काव्यप्रकाश (आचार्य मम्मट - सम्पूर्ण १० उल्लास सटीक)

CHAPTER II 33 एवमपि प्रयोजनं चेल्लक्ष्यते तत् प्रयोजनान्तरेणेति तदपि प्रयोजनान्तरेणेति प्रकृताप्रतीतिकृत् अनवस्था भवेत् ॥ ननु पावनत्वादिधर्मयुक्तमेव तटं लक्ष्यते । 'गङ्गायास्तटे घोषः' इत्यतोधिकस्यार्थस्य प्रतीतिश्च प्रयोजनमिति विशिष्टे लक्षणा तत्किं व्यञ्जनयेत्याह-- प्रयोजनेन सहितं लक्षणीयं न युज्यते ॥ १७ ॥ कुत इत्याह-- ज्ञानस्य विषयो ह्यन्यः फलमन्यदुदाहृतम् । प्रत्यक्षादेर्नीलादिर्विषयः फलं तु प्रकटता संवित्तिर्वा ॥ [The answer to this is given by the following Text.] It is not right to make the 'indicated' meaning include the intended idea (for the sake of which Indication is admitted.—(17) "Why not?" Because the object of a cognition is one thing, and its resultant is said to be another. For instance, the 'object' of the perceptional cognition is the blue thing, while the 'resultant' of that cognition is the 'apprehendedness' of that thing (as held by the Mīmāṁsaka), or the 'representative cognition' ('I perceive the blue thing,'—this is according to the Naiyāyika). [Similarly the object of the cognition obtained by Indication is the 'bank', and the idea of 'sanctity' and the rest is only its resultant, which, therefore, being different from the 'object', cannot be coupled with the former.—There is no doubt that such is the mean- ing of the text, and the commentators have had recourse to a subtle and laboured explanation only on account of their being unable to re- concile the clear meaning of the text with their own conceptions ] 17 Thus Indication cannot apply to the thing along with its qualities. This has been already explained. 3

34 KĀVYAPRAKĀŚA विशिष्टे लक्षणा नैवम् व्याख्यातम् ॥ विशेषाः स्युस्तु लक्षिते ॥ १८ ॥ तटादौ ये विशेषाः पावनत्वादयस्ते चाभिधातात्पर्यलक्षणा- भ्यो व्यापारान्तरेण गम्याः । तच्च व्यञ्जनध्वननद्योतनादि- शब्दवाच्यमवश्यमेषितव्यम् ॥ १८ ॥ It is only after something has been indicated that special qualities come (to be recognised) as belonging to it.—(18). Thus after the bank has been indicated (by the word ‘Gaṅgā), the special qualities of ‘sanctity’ and the rest come to be recognised as belonging to it ; and the recognition of these qualities can be brought about by the word through a function that is different from Denotation and Indication ; and this function must necessarily be held to be that which is spoken of by such names as ‘vyañjana’ (suggestion), ‘dhvanana’ (echo), ‘dyotana’ (illumination) and so forth. 18. Suggestion based upon Indication has been described ; the author now proceeds to describe that based upon Denotation— When a word having several primary meanings has the range of its denotation restricted by ‘connection’ and such other conditions,—if there appears the cogni- tion of a meaning other than the denoted (or directly expressed) one, that function which brings about this cognition is ‘Suggestion.’—(19). [Says the Vākyapadīya] (a) ‘Connection, (b) Dis- junction, (c) Association, (d) Enmity, (e) Purpose, (f) Context, (g) Peculiarity, (h) Proximity of another

