggestive object ‘ based upon the force of the meaning’ is either (a) self-existent or (b) owing its existence to the bold assertion of the poet or (c) owing its existence to the bold assertion of some character portrayed by the poet ;— each of these three being either a figure of speech or a bare fact, it comes to be of six kinds (39-40) ; and since each of these suggests a figure or a fact, it comes to be of twelve kinds. (a) ‘ Self-existent’—Not only created by the words of the poet, but having a real existence in the world ; —(b) created by the poet’s imagination, and having no real existence in the external world ;—(c) created by the imagination of a speaker portrayed by the poet ;—these two non-existent varieties along with the former make the 6

82 KĀVYAPRAKĀŚA वस्तु वालंकारो वासाविति षोढा व्यञ्जकः । तस्य वस्तु वालं- कारो वा व्यङ्ग्य इति द्वादशभेदोर्थशक्त्युद्भवो ध्वनिः । क्रमेणोदाहरणम्— अलसशिरोमणि धुत्ताणं अग्गिमो पुत्ति धणसमिद्धिमओ । इअ भणिएण णअङ्गी पप्फुल्लविलोअणा जाआ ॥ ६० ॥ अत्र ममैवोपभोग्य इति वस्तुना वस्तु व्यज्यते । धन्यासि या कथयसि प्रियसंगमेपि विस्रब्धचाटुकशतानि रतान्तरेषु । नीवीं प्रति प्रणिहिते तु करे प्रियेण सख्यः शपामि यदि किंचिदपि स्मरामि ॥ ६१ ॥ three kinds. This being either a fact or a figure of speech, the suggestive object comes to be of six kinds. What is suggested by this is again either a fact or a figure. Thus suggestion ‘based upon the force of meaning’ has twelve varieties. Examples in due order— (1) “He is the most indolent, foremost among pro- ficient men, and O child, he is possessed of immense wealth;”—When this was said, she hung down her head and her eyes bloomed.—(The self-existent fact suggesting the self-existent fact). Here the mere fact—‘the person referred to is just the one suited for receiving my love’—is suggested (by the fact of the blooming of the girl’s eyes). (2) ‘Thou art really fortunate, that on meeting your lover, you can, even during the intervals of dalliance utter endless sweet and coquettish words ! O Friends, as for me I swear I do not remember anything after my beloved places his hand on the knot of my waist-cloth.’—(The self-existent fact suggesting a figure).

CHAPTER IV 83 अत्र त्वमधन्या अहं तु धन्येति व्यतिरेकालंकारः । दर्पान्धगन्धगजकुम्भकपाटकूट- संक्रान्तिनिघ्नघनशोणितशोणशोचिः । वीरैर्व्यलोकि युधि कोपकषायकान्तिः कालीकटाक्ष इव यस्य करे कृपाणः ॥ ६२ ॥ अत्रोपमालंकारेण सकलरिपुबलक्षयः क्षणात् करिष्यते इति वस्तु । गाढकान्तदशनक्षतव्यथासंकटादरिवधूजनस्य यः । ओष्ठविद्रुमदलान्यमोचयन्निर्दशन् युधि रुषा निजाधरम् ॥६३॥ अत्र विरोधालांकारेणाधरनिर्दशनसमकालमेव शत्रवो व्यापा- दिता इति तुल्ययोगिता मम क्षत्याप्यन्यस्य क्षतिर्निवर्ततामिति Here the meaning being—'I am fortunate, you are unfortunate'—we have the figure 'Dissimilitude' (sugges- ted by the facts described). (3) 'In whose hand the sword was seen by the heroes in battle, resembling the wrath-red glances of the goddess Kālī ; since it shone red through the thick blood on being struck against the hard surface of the forehead of redolent elephants blinded with intoxication.' (The self-existent figure suggesting a fact.) Here the fact that 'all the enemies would be killed in a trice' is suggested by the figure 'Simile'. (4) 'Who, biting with rage his own underlip in battle, freed the coral lips of his enemy’s wives from the pain arising from the deep wound inflicted by the teeth of their husbands.' (The self-existent figure suggesting a figure). Here the figure of 'Seeming Contradiction' (involved in the statement that the biting of the lips relieved the lips of pain) suggests either the figure of 'Equal Pairing,' in the implication that 'the enemies were killed at the very