CHAPTER II 35

word, (i) Capacity, (j) Compatibility, (k) Place, (l) Time, (m) Gender, (n) Accent and so forth,—these are the con- ditions that serve to bring about the idea of a particular meaning of a word, when there is an uncertainty as to its actual meaning in a particular context';—and it is in accordance with this that one particular meaning, out of a number of meanings, of a word is understood to be intended, in each of the following expressions respec- tively :— (a) In the expression ‘Hari with conch and discus’ the exact meaning of the word ‘hari’, which has many meanings, is restricted to Visnu, through ‘connection’, [as of all the things denoted by the word ‘hari’, it is Viṣṇu alone who has any connection with ‘the conch and the discus’];—(b) similarly in the expression ‘Hari without the conch and the discus’, [as it is only one who has had ‘connection’ with a thing that can be ‘disjoined’ from it, this ‘disjunction’ restricts the meaning of ‘hari’ to Viṣṇu];—(c) in the expression ‘Rāmalakṣmaṇau,’ the meaning of the word ‘Rāma’, is restricted to that Rāma who was the son of Daśaratha [and this on account of the ‘association’ of Lakṣmaṇa]; (d) while in the expression ‘the behaviour of these two combatants is like that of Rāma and Arjuna’, the meaning of ‘Rāma’ is restricted to Paraśurāma, and that of ‘Arjuna’ to the son of Kṛtavīrya [and this through the well-known ‘enmity’ between these two persons]; —(e) in the expression ‘worship Sthāṇu for the purpose of removing the shackles of the world’, the meaning of the word ‘Sthāṇu’ is restricted to Śiva [as the ‘purpose’ mentioned can be fulfilled by the worship of that God only];—(f) in the expression ‘Deva knows everything’, the meaning of the word ‘deva’ is restricted to ‘you’ [and this is done through the ‘context’,

36 KĀVYAPRAKĀŚA एवं लक्षणामूलं व्यञ्जकत्वमुक्तम् ।। अभिधामूलं त्वाह— the words being addressed to the king]; (g) in the expression ‘Makaradhvaja is angry’, the meaning of the word ‘Makaradhvaja’ is restricted to the Love-God [as the ‘peculiarity’ mentioned, being angry, can apply to that God alone, and not to the ocean, which is also called ‘Makaradhvaja’];—(h) in ‘devasya purārāteḥ’, the meaning of the word, ‘deva’ is restricted to Śiva [through the ‘proximity of the word’ ‘purārāti’, which can apply to Śiva, and to no other God];—(i) in ‘the kokila bird is intoxicated by Madhu’. the meaning of the word ‘Madhu’ is restricted to the Spring [as that alone, and not honey or wine, has the ‘capacity’ to intoxicate the bird]; (j)—in ‘pātu vo dayitāmukham,’ the meaning of the word ‘pātu’ (which can mean drink and protect also) is restricted to confrontation [as this alone is ‘compatible’ with the ‘beloved’s face’];—(k) in ‘Parameśvara shines here’, the meaning of the word ‘Parameśvaraḥ’ is restricted to the king, through the ‘place’ referred to being the King’s capital;—(l) in ‘Chitrabhānu is shining,’ the meaning of the word ‘Chitrabhānu’ is restricted to the Sun, if the words are uttered during the day, and to fire, if they are uttered at night, and this is done through ‘time’;—(m) in the expression ‘Mitra shines’, if the word ‘Mitra’ is used in the neuter ‘gender’, its meaning becomes res- tricted to the friend, but if in the masculine ‘gender’, then to the Sun;—(n) in the expression ‘Indraśatru,’ the meaning becomes restricted by the ‘accent’ [if the accent is put on the first word of the compound, it has to be taken as Bahuvrīhi, and then its meaning is he ‘whose killer is Indra,’ but if the accent is put on the second word it has to be taken as Tatpuruṣa, which means ‘the killer

CHAPTER II 37 अनेकार्थस्य शब्दस्य वाचकत्वे नियन्त्रिते । संयोगाद्यैरवाच्यार्थधीकृद्व्यापृतिरञ्जनम् ॥ १९ ॥ “संयोगो विप्रयोगश्च साहचर्यं विरोधिता । अर्थः प्रकरणं लिङ्गं शब्दस्यान्यस्य संनिधिः ॥ सामर्थ्यमौचिती देशः कालो व्यक्तिः स्वरादयः । शब्दार्थस्यानवच्छेदे विशेषस्मृतिहेतवः ॥” इत्युक्तदिशा सशङ्खचक्रो हरिः अशङ्खचक्रो हरिरित्युच्यते । रामलक्ष्मणाविति दाशरथौ । रामार्जुनगतिस्तयोरिति भार्गवकार्तवीर्ययोः । स्थाणुं भज भवच्छिदे, इति हरे । सर्वं जानाति देव इति युष्मदर्थे । कुपितो मकरध्वज इति कामे । देवस्य पुरारातेरिति शंभौ । मधुना मत्तः कोकिल इति वसन्ते । पातु वो दयितामुख- मिति सांमुख्ये । भात्यत्र परमेश्वर इति राजधानीरूपात् देशाद्रा- जनि । चित्रभानुर्विभातीति दिने रवौ रात्रौ वह्नौ । मित्रं भातीति सुहृदि मित्रो भातीति रवौ । इन्द्रशत्रुरित्यादौ वेदे एव न काव्ये स्वरो विशेषप्रतीतिकृत् । of Indra ']. But it is only in the case of Vedic expressions that accent serves the purpose of restricting the denotation of words.—The verse quoted from the Vākyapadīya con- tains at the end the term ‘ ādi ’, ‘ and so forth ’; this is meant to include (o) Gesture, which serves to restrict the meaning in such passages as—‘ During all these days her breasts have been reduced to this (marked by a gesture) size, her eyes have shrunk to this, and her condition has become like this.’ Now, in some cases, it is found that though the signi- fication of the word has been restricted in the manner described above, and the other significations are pre-