84 KĀVYAPRAKĀŚA तद्बुद्धिरुत्प्रेक्ष्यते इत्युत्प्रेक्षा च । एषूदाहरणेषु स्वतःसंभवी व्यञ्जकः । कैलासस्य प्रथमशिखरे वेणुसंमूर्छनाभिः श्रुत्वा कीर्तिं विबुधरमणीगीयमानां यदीयाम् । स्रस्तापाङ्गाः सरसबिसिनीकाण्डसंजातशङ्का दिङ्मातङ्गाः श्रवणपुलिने हस्तमावर्तयन्ति ॥ ६४ ॥ अत्र वस्तुना येषामप्यर्थाधिगमो नास्ति तेषामप्येवमादि- बुद्धिजननेन चमत्कारं करोति त्वत्कीर्तिरिति वस्तु ध्वन्यते । केसेसु बलामओडिअ तेण अ समरम्मि जअसिरी गहिआ । जह कन्दराहिँ विहुरा तस्स दढं कंठअम्मि संठविआ ॥६५॥ moment in which the king bit his lips in rage',—or the figure 'Poetic Fancy', in the implication that 'the king desires to relieve the pain of others even by hurting himself'. In all these (four) examples, the suggestive factor is something that is really Self-existent. (5) 'Hearing his fame sung by the nymphs on the highest peak of mount Kailāsa, to the accompaniment of the melodies of the flute,—the Elephants of the quarters, casting side-long glances, mistake it to be the juicy lotus- root (on account of its pure whiteness), and hence extend their trunk to their ears (in order to reach the Fame which has reached the ears).' (A fact, the creation of the poet's fancy, suggests a fact). Here the fact that—'even such beings as do not com- prehend the meaning of the song sung are affected in the manner described,—such is the wonderful effect of your fame'—is suggested (by the imaginary fact of the elephants extending their trunks to the ears). (6) 'Victory was so forcibly held by her locks by the king that his discomfited enemies were drawn by the caves to their necks.'—(Figure suggested by a fact created by the poet's imagination).

CHAPTER IV 85 अत्र केशग्रहणावलोकनोद्दीपितमदना इव कन्दरास्तद्वि- धुरान् कण्ठे गृह्णन्ति इत्युत्प्रेक्षा । एकत्र संग्रामे विजयदर्शनात्त- स्यारयः पलाय्य गुहासु तिष्ठन्तीति काव्यहेतुरलंकारः । न पलाय्य गतास्तद्वैरिणोपि तु ततः पराभवं संभाव्य तान् कन्दरा न त्यजन्तीत्यपह्नुतिश्च । गाढालिंगणरहसुज्जअम्मि दइए लहु समोसरइ । माणंसिणीण माणो पीलणभीअ व्व हिअआहिं ॥ ६६ ॥ अत्रोत्प्रेक्षया प्रत्यालिङ्गनादि तत्र विजृम्भते इति वस्तु । Here we have the (a) figure ‘Poetic Fancy’, in the implication that ‘the caves (females) had their sexual passion aroused by looking at the locks of the lady, Victory, being held (in dalliance, as it were) and hence embraced the enemies (males)’;—also (b) the figure ‘Poetic Reason’, in the implication that ‘the enemies fled away to hide themselves in caves on seeing that the king had attained victory in battle’;—as also (c) the figure ‘Conceal- ment’, in the implication that ‘it was not that the enemies fled to the caves, but what happened was that the caves, fearing that the said enemies would suffer at the hands of the king, did not allow them to go out’. [And all this is suggested by the imaginary fact that the king caught hold of the locks of one lady and the enemies were embraced by other ladies.] (7) ‘On the lover preparing to embrace them, the feelings of indignation gently depart from the hearts of the high-minded girls, being, as it were, afraid of the pre- ssure of the embrace’—(Fact suggested by Figure created by the poet’s fancy).