आदिग्रहणात् एद्दहमेत्तत्थणिआ एद्दहमेत्तेहि अच्छिवत्तेहि । एद्दहमेत्तावस्था एद्दहमेत्तेहिँ दिअएहिँ ॥ ११ ॥ इत्यादावभिनयादयः । इत्थं संयोगादिभिरर्थान्तराभिधायकत्वे निवारितेप्यने- कार्थस्य शब्दस्य यत् क्वचिदर्थान्तरप्रतिपादनं तत्र नाभिधा निय- मनात्तस्याः । न च लक्षणा मुख्यार्थबाधाद्यभावात् । अपि त्वञ्जनं व्यञ्जनमेव व्यापारः । यथा भद्रात्मनो दुरधिरोहतनोर्विशाल वंशोन्नतेःकृतशिलीमुखविग्रहस्य । यस्यानुपप्लुतगतेः परवारणस्य दानाम्बुसेकसुभगः सततं करोभूत् ॥ १२ ॥ १९ ॥

CHAPTER II 39 तद्युक्तो व्यञ्जकः शब्दः तद्युक्तो व्यञ्जनयुक्तः यत्सोऽर्थान्तरयुक् तथा । अर्थोऽपि व्यञ्जकस्तत्र सहकारितया मतः ॥ २० ॥ तथेति व्यञ्जकः ॥ २० ॥ इति काव्यप्रकाशे शब्दार्थस्वरूपनिर्णयो नाम द्वितीय उल्लासः ॥ २ ॥ can be mounted with difficulty), the nobility of whose race is high (who is as tall as a bamboo), who has become an expert in the use of arrows (who has a host of bees hovering round him), whose insight is undimmed (whose gait is steady),—was always beautified by the water poured in the formal making of gifts (by the ichor flowing from his temples)]. [Here we find that the words are so skilfully chosen that they are applicable to the king as also to the elephant; the fact however that it is addressed to the king restricts the meaning of the words to him alone; and yet the idea of the ‘elephant’ also is cognisable throughout; and this idea is the result of Suggestion.] 19. The word endowed with that (i. e. the said function of suggestion) is the ‘suggestive word.’ ‘Endowed with that,’ i. e. endowed with the function of suggestion. Inasmuch as the word is ‘suggestive’ only when it has other meanings, the meaning also is held to be so (i. e. ‘suggestive’ by virtue of its helping the process. (20). ‘So’—i. e. suggestive. 20.

तृतीय उल्लासः अर्थाः प्रोक्ताः पुरा तेषाम् अर्थाः वाच्यलक्ष्यव्यङ्ग्याः । तेषां वाचकलाक्षणिकव्यञ्जकानाम् ॥ अर्थव्यञ्जकतोच्यते । कीदृशीत्याह-- वक्तृबोद्धव्यकाकूनां वाक्यवाच्यान्यसन्निधेः ॥ २१ ॥ प्रस्तावदेशकालादेर्वैशिष्ट्यात् प्रतिभाजुषाम् । योर्थस्यान्यार्थधीहेतुर्व्यापारो व्यक्तिरेव सा ॥ २२ ॥ बोद्धव्यः प्रतिपाद्यः । काकुर्ध्वनेर्विकारः । प्रस्तावः प्रकरणम् । CHAPTER III THE SUGGESTIVENESS OF MEANING The meanings of these have been described before. ‘Meanings’—i. e. the Expressed, the Indicated and the Suggested. ‘Of these’,—i. e. of the Expressive, the Indicative and the Suggestive words.—(Vide Text 6, above). The suggestiveness of Meanings in now described. The author next states the nature of the said sugges- tiveness of words.— ‘Suggestion’ is that function of the meaning which brings about the cognition of another meaning, by persons endowed with imaginative intuition,—through peculiarities of (a) the speaker, (b) the person spoken to, (c) intonation, (d) the sentence, (e) the expressed meaning, (f) the presence of another, (g) context, (h) place, (i) time and so forth.—(21-22). ‘The person spoken to’—i. e. one for whose sake the

CHAPTER III 41 अर्थस्य वाच्यलक्ष्यव्यङ्ग्यात्मनः । क्रमेणोदाहरणानि । अइपिहुलं जलकुंभं घेत्तूण समागदह्मि सहि तुरिअं । समसेअसलिलणीसासणीसहा वीसमामि खणं ॥ १३ ॥ अत्र चौर्यरतगोपनं गम्यते । ओण्णिद्दं दोब्बल्लं चिंता अलसत्तणं सणीससिअं । मह मंदभाइणीए केरं सहि तुह वि अहह परिहवइ ॥ १४॥ words are used ;—‘ Intonation ’—variation of tone;— ‘ context ’—the occasion ;—‘ of the meaning ’—i. e. of the expressed, the indicated or the suggested meaning. Examples are cited in due order—(a) ‘ O Friend ! having taken up a heavy jar of water, I have come walking fast, I feel fatigued and languid through perspiration and breathlessness ; I shall rest awhile.’ Here what is suggested is that the speaker is trying to conceal her stolen amours. [What the woman describes are the physical signs that may be caused either by hard physical work or by amorous flirtations ; but on account of the character of the speaker being known to be that of a woman with loose morals, what is suggested is that the signs described have been due to dalliance, and she is trying to conceal this by attributing them to her having carried a heavy jar of water.] (b) ‘ Oh my friend ! for the sake of wretched me, thou also art suffering from sleeplessness, weakness, anxiety, lassitude and breathlessness !’ Here what is suggested is that the friend, who has been acting as an intermediary between the separated lovers, has herself been enjoying the company of her friend’s lover. [The physical effects described are such as may be caused, either by constant moving about from one party to the other for the purpose

अत्र दूत्यास्तत्कामुकोपभोगो व्यज्यते । तथाभूतां दृष्ट्वा नृपसदसि पाञ्चालतनयां वने व्याधैः सार्धं सुचिरमुषितं वल्कलधरैः । विराटस्यावासे स्थितमनुचितारम्भनिभृतं गुरुः खेदं खिन्ने मयि भजति नाद्यापि कुरुषु ॥१५॥ अत्र मयि न योग्यः खेदः कुरुषु तु योग्य इति काक्वा प्रका- श्यते । न च वाच्यसिद्ध्यङ्गमत्र काकुरिति गुणीभूतव्यङ्ग्यत्वं शङ्क्यम् । प्रश्नमात्रेणापि काकोर्विश्रान्तेः ।

CHAPTER III 43 तइआ मह गंडत्थलणिमिअं दिट्ठिं ण णेसि अण्णत्तो । एण्हि सच्चेअ अहं ते अ कवाला ण सा दिट्ठी ॥१६॥ अत्र मत्सखीं कपोलप्रतिबिम्बितां पश्यतस्ते दृष्टिरन्यैवाभूत् चलितायां तु तस्यामन्यैव जातेत्यहो प्रच्छन्नकामुकत्वं ते इति व्यज्यते । उद्देशोयं सरसकदलीश्रेणिशोभातिशायी कुञ्जोत्कर्षादङ्कुरितरमणीविभ्रमो नर्मदायाः । किं चैतस्मिन् सुरतसुहृदस्तन्वि ते वान्ति वाता येषामग्रे सरति कलिताकाण्डकोपो मनोभूः ॥१७॥ it does only in so far as it expresses the question (‘ does the king bear anger towards me, and not towards the Kurus ? —and not as it suggests the further meaning of the im- propriety of anger towards the speaker). [Hence in so far as the suggestion by the Intonation is concerned, there is no ‘ subserviency to the expressed meaning ’, specially as the suggestion appears after the expressed meaning has been duly com- prehended.] (d) ‘ At that time you did not turn away your eyes: fixed as they were upon my cheeks ; now however, even though I am the same, and the cheeks are the same, yet that look of yours is no more.’ Here the meaning suggested is—‘ while my friend was sitting by me her face being reflected in my cheek, the way in which you looked towards that reflection was of quite a different character ; when however she has gone away, it has completely changed,—what a stealthy lover you are !’ [The suggestion is due to the fact of the sentences containing the terms ‘ at that time ’ and ‘ now’.] (e) ‘ This spot on the bank of the Narmadā is redolent with the beauty of fresh plantain-groves, and excites