86 KĀVYAPRAKĀŚA जा ठेरंव्व हसन्ती कइवअणंबुरुहबद्धविणिवेसा । दावेइ भुअणमंडलमण्णं विअ जअइ सा वाणी ॥ ६७ ॥ अत्रोत्प्रेक्षया चमत्कारैककारणं नवं नवं जगत् अजडासनस्था निर्मिमीते इति व्यतिरेकः । एषु कविप्रौढोक्तिमात्रनिष्पन्नो व्यञ्जकः । जे लंकागिरिमेहलासु खलिआ संभोगखिण्णोरइ- फारुप्फुल्लफणावलीकवलणे पत्ता दरिद्दत्तणं । ते एण्हि मलआनिला विरहिणीसाससंपक्किणो जादा भत्ति सिसुत्तणे वि बहला तारुण्णपुण्णा विअ ॥ ६८ ॥ Here the fact that ' the embraces began to be returned' is suggested by the figure 'Poetic Fancy' herein set forth. (8) 'Ever glorious is that Goddess of Speech who has taken up her abode in the lotus of the poet's mouth, exhibiting a universe of unique character, and who is, as it were, ridiculing the old Fogey'.-(Figure suggested by an imaginary figure). Here the figure of 'Poetic Fancy' set forth in the verse suggests the figure of 'Dissimilitude', in the implication that ' the goddess of speech has an animate seat (in the shape of the poet's mouth, while Brahmā, the creator of the world is seated upon the inanimate lotus), and creates a world (of poetic imagination) which is always new and the source of unmixed charm (while the creator's world is old and not always beautiful)'. In the last four examples the suggestive agent is the creation of the poet's bold assertion. (9) 'The winds from the Malaya, which had become emaciated by being inhaled in the large and rising hoods of the female serpents lying exhausted in dalliance on the lower ranges of the Hemakūṭa mountain, attain the exu-

CHAPTER IV 87 अत्र निःश्वासैः प्राप्तैश्वर्या वायवः किं किं न कुर्वन्तीति वस्तुना वस्तु व्यज्यते । सहि विरइऊण माणस्स मज्झ धीरत्तणेण आसासं । पिअदंसणविहंखलेलक्खणम्मि सहसत्ति तेण ओसरिअं ॥६९॥ अत्र वस्तुनाकृतेपि प्रार्थने प्रसन्नेति विभावना प्रियदर्शनस्य सौभाग्यबलं धैर्येण सोढुं न शक्यते इत्युत्प्रेक्षा वा । ओल्लोल्लकरअरअरुखएहि तुह लोअणेसु मह दिण्णं । रत्तंसुअं पसाओ कोवेण पुणो इमे ण अक्कमिआ ॥ ७० ॥ berance of youth,—even though only new born—by contact with the sighs of women suffering from the pangs of separation from their lovers.’—(Fact suggested by Fact, based upon the bold assertion of an imaginary person). Here the fact that ‘ the winds strengthened by the sighs become capable of doing anything ’ is suggested by the fact (that the ‘ Malaya-winds have become youthful ’, which is purely imaginary, being set forth by the particular person, the lady’s friend, portrayed by the poet). (10) ‘ Self-possession, after having encouraged my self-respect, suddenly vanished at the exciting moment of my lover’s visit ’.—(Figure suggested by fact asserted by an imaginary person). Here, either (a) the figure of ‘ Peculiar Causation,—in the implication that ‘ the lady became reconciled to her lover even before he made his protestations ’.—or (b) the figure of ‘ Poetic Fancy ’,—in the implication that ‘ self- possession cannot withstand the force of the charm of the lover’s visit’,—is suggested by the fact (that the indignant lady became reconciled) [and this is asserted by the ima- ginary female character portrayed by the poet]’. (11) ‘ These eyes of mine are not seized by anger ; in fact they have received the red clothing as a reward from