44 KĀVYAPRAKĀŚA अत्र रतार्थं प्रविशेति व्यङ्ग्यम् । णोल्लेइ अणोल्लमणा अत्ता मं घरभरम्मि सअलम्मि । खणमेत्तं जइ संझाइ होइ ण व होइ वीसामो ॥१८॥ अत्र संध्या संकेतकाल इति तटस्थं प्रति कयाचिद्द्योत्यते । सुव्वइ समागमिस्सदि तुब्झ पिओ अज्ज पहरमेत्तेण । एमेअ कित्ति चिट्ठसि ता सहि सञ्जेसु करणिज्जं ॥१९॥ through the loveliness of its bowers, the sportive graces of the lovely woman ! and further, O delicate one ! here are blowing breezes favourable to love-making, led as they are by the God of Love flurried with unaccountable excitement.’ Here the meaning suggested is—‘ let us enter the bower for the purpose of love-making.’ [This suggestion is due to the expressed meaning of the following words---(1) ‘ Tanvī ’, which expresses delicacy brought about by the influence of love,—(2) ‘ Narmadā,’ the literal meaning of which is ‘ that which gives pleasure ’,---3) ‘ uddeśa ’ which means ‘ that which can only be pointed out, and not easily reached, hence free from intru- sion,’—(4) ‘ sarasa ’ denotes freshness of the leaves, hence freedom from all fear of any shuffling sound being made,—(5) ‘ śreṇī ’ denotes thickness of the grove, and hence invisibility from outside.] (f) ‘ My hard-hearted mother-in-law is always urging me to all household work ; it is only in the evening that I get some respite, if any at all ’. Here a woman suggests to the person close by that evening is the only time at which assignation could be made. [The expressed meaning is that the woman has no time except in the evening, and by reason of the proximity of her lover who is waiting for assignation, this simple statement suggests the evening as the time at which she agrees to meet him.] (g) ‘ We hear your husband is coming here in three hours’ time ; why then are you sitting idle ? O, friend, make your preparations ’.

CHAPTER III 45 अत्रोपपतिं प्रत्यभिसर्तुं प्रस्तुता न युक्तमिति कयाचिन्निवार्यते । अन्यत्र यूयं कुसुमावचायं कुरुध्वमत्रास्मि करोमि सख्यः । नाहं हि दूरं भ्रमितुं समर्था प्रसीदतायं रचितोऽञ्जलिर्वः ॥२०॥ अत्र विविक्तोयं देश इति प्रच्छन्नकामुकस्त्वयाभिसार्यता- मिति आश्वस्तां प्रति कयाचिन्निवेद्यते । गुरुअणपरवस पिअ किं भणामि तुइ मंदभाइणी अहअं । अज्ज पवासं वच्चसि वच्च सअं जेव्व सुणसि करणिज्जं ॥२१॥ अत्राद्य मधुसमये यदि व्रजसि तदाहं तावत् न भवामि तव तु न जानामि गतिमिति व्यज्यते । ।। A woman who is on the point of going out to meet her lover, is warned by another woman that it would not be right to do so. [The expressed meaning is that the woman should make prepara- tions for meeting her husband who will soon be arriving ; but this being said on the occasion of the woman going out to meet a lover, suggests the said meaning.] (b) ‘O dear friends, you please do the flower-picking in some other place ; I am doing it here ; I am unable to wander farther off ; do me, therefore, this favour ; here I am beseeching you with joined palms’. What is suggested by the speaker to her confidante is—‘This place being quite solitary, please bring in my lover.’ [The expressed meaning is simply a request to her companions to leave her alone ; the sequestered position of the spot where the speech is made suggests the aforesaid request to the confidante.] (i) ‘O my beloved, you are bound to obey the wishes of your elders ; what shall I say to you, unfortunate as I am ! If you have to go on your journey, you may go ; you will hear what I am going to do.’

46 KĀVYAPRAKĀŚA आदिग्रहणाच्चेष्टादेः । तत्र चेष्टाया यथा— द्वारोपान्तनिरन्तरे मयि तया सौन्दर्यसारश्रिया प्रोल्लास्योरुयुगं परस्परसमासक्तं समासादितम् । आनीतं पुरतः शिरोंशुकमधः क्षिप्ते चले लोचने वाचस्तत्र निवारितं प्रसरणं संकोचिते दोर्लते ॥२२॥ The meaning suggested is—‘The spring-season having arrived (when lovers should be united), if you are going away from home, I shall not be alive any longer and shall, therefore, not know where you may be.’ [This suggestion is due to the fact of the speech being made during spring-time.] (j) The phrase ‘ and so forth ’ (in Text 22) is meant to include gesture and such other details. An example of suggestion by expressed meaning, through the peculia- rity of gesture, we have in the following— ‘ While I was standing close to the door, she, res- plendent with the very essence of beauty, having dilated her thighs, pressed them together ; she brought down the veil over her face, cast unsteady glances, suppressed her speech and drew her arms together.’ Here the various gestures described suggest to the lover the wishes of the speaker. [(1) The movement of the thighs suggests her desire for inverted intercourse, (2) the bringing down of the veil suggests that the lover should come secretly,—(3) the unsteady glances suggest that her passion of love has been aroused,—(4) the suppression of speech suggests that there should be no talk regarding the meeting,—(5) and the bringing together of the arms suggests that when he comes to her he will receive her embraces.] Whenever occasion presents itself, examples are cited again and again for the purpose of explaining the subject

CHAPTER III 47 अत्र चेष्टया प्रच्छन्नकान्तविषय आकूतविशेषो ध्वन्यते । निराकाङ्क्षप्रतिपत्तये प्राप्तावसरतया च पुनः पुनरुदाह्रि- यते । वक्त्रादीनां मिथःसंयोगे द्विकादिभेदेन । अनेन क्रमेण लक्ष्यव्यङ्ग्ययोश्च व्यञ्जकत्वमुदाहार्यम् ॥ २१-२२ ॥ शब्दप्रमाणवेद्योऽर्थो व्यनक्त्यर्थान्तरं यतः । अर्थस्य व्यञ्जकत्वे तच्छब्दस्य सहकारिता ॥ २३ ॥ शब्देति । नहि प्रमाणान्तरवेद्योऽर्थो व्यञ्जकः ॥ २३ ॥ इति श्रीकाव्यप्रकाशेऽर्थव्यञ्जकतानिर्णयो नाम तृतीय उल्लासः ॥३॥ so fully as to leave nothing to be desired on the part of the enquirer. Sometimes we have suggestion based upon the pecu- liarity of two or more of the conditions of the ‘speaker’ and the rest enumerated here. The suggestiveness of the ‘indicated’ and ‘suggest- ed’ meanings also may be illustrated in the same manner (as that of the ‘expressed’ meaning.) 22. Inasmuch as the meaning that suggests another meaning is itself cognisable by means of the word,—the word also is helpfful in the suggestiveness of the meaning.—(23). ‘By means of the word’,—That is, anything cognised through any other means of knowledge is never suggestive. 23.