88 KĀVYAPRAKĀŚA अत्र किमिति लोचने कुपिते वहसि इति उत्तरालंकारेण न केवलमार्द्रनखक्षतानि गोपायसि यावत्तेषामहं प्रसादपात्रं जातेति वस्तु । महिलासहस्सभरिए तुह हिअए सुहअ सा अमाअन्ती । अणुदिणमण्णकम्मा अङ्गं तणुअं वि तणुएइ ॥७१॥ अत्र हेत्वलंकारेण तनोस्तनूकरणेपि तव हृदये न वर्तते इति विशेषोक्तिः । एषु कविनिबद्धवक्तृप्रौढोक्तिमात्रनिष्पन्न- the fresh marks of nails and teeth on your body'.-(Fact suggested by figure set forth by an imaginary character). On the question (being put by the lover)—'why are your eyes looking angry ?'—the lady makes her answer, in the above form, which involves the figure of 'Reply'; and this figure suggests the fact that 'the lover is not only trying to hide the fresh marks, they are also rewarding the lady (by enabling her to detect the lover's infidelity)'. [and the said figurative assertion comes from an imaginary character delineated by the poet]. (12) 'O blessed one ! All the place in your heart being taken up by thousands of women, she is unable to find place in it ; hence, giving up all other work, she is making her already thin body still thinner and thinner day by day'.-(Figure suggested by Figure in the assertion of an imaginary character). Here the figure of 'Poetic Reason' (in the implication that 'the reason for her getting thinner lies in her attempt to make herself thin enough to find room in your filled- up heart') suggests the figure of 'Peculiar Allegation', ' in the implication that 'even though she is making herself thinner and thinner, she finds no room in your heart'.

CHAPTER IV 89 शरीरो व्यञ्जकः । एवं द्वादश भेदाः ॥ शब्दार्थोभयभूरेकः अतन्द्रचन्द्राभरणा समुद्दीपितमन्मथा । तारकातरला श्यामा सानन्दं न करोति कम् ॥ ७२ ॥ अत्रोपमा व्यङ्ग्या ॥ In these last four examples the suggestive factor is based upon the assertion of an imaginary character delinea- ted by the poet. These are the twelve varieties (of Suggestion Based upon the Force of Meaning). That (suggestion) based upon both Word and Meaning is one only. For example— ‘ Atandrachandrābharaṇā samuddīpitamanmathā. Tārakātaralā śyāmā sānandamna karoti kam’. ‘ Whom does the young woman not please—adorned as she is, with a bright head-jewel, arousing love, and with unsteady glances—being like the night adorned with the bright moon, arousing thoughts of love, and glimmering with stars ?’ Here the figure of ‘ Simile ’ is suggested. [And all this is ‘suggested by the imaginary fact that the king caught hold of the locks of one lady and the enemies were embraced by other ladies.] [And this suggestion is based upon the power of both word and meaning ; the former, because the entire similitude rests upon the double meanings of the words ‘śyāmā,’ ‘chandra’ and ‘tārākā,’ which cannot be replaced by their synonyms without destroying the said effect ; and the latter because the other words are such as can be easily replaced by other synonyms without spoiling the effect.]

90 KĀVYAPRAKĀŚA भेदा अष्टादशास्य तत् ॥ ४१ ॥ अस्येति ध्वनेः ॥ ४१ ॥ ननु रसादीनां बहुभेदत्वेन कथमष्टादशेत्यत आह । रसादीनामनन्तत्वाद्भेद एको हि गण्यते । अनन्तत्वादिति । तथाहि—नव रसाः । तत्र शृङ्गारस्य द्वौ भेदौ । संभोगो विप्रलम्भश्च । संभोगस्यापि परस्परावलोकना- लिङ्गनपरिचुम्बनादिकुसुमोच्चयजलकेलिसूर्यास्तमयचन्द्रोदयषड्- Thus there are eighteen varieties of it. ‘of it’—i. e. of Suggestion. 41. Objection :—“There being many varieties of Passion (Emotion and so forth),—why are the varieties of sugges- tion said to be eighteen only ?” The answer to this is as follows :— The varieties of ‘Passion’ and other forms being endless, these (Passion, Emotion, etc.) are counted as a single variety. ‘Endless’.—For instance, there are nine Passions ;— of the Erotic Passion there are two varieties —that in union and that in privation ;—the former has several varieties, in the form of ‘mutual glances’, ‘em- brace’, ‘kissing’, ‘flower-picking,’ ‘amorous water- sports’, descriptions of sunset, rise of the moon, the six seasons and so forth ;—the Erotic in privation again has been already described as being of several kinds, such as longing and so forth ;—then again, these two kinds of the Erotic vary with the variations in the particular Excitants, Ensuants and Variants ;—the hero again is of three kinds, noble, ignoble and middling ;—these vary with the pecu- liarities of time, place and other circumstances ;—so that of the single Passion of the Erotic there are ‘endless’ varieties ;—not to speak of others ?