चतुर्थ उल्लासः यद्यपि शब्दार्थयोर्निर्णये कृते दोषगुणालंकाराणां स्वरूपम- भिधानीयं तथापि धर्मिणि प्रदर्शिते धर्माणां हेयोपादेयता ज्ञायत इति प्रथमं काव्यभेदान् आह— अविवक्षितवाच्यो यस्तत्र वाच्यं भवेद्ध्वनौ । अर्थान्तरे सङ्क्रमितमत्यन्तं वा तिरस्कृतम् ॥ २४ ॥ लक्षणामूलगूढव्यङ्ग्यप्राधान्ये सत्येव अविवक्षितं वाच्यं यत्र स ‘ध्वनौ’ इत्यनुवादात् ध्वनिरिति ज्ञेयः । तत्र च वाच्यं क्वचिदनुपयुज्यमानत्वादर्थान्तरे परिणमितम् । यथा CHAPTER IV SUGGESTIVE POETRY. ‘Word’ and ‘meaning’ having been defined, the next subject to be dealt with should be the exact nature of ‘defects,’ ‘excellences’ and ‘figures of speech’ [in view of the form in which the definition of ‘poetry’ has been worded]; but it is only when the object to which the properties belong has been described that it can be ascertained whether certain properties of it are fit to be rejected or admitted ; for this reason the author now proceeds to describe the various kinds of poetry (of which the defects, excellences and figures are properties.) In that ‘suggestive’ poetry where the ‘expressed’ meaning is not meant to be applicable,—the ‘expressed meaning’ is either (a) transformed into another meaning or (b) entirely rejected.—(24).

CHAPTER IV 49 त्वामस्मि वच्मि विदुषां समवायोत्र तिष्ठति । आत्मीयां मतिमास्थाय स्थितिमत्र विधेहि तत् ॥२३॥ अत्र वचनादि उपदेशादिरूपतया परिणमति । क्वचिदनुपपद्यमानतया अत्यन्तं तिरस्कृतम् । यथा-- उपकृतं बहु तत्र किमुच्यते सुजनता प्रथिता भवता परम् । विदधदीदृशमेव सदा सखे सुखितमास्स्व ततः शरदां शतम् ॥२४॥

The ‘expressed meaning’ is ‘not meant to be appli- cable’ only in cases where predominance attaches to that abstruse ‘suggested meaning’ which is based upon Indication ;—and it is such instances that should be under- stood as ‘Dhvani’, ‘suggestive poetry’; since they have been referred to in the text by the expression ‘dhvanau,’ ‘in suggestive poetry’.—(a) In this ‘suggestive poetry,’ the ‘expressed meaning’, being found to have no useful significance, becomes, in some cases, ‘transformed into another meaning’;—e. g. in the following— ‘I tell you here sits an assembly of learned men ; you should, therefore, remain here with your mind fully alert.’ Here, mere telling (having no significance at all) becomes transformed into advising (the suggestion being ‘I advise you that in this assembly of learned men, you should keep your mind alert, or else you will make yourself ridiculous’). (b) While in other cases, the ‘expressed meaning,’ being found to be inapplicable, becomes ‘entirely rejec- ted’;—e. g in the following— ‘Much benefit has been conferred upon me ;—what shall I say ?—Extreme gentlemanliness has been evinced by you ! May you, therefore, O friend, live in happiness for a hundred years, always behaving as you have done !’ 4

50 KĀVYAPRAKĀŚA एतद् अपकारिणं प्रति विपरीतलक्षणया कश्चिद्वक्ति ॥ २४ ॥ विवक्षितं चान्यपरं वाच्यं यत्रापरस्तु सः । अन्यपरं व्यङ्ग्यनिष्ठम् ॥ एष च कोप्यलक्ष्यक्रमव्यङ्ग्यो लक्ष्यव्यङ्ग्यक्रमः परः ॥ २५ ॥ अलक्ष्येति । न खलु विभावानुभावव्यभिचारिण एव रसः । अपि तु रसस्तैः इत्यस्ति क्रमः । स तु लाघवान्न लक्ष्यते ॥ २५ ॥ अत्र This is addressed to a person who has caused much injury to the speaker, who addresses to him these words in an ironical sense. [The gratitude expressed by the words is altogether inapplicable to one who has done harm; hence it is ‘entirely rejected,’ and its contrary is suggested.] 24. [Suggestive Poetry based upon Indication having been described, the author proceeds to describe that based upon denotation.] That (suggestive poetry), however, where the ‘expressed meaning’ is meant to be applicable, and is yet subservient to another meaning,—is the other kind. ‘Subservient to another’—i. e. implies the ‘suggested meaning’. This ‘other kind’ of suggestive poetry is of two varieties— (a) One in which the order of sequence of the ‘suggested meaning’ is imperceptible. and (b) the other in which the order of sequence of the ‘suggested meaning’ is perceptible. 25. ‘Imperceptible’;—there is this ‘order of sequence’ (in the case of all ‘passionate’ poetry, which is of the ‘suggestive’ kind) that the Excitants, the Ensuants and the Variables (which are ‘expressed’ by the words)

CHAPTER IV रसभावतदाभासभावशान्त्यादिरक्रमः । भिन्नो रसाद्यलङ्कारादलङ्कार्यतया स्थितः ॥ २६ ॥ आदिग्रहणाद् भावोदयभावसंधिभावशबलत्वानि । प्रधानतया यत्र स्थितो रसादिस्तत्रालंकार्यः यथोदाहरिष्यते । अन्यत्र तु प्रधाने वाक्यार्थे यत्राङ्गभूतो रसादिस्तत्र गुणीभूतव्यङ्ग्ये do not themselves constitute the ‘Rasa’ or ‘Passion’ (which is the ‘suggested’ meaning),—but this latter is manifested by them [and thus there is a distinct order of sequence, first the Excitant and the rest, and then the Passion]; but this sequence, being extremely subtle, is not perceptible in the case of the first kind of poetry here described. 25. (a) Passion (b) Emotion (c) Aberrations of these, and the (d) Allayment of Emotion and the rest, constitute that in which the sequence is imperceptible;—and all this, appearing in the form of something to be embellished, is distinct from those embellishments (Figures of Speech), which are known as the ‘Passionate’ (Rasavat) and the like. ‘And the rest’—this is meant to include (a) the mani- festation of emotions, (b) the conjuncture of emotions, and (c) the admixture of emotions. In cases where the Passion and the rest appear as the predominant factor, they are to be embellished; as is going to be illustrated later on. In other cases, where the literal meaning of the sentence forms the predominant factor, and the Passion comes in only as a secondary element, the suggested meaning is subordinated, these same (passion and the rest), become embellishments, known as (a) ‘Rasavat’ (Passionate), [where the Passion forms the subordinate· factor], (b) ‘Preya’ (agreeable) [where emotion forms the

52 KĀVYAPRAKĀŚA रसवत्प्रेयऊर्जस्विसमाहितादयोलंकाराः । ते च गुणीभूतव्यङ्ग्या- भिधाने उदाहरिष्यन्ते ॥ २६ ॥ तत्र रसस्वरूपमाह- कारणान्यथ कार्याणि सहकारीणि यानि च । रत्यादेः स्थायिनो लोके तानि चेन्नाट्यकाव्ययोः ॥ २७ ॥ विभावा अनुभावास्तत् कथ्यन्ते व्यभिचारिणः । व्यक्तः स तैर्विभावाद्यैः स्थायी भावो रसः स्मृतः ॥ २८ ॥ उक्तं हि भरतेन “विभावानुभावव्यभिचारिसंयोगाद् रसनिष्पत्तिः” इति । एतद्विवृण्वते— “विभावैर्ललनोद्यानादिभिरालम्बनोद्दीपन- कारणैः रत्यादिको भावो जनितः अनुभावैः कटाक्षभुजाक्षेपप्रभृ- तिभिः कार्यैः प्रतितियोग्यः कृतः व्यभिचारिभिर्निर्वेदादिभिः सहकारिभिरुपचितो मुख्यया वृत्त्या रामादावनुकार्ये तद्रूपसंधा- नान्नर्तकेपि प्रतीयमानो रसः” इति भट्टलोल्लटप्रभृतयः । subordinate factor], (c) ‘ūrjasvi’ (Forceful) [where the aberration of Passion forms the subordinate factor], (d) ‘Samāhita’ Quiescent [where the allayment of emotion forms the subordinate factor].—Instances of these are to be cited under the sections dealing with ‘Poetry of Sub- ordinated Suggestion’ (under Chapter V). 26. The author now describes the nature of ‘Passion’— Text—What are known, in ordinary language, as (a) ‘causes’ (b) ‘effects’ and (c) ‘auxiliaries’ of the ‘latent emotion’ of Love and the like,—come to be spoken of as (a) ‘excitants’, (b) ‘ensuants’ and (c) ‘variants’, when found in Drama and Poetry; and when the latent emotion comes to be manifested by these, it is known as ‘Rasa’, ‘Passion’.—(27-28).