CHAPTER IV 91 ऋतुवर्णनादयो बहवो भेदाः । विप्रलम्भस्याभिलाषादय उक्ताः । तयोरपि विभावानुभावव्यभिचारिवैचित्र्यम् । तत्रापि नायकयोरुत्तममध्यमाधमप्रकृतित्वम् । तत्रापि देशकालावस्थादि- भेदा इत्येकस्यैव रसस्यानन्त्यम् । का गणना त्वन्येषाम् । असंलक्ष्य- क्रमत्वं तु सामान्यमाश्रित्य रसादिध्वनिभेद एक एव गण्यते ॥ वाक्ये द्व्युत्थः द्व्युत्थ इति शब्दार्थोभयशक्तिमूलः ॥ पदेऽप्यन्ये अपिशब्दाद्वाक्येपि । एकावयवस्थितेन भूषणेन कामिनीव पदद्योत्येन व्यङ्ग्येन वाक्यव्यङ्ग्यापि भारती भासते । तत्र पदप्रकाश्यत्वे क्रमेणोदाहरणानि– The suggestion, however, of all these, Passion and the rest, is counted as one 'kind' only, on the basis of the com- mon characteristic of having the 'sequence imperceptible'. [Having described the eighteen varieties of suggestion, the author proceeds to differentiate among them by pointing out that while the one variety—that based upon the force of both word and meaning—is found in sentences, only the other seventeen are found in sentences as well as in single words.] That arising from both is present in the sentence only. 'Arising from both'—i. e. suggestion based upon the force of both word and meaning. [Example cited above—‘Atandrachandrābharaṇā’ etc.] The others in the word also. The term 'also' indicates that they are also found in the sentence. Even though a certain statement is such as is suggested by the sentence, yet it acquires additional charm through what is suggested by a word occurring in that sentence, just as a lovely woman does by an ornament worn on one part of her body.

92 KĀVYAPRAKĀŚA यस्य मित्राणि मित्राणि शत्रवः शत्रवस्तथा । अनुकम्प्योनुकम्प्यश्च स जातः स च जीवति ॥७३॥ (१) अत्र द्वितीयमित्रादिशब्दा आश्वस्तत्वनियन्त्रणीयत्वस्नेहपात्र- त्वादिसंक्रमितवाच्याः । खलववहारा दीसन्ति दारुणा जहवि तहवि धीराणं । हिअअवस्सवहुमआ ण हु ववसाआ विमुज्झन्ति ॥७४॥(२) अत्र विमुह्यन्तीति । लावण्यं तदसौ कान्तिस्तद्रूपं स वचःक्रमः । तदा सुधास्पदमभूदधुना तु ज्वरो महान् ॥ ७५ ॥ The following are the examples in order of the se- venteen kinds of suggestion as based upon the word :— (1) [Transference of the expressed meaning to another by a word]—‘ He alone is really born and lives whose friends are friends, foes, foes and the affable, affable’. Here the expressed meaning of the second term— ‘friends’—is altered into (stands for) reliability, that of the second ‘enemies’ into reprehensibility, and that of the second ‘affable’ into lovability. (2) [The expressed meaning entirely ignored, in a word]— ‘Even though the behaviour of the wicked is always found to be terrible, the efforts of the wise are never stupefied, being always approved by their heart, as if by a friend’. Here the suggestion lies in the single word ‘stupefied’. [Stupefaction, which is impossible for the inanimate ‘efforts,’ stands for being impeded.] (3) [The ‘suggestion’ of imperceptible sequence’, in a single word